POTENTIAL OF SOME INSECTICIDES AS WOOD PROTECTANTS IN SOUTH INDIAN

CONDITION

R. Sundararaj, O.K.Remadevi and RajaMuthukrishnanWood Biodegradation Division

INSTITUTE OF WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY(Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education)

Bangalore- 560 003

“WOOD IS GOOD”• Wood is environmentally friendly• Wood is easy to work • Wood is easy to convert and transport • Wood is a source of innumerable products• Wood is equal to steel and concrete (Wt for Wt)• Wood does not require high technical skill to process• Wood lasts longer after treatment• Good insulator and has good acoustic properties •Wood is good industrial & construction material• Wood is natural raw material for pulp & paper • Wood can be stained to the required colour

Wood in India : Some FiguresWood in India : Some Figures

Indian Scenario:No. of Wood species - 4000No. of species withusable stems - 500No. of speciescommercially available - 160No. of speciescommonly used - 40

Contd…

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Present Scenario:

Demand of timber : 64 m. cum Supply: 43 m. cum.Demand for fuel wood: 201 m. tonnes Supply : 95 m tonnes Demand of sawn wood: 21 m. cum. Supply :12 m.cum.

(Source: NFAP , MoEF, Govt of India, 1998)

Projected demand in 2006 :

Fuelwood - 247 m. tonnesTimber - 82 m.cum

(Source: Planning Commission , Govt of India, 2001)

India is a timber deficient and timber dependent country

• Hence sustainable usage of wood is very essential

• Wood protection will pay for its sustainable usage and environmental protection

• Wood protection will promote conservation of the diversity of tree species

Wood Deteriorate if it is not protected

Termites & Insect borersFungi & BacteriaMarine borers Fire

Economic loss due to TermitesTotal economic loss due to termites in the United

States was estimated at $11 billion/yr (Su 2002).

The economic loss caused by termites in China amounts to RMB 1700-2000 million per annum Zhong & Liug (2002) .

Subterranean termite control in 2000 accounted for US$8-10 million in Malaysia (Chow-Yang Lee, 2002).

In India about 33% of the timber is lost due to biodegrading agents

The world is facing termite terrorism

Evidence :

•In Mumbai followed by the news of damage of the Mayor’s Bungalow, the bungalow of Municipal Commissioner at Malabar (Heritage structure) in the city has been infested by termites

•An estimated cost of Rs. 45,000/- was spent, to buy pesticides for controlling termites.

Wood Preservatives are commonly used for wood protection

Oil Type: Coal tar creosote –Coal Tar distillationUsed for exterior use , high toxicity, non-corrosive and relatively high permanence. Organic Solvent Type:Copper and Zinc Naphthenates/Abietates, Pentachlorophenol Benzene etc.

Water-soluble (Leachable) Inorganic or organic salts soluble in water, but they are subject to leaching

Zinc Chloride , Boric Acid and Borax , Sodium Fluoride , Hexachloride, Sodium pentachlorophenate and Benzene etc.

Water soluble (Fixed) Type

Copper-Chrome-Arsenic Composition (CCA)

Acid Cupric-Chromate Composition (ACC)

Copper-Chrome-Boron Composition: (CCB)

Chromated-Zinc Chloride

Ammonia based preservatives

Ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA)

Ammoniacal copper arsenite (ACA)

Ammoniacal copper quartenary (ACQ) etc

Preservatives from indigenous material

Copper or zinc ions incorporated with plant extractives like cashew nut shell liquid,neemoil to develop eco friendly preservative. They perform good against termites.

IMPORTACNE OF PESTICIDES

The present day IPM does not preclude the chemical pesticide use, instead it uses it as one of the weapon in the armoury to be used sensibly with other weapons.

