Post on 24-Feb-2016
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Power Quality & Energy Efficiency:A Solution to Climate Change
1st POWER QUALITY ASIA CONFERENCE
November 14 & 15, 2012SMX Convention Center, Manila
Dr. Pekik Argo Dahono received the Doctor of Engineering Degree from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, in 1994. He has been with the School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institute of Technology Bandung, Indonesia, since 1986.He is registered as a Professional Engineer in Indonesia, and as an ASEAN Chartered Professional Engineer. He is a Senior Member of IEEE.At present, he is a chairman of APQI Indonesia.
Effects of Unbalanced Voltage on Electrical Equipment
Pekik Argo DahonoInstitute of Technology Bandung,
Indonesia
Background
• Ideally, a three-phase voltage must be sinusoidal, balanced, and constant frequency.
• Most of electrical equipment have been designed under those assumptions
• Voltage unbalances are usually due to imperfect transposition of transmission and distribution lines, unbalanced loadings due to single-phase loads, and various abnormal conditions.
This Presentations
• Comparing various definitions of unbalance factor
• Examining the effects of unbalanced voltages on three-phase induction motors
• Examining the effects of unbalanced voltages on three-phase rectifiers
• Survey of Voltage Unbalance in Indonesia
Definition of Voltage Unbalance
NEMA (National Equipment Manufacturer Association) definition:
IEEE Definition:
100 voltageline average
voltageline avg thefromdeviation emax voltagVUF%
100 voltagephase average
voltagephase avg thefromdeviation emax voltagVUF%
Phase angle information is lost in both above definitions
Definition of Voltage Unbalance
IEC Definition:
3/2
p
n
3
3
100Vcomponent voltagesequence positiveVcomponent voltagesequence negativeVUF%
je
a
aVVaVV
VaaVVV
cabc2
abn
ca2
bcabp
The above definition is the correct definition but it is difficult to apply in the field as we have to know the line voltage phasors. NEMA and IEEE definitions are usually result in smaller voltage unbalance factors.
Voltage Unbalance Assessment Without Phase Measurements
2
3
23
4
23
4
2
2222
22
22
cabcab
cabcabs
cabcabm
sm
n
sm
p
VVVp
VpVpVppA
VVVA
AAV
AAV
Effects of Unbalanced Voltage on Induction Motors
• Positive sequence results in positive torque
• Negative sequence results in negative torque
• Reducing torque• Reducing speed• Reducing power factor• Increasing losses• Increasing operating
temperature• Reducing efficiency
Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor
sR lsX
cR mX
lrX
SRr
ps
rsn
s
rsp
SNNNS
NNNS
2fl
lr
p
n
p
n
fl
lr
n
p
II
VV
II
II
ZZ
Current unbalance will be much higher than voltage unbalance
NEMA Derating Factor
Derating is not required if the unbalance factor is less than one percent
Single-PhasingDelta connection Wye connection
In practice, the current is increased slightly higher than those values becausethe power factor and speed are reduced during single phasing
Single-Phasing
The motor is easily burning due toSingle-phasing on the primary side oftransformer.
Rectifiers
A rectifier is used in :- Uninterruptible Power Supplies- Variable Speed Drives- AC and DC power SuppliesVarious methods to reduce input/output harmonics:- Filtering- Multipulsing- PWM techniques
Input Current Waveforms of Six-Pulse Rectifier
Balanced conditionInput harmonics 6k±1 Unbalanced condition
Input harmonics 2k-1
Output Ripple of Six-Pulse Rectifier
Balanced conditionsOutput harmonics 6k
Unbalanced conditionOutput harmonics 2k
Effects of Unbalanced Voltage on Rectifiers
• Low order harmonics are generated on the input and output sides of rectifiers
• These low order harmonics are still generated even under multipulsing or PWM operations
• Passive filters will be too large to minimize these low order harmonics
• Various control methods to minimize these low order harmonics have been proposed in the literature
Survey Results in Depok Area
Survey Results in Presidential Palace
Survey Results in Medan Airport
Survey Results in Bandung Airport
Survey Results in Jakarta Airport
Survey Results in Bandung
Mitigation Methods
• Try our best to distribute evenly single-phase loads among the phases
• Try our best to transpose all transmission and distribution lines
• Provides unbalance protection on motors• Employing SVC or STATCOM to balance the
voltages
Conclusion
• Voltage unbalances are so common in the real world
• IEC voltage unbalance factor can be determined without knowing the voltage phasors
• Unbalanced voltages may create overheating problem in induction motors and harmonic problem in rectifiers
THANK YOU!