Post on 12-Oct-2020
European Commission – Directorate General for Research
S E V E N T H F R A M E W O R K P R O G R A M M E
T H E M E 5 - E N E R G Y
Project acronym : eSTORAGE
Project full title : Solution for cost-effective integration of renewable intermittent generation by demonstrating the feasibility of flexible large-scale energy storage with innovative market and grid control approach.
Grant agreement no.: 295367
Collaborative project / Demonstration Project
Number of deliverable: Extracts of D4.1
Dissemination level (PU, PP, RE, CO, RUE, CUE, SUE) : PU
Date of preparation of the deliverable (latest version): 05/04/2016
Date of approval of the deliverable by the Commission: dd/mm/yyyy
Potential for conversion of classical PSP to
variable speed units in EU15, Norway and
Switzerland (EXTRACTS)
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 2/42
R E V I S I O N C H A R T A N D H I S T O R Y L O G
V E R S I O N S
Version number When Organization name Comments
v1 28/04/2016 AHF Extract from D4.1 validated by reviewers to be
published on the eStorage website
D E L I V E R A B L E Q U A L I T Y R E V I E W
Quality check Status Date Comments
Reviewer 1 (EDF) 21/04/2016
Reviewer 2 (ICL) 27/04/2016
Quality Manager 28/04/2016
PC 28/04/2016
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 3/42
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 9
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................................ 9
1.2. OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................................................. 10
2 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 11
2.1. RESEARCH APPROACH ............................................................................................................................... 11
2.2. DATA COLLECTION .................................................................................................................................... 12
3 PUMPED-HYDRO: A PROVEN ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGY ..................................................................... 12
3.1. DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................................... 12
3.2. CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................................................................................... 14
3.3. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................................................. 15
3.4. COST DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................................................. 16
4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................... 16
4.1. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF EUROPEAN ELECTRICITY SYSTEM ................................................................................. 16
4.2. POTENTIAL FOR VARIABLE SPEED DEPLOYMENT .............................................................................................. 18
4.2.1. Needed Modifications ............................................................................................................. 18
4.2.2. Estimation of the Potential for Conversion ............................................................................. 22
4.2.3. Identification of case studies ................................................................................................... 23
5 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................ 26
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 26
APPENDICES: COUNTRY FILES ...................................................................................................................... 28
AUSTRIA .............................................................................................................................................. 29
BELGIUM ............................................................................................................................................. 30
GERMANY ............................................................................................................................................ 31
SPAIN .................................................................................................................................................. 32
FRANCE................................................................................................................................................ 33
UNITED KINGDOM .................................................................................................................................... 34
GREECE ................................................................................................................................................ 35
IRELAND .............................................................................................................................................. 36
ITALY ................................................................................................................................................... 37
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 4/42
LUXEMBOURG ..................................................................................................................................... 38
PORTUGAL ........................................................................................................................................... 39
SWEDEN .............................................................................................................................................. 40
NORWAY ............................................................................................................................................. 41
SWITZERLAND ...................................................................................................................................... 42
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 5/42
L I S T O F F I G U R E S
Figure 1: Overview of the installed PSP capacity in the EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland ................................ 11
Figure 2: Scheme of a Pumped-Storage Power Plant (Alstom, 2012) ............................................................. 13
Figure 3: Overview of installed capacity in 2012 and newly added capacity for period 2013-2017 (Alstom,
2012) ................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 4: Power mix capacity (Source: EIA, 2013) ........................................................................................... 16
Figure 5: Renewables production in 2010 (Eurelectric, 2012) ........................................................................ 17
Figure 6: Market development for PSP in the EU-15 = Norway + Switzerland (Alstom, 2013) ....................... 18
Figure 7: The different steps to determine if a conversion is possible or not (Alstom, 2013) ........................ 19
Figure 8: Comparison between a variable speed generator (left) and a conventional generator (right)
(Alstom, 2013) ................................................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 9: Age of units in 2013 for the EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland (Alstom, 2013) ................................... 23
Figure 10 Share of unit axis depending on the unit power output (MW) (Alstom, 2013) .............................. 24
Figure 11: Unit power output in generator mode (MVA) in function of speed (rpm) (Alstom, 2013)............ 24
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 6/42
L I S T O F T A B L E S
Table 1 : Typical PSP operating parameters (Alstom, 2012) ........................................................................... 14
Table 2 : Breakdown of the installed PSP capacity (Alstom, 2013) ................................................................. 17
Table 3 : Selected case studies Vs Installed capacity ...................................................................................... 25
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 7/42
Ancillary services Ancillary services enable to maintain frequency and voltage at appropriate levels while managing balance and congestion
BOP Balance of plant: essentially all equipment in a plant that are neither the turbine or the generator
DFIM - Double fed induction machine
Variable speed unit with a power converter located between the generator rotor and the grid. Only a part of the full active power of the generator is transferred through the power converter
ENTSO-E European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity
EU European Union
FRT Fault Ride Through - capability of electric generators to stay connected in short periods of lower electric network voltage
Fully fed machine Variable speed unit with a power converter located between the generator stator and the grid. The full active power of the generator is transferred through the power converter
GW Gigawatt
Head Difference in elevation between the upper reservoir water level and the lower reservoir water level
Horizontal machine Unit arrangement where the shaft connecting the turbine and the generator is horizontal
IVC Inverter controller
MV Medium voltage
MVA Megavolt Ampere
MW Megawatt
Partial load Turbine operation below its rated power.