Pesticide chemicals along with plant nutrients are generally acknowledged as fundamental to the success of green revolution

Chronology of chemical control technology

Biochemicals and synthetic pyrethroids

IV generation insecticides

Insect growth regulatorsIII generation insecticides

Organophosphrous and Carbamates

II generation insecticides

DDT and Organochlorinecompounds

I generation insecticides

Sulphur compoundsArsenic compounds etc.,

Pre DDT Era

ORGANO CHLORINE COMPOUNDS COMMONLY USED FOR WOOD

PROTECTION

BHC, gamma BHC (LINDANE), DIELDRIN, DIELDRX, DDT, CHRLORDANE, HEPTACHLOR, ENDOSULFAN

ORGANOPHOSPHROUS COMPOUND USED IN WOOD PROTECTION

• CHLOROPYRIPHOS

SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS USED IN WOOD PROTECTION

• PERMETHRIN,• CYPERMETHRIN• DELTAMETHRIN• FENVALERATE• BIFENTHRIN

APPLICATION METHODS

• COATING• SPRAYING• BRUSHING• DIPPING• SOAKING

INSECTICIDES EVALUATED

• CHLORPYRIPHOS 20 EC @ 1 & 2%

• FENVALERATE 20 EC @ 1 & 2%

• CYPERMETHRIN TECHNICAL @ 0.5%

• ALPHACYPERMETHRIN @ 0.5%

CHLORPYRIPHOS

• Organophosphate pesticide, a neurotoxin

• IUPAC Name: O, O, diethyl O-pyridylphosphorothiate

• Molecular formula: C9H11Cl3NO3PS

FENVALERATE

• Synthetic pyrethroid having mixture of four optical isomers (neurotoxin)

• IUPAC Name: (RS)-alpha-Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (RS)- 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3 methylbutyrate

• Molecular formula: C25H22ClNO3

CYPERMETHRIN

• Synthetic pyrethroid, acts as a fast-acting neurotoxin

• IUPAC Name: Cyclopropanecarboxylicacid, 3-(2,2 dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyano (3-phenoxy phenyl) methyl ester (9Cl)

• Molecular formula: C22H19Cl2NO3

ALPHACYPERMETHRIN

• Synthetic pyrethroid consisting essentially of two of the four cis isomers comprising cypermethrin

• IUPAC Name: A racemate comprising (S)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate and ®-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1S,3S)-3-(2,2-dichlrorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate

• Molecular formula: C22H119Cl2NO3

RUBBER WOOD WAS USED

• Size of the test specimen: 30 x 3.8 x 3.8 cm• Description of the test specimen: Rubber

wood, free from knots, cracks, stain, decay, insect holes or other defects selected

• Seasoning: Reducing the moisture between 15-25%• Ten stakes for each treatment• Identification: Adequately marked• Test plots:At Nallal Research Station, Bangalore

Standard followed- I.S. 401-1982

Pressure impregnation- 15 minutes vacuum followed by 50 lbs/ sq. inch air pressure for 30 minutes

Conditions of testyard

• Uniform soil characters and moisture level• No herbicide treatment• Less plant cover• Uniform spreading of specimens (1 x 1 ft)• 50% of the stake buried• Field testing- completely randomized

design (CRD)

Sandal tree attacked by O. horni

Mound of O. horni

Termite Test yard

Observation & Evaluation

• Inspected at the interval of 6 months• Evaluation mainly based on visual

assessment

Stake fully covered with mud plastering by termite

Termites identified

Odontotermes horni (Wasmann)

O. obesus (Rambur)

O. redemanni (Wasmann)

Microtermes obesi (Holmgren)

Damage of rubber stakes impregnated with insecticides by subterranean termites at different MAI

InsecticidesDosage (% a.i.) Mean per cent damage in stakes at different months after

implantation (MAI)6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60

Chlorpyriphos20 EC

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Chlorpyriphos20 EC

2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Fenvalerate20 EC

1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Fenvalerate20 EC

2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

CypermethrinTechnical

0.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 22.00 57.00 84.00

Alphacypermethrin(Technical)

0.5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.00 45.00 80.00

Control 61.4 100.00

CONCLUSION

• Chlorpyriphos and Fenvalerate, were found very effective even after 5 years of implantation

• Cypermethrin and Alphacypermethrin gave complete protection till 3 years only

• Selective pesticides can play a major role in wood protection

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

• Thanks are due to

• IUFRO• USDA Forest Service• DST, Govt. of India• CCSTDC, Chennai• ICFRE, Dehra Dun