PSP Pumped hydro Storage Plant
RAM Reliability, Availability, Maintainability
Reversible machine A same turbine that generate powers when rotating in one direction and pumps water up when rotating in the other direction.
TEG Turbine electronic governor
Ternary machine Unit arrangement with a pump and a separated turbine installed on a single shaft connecting them to the motor generator
TWh Terawatt hour
Vertical machine Unit arrangement where the shaft connecting the turbine and the generator is vertical
VSI Voltage Source inverter. Power electronics or frequency converter used to feed DFIM rotors.
G L O S S A R Y
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 8/42
P A R T I C I P A N T O R G A N I S A T I O N S
Participant organization name Short name Country
ALSTOM HYDRO FRANCE AHF France
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE S.A. EDF France
ELIA SYSTEM OPERATOR ELI Belgium
ALSTOM GRID SAS AGR France
IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND MEDICINE ICL United Kingdom
DNV GL KEM The Netherlands
ALGOE ALG France
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 9/42
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study
The European Union (EU) has decided to take a proactive position concerning the issue of global warming
by enacting its 20-20-20 package. This aims at raising the share of the EU energy consumption produced
from renewable resources to 20%, reducing by 20% the EU greenhouse gases emissions level of 1990, and
improving by 20% the EU’s energy efficiency.
New renewables such as solar or wind power have been widely deployed. However one major challenge of
new renewable energy consists in it being intermittent while the grid needs to be balanced at any moment.
Concretely, this means that the current EU electricity system will need to be more flexible to allow the full
utilisation of renewables. Thus, while wind is blowing but demand for power is low, the grid frequency may
become unstable, increasing the risk of outages. Therefore, in certain countries power production has to be
reduced. The choice is made by grid operators to disconnect wind turbines from the grid – as it is less
constraining than stopping an inflexible base-load power plant – cutting off a source of carbon-free energy.
Today, beyond interconnection development, the only solution that exists to avoid curtailing intermittent
renewable generation and also happens to be available on a large-scale is Pumped Hydro Storage Plants
(PSP). PSP are able to store energy when there is a surplus in the energy system and therefore constitute a
vitally important part of the new low-carbon electricity system the EU wants to achieve.
However, conventional PSPs can only regulate their power in generation mode, while their operation in
pumping mode is typically much less flexible; new technologies are therefore under development to enable
greater operational flexibility of PSPs. In that context, the variable speed technology for PSP can bring the
additional flexibility in pumping mode as well. This could lead to a better integration of renewables in the
electricity system, by serving a dual purpose as the surplus of intermittent renewable energy could be
absorbed at any time of the day while at the same time allowing services to be balanced. Developing
technically and economically feasible solutions to upgrade existing plants to variable speed within the
eStorage project will allow upgrading a significant part of European PSP capacity, all at a much lower cost
than developing new plants.
The goal of eStorage Work Package 4 (WP4) is to draft a plan to replicate the variable speed PSP technology
development of work package 1 (WP1) throughout Europe. Within WP1, a detailed study has been
conducted to upgrade one unit of Le Cheylas PSP into variable speed. One of the main challenges is
represented by the physical space that is available, as the variable speed motor-generator requires a much
larger volume in the powerhouse. Before finding new locations for developing variable speed PSPs from
scratch, it is crucial to survey the installed PSP base in Europe. The survey will help determine the issues
that have to be resolved in order to allow a large-scale deployment of the variable speed technology.
The European PSP installed base is indeed quite diverse. It includes several different unit types, depending
first on the difference in elevation between the upper and lower reservoirs and also on the design choices
made by the plant owners. The improvement in performance and services, as well as the cost of modifying
the units varies significantly with the type of unit. The number of hours of operation, and thus the services
provided by the units depends upon the size of the reservoirs. All of these parameters can have a significant
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 10/42
impact on the feasibility of upgrading the existing plant into variable speed hence the need for it to be
carefully studied.
The potential for conversion to the variable speed technology will be therefore assessed through a
comprehensive survey of the European PSP fleet, which is the primary objective of this report.
1.2. Objectives
This report presents the comprehensive EU-wide survey on the possible upgrade of conventional PSPs in
operation into variable speed that has been performed in eStorage project.
Upgrading conventional PSP into variable speed presents several challenges: variable speed motor
generators require larger volume in the powerhouse and have more restrictive limitations in terms of
rotational speed and unit power due to the higher level of stress in variable speed rotors. The starting
sequence can also be quite different. It is therefore important to survey the currently installed PSP base to
comprehensively determine the issues that need to be solved in order to maximize the uptake of the
upgrade technology, given that the unit configuration and initial design choice will also have an impact on
the upgrade cost.
Key objectives of the report include:
Collect data on the existing European installed PSP base to survey different plant arrangements and
installed type of machines,
Propose a comprehensive overview and segmentation of all existing PSP sites that are eligible for
variable speed conversion in the EU-151 countries, Norway and Switzerland, including details on
necessary modifications to the plants and an estimate of the additional regulation capacity achievable
through variable speed conversions,
Identify and select the plants that are representative of different PSP clusters and have distinctly
different plant arrangements, machine axis positions (horizontal or vertical) or other hydraulic,
electrical and mechanical constraints. These plants will be further examined through detailed case
studies.
This report is structured into five parts: the methodology of this survey is presented in the first part while
the second part focuses on the pumped-hydro storage technology. The third part is presenting the results
of the survey and provides a detailed analysis of the PSP fleet for each country. The fourth part presents
the results of the 5 case studies that were performed to identify detailed technology gaps. Finally,
conclusions are closing the report.
1 EU-15 countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 11/42
2 METHODOLOGY
2.1. Research Approach
This study adopts two complementary research approaches: exploratory and descriptive research. The
analysis started with an exploratory research, focusing on determining and understanding the issues
related to the conversion of a conventional PSP into variable speed. It mainly consisted of collecting data
and having discussions with PSP and variable speed experts. The result of this first phase of research
created the right avenue to proceed to the second phase, the descriptive research.
The descriptive research for this study was the most important part of the work. It aimed at describing the
European PSP installed base and dividing it into different segments according to common characteristics
such as plant arrangements, machine axis etc. The first task has been to list which plant characteristics
needs to be collected.
The scope of this research is limited to the EU-15 countries, Norway and Switzerland. The rationale
behind this choice is that these countries include the bulk of the European PSP installed capacity (81.7 % of
the PSP capacity in Europe). Our estimate is that these countries account for approximately 42.7 GW out of
the 50.9 GW of PSP capacity in EU-272 countries, Norway and Switzerland.
Figure 1: Overview of the installed PSP capacity in the EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland
2 EU-27 Member States include: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 12/42
2.2. Data Collection
The definition of plant characteristics to be collected has been performed through 27 interviews conducted
with experts from Alstom Hydro and EDF. The goal was to determine the most important criteria when
considering an upgrade from conventional PSP to variable speed. The data gathering task also included
collecting feedback on the Le Cheylas PSP upgrade to variable speed, which is used for the case study
assessment. This phase brought to light more than 200 parameters that were used to survey the PSP units
in operation in the EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland. These parameters were classified into four principal
categories:
General information about the power plant (e.g. year of commissioning, country, operator...)
Information on the reservoirs (e.g. size, levels…)
Information on the plant production (e.g. when, how much…)
Information on the unit (e.g. type of axis, power in pumping and turbine modes…)
Actual plant parameters collected in the second phase included values of the parameters identified through
the exploratory research. A variety of sources of proven reliability were employed which included: internal
data from eStorage partners, an internal database, on-site visits and specialized publications and journals
on hydroelectricity. The websites of different European plant operators have been referenced as well to
benefit from the information available online.
3 PUMPED-HYDRO: A PROVEN ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
Energy production and consumption levels have become an issue of growing importance in order to
guarantee the stability of electrical networks. Pumped storage hydroelectricity is currently the only
economic and flexible means of storing large amounts of excess energy that have been deployed on a large
scale, helping the power systems to successfully and efficiently balance supply and demand. This is
becoming even more important as more and more countries are increasing their renewable capacities.
3.1. Description
The key components of a Pumped Storage Plant are two water reservoirs (an upper and a lower one), a
penstock, which transports the water from one reservoir to another, and an underground power station.
The latter contains the “energy conversion” part of the PSP: the pump turbine and the motor generators.
Most modern PSPs are equipped with reversible units meaning that the same turbine is able to either pump
water or to drive the generators to produce electricity, depending on its rotational direction.
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 13/42
Figure 2: Scheme of a Pumped-Storage Power Plant (Alstom, 2012)
PSP is considered as a mature technology. This has been a standard solution for peak shifting in Western
Europe, where low-cost nuclear power is used to supply base load demand and to pump water to the upper
reservoir during low demand periods. Nowadays it is becoming increasingly common to manage the
fluctuations in the supply of wind and solar power in North Western Europe using PSPs.
Figure 3 shows the installed pump storage capacity in MW per country in EU-15 + Switzerland + Norway.
Figure 3: Overview of installed capacity in 2012 and newly added capacity for period 2013-2017 (Alstom, 2012)
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 14/42
3.2. Characteristics
Maximum power generation is determined by the maximum flow of water from the upper to the lower
storage reservoir and the height difference between the reservoirs (e.g. the head). The amount of
electricity that can be stored is determined by the head and the size of the (smallest of the two) reservoirs.
The cycle efficiency of a modern PSP is around 80% or more; cycle losses arise from the losses in pumping,
generating and water evaporation.
When connected to the grid, a PSP is normally used to provide energy during peak-hours. When electricity
demand is low (or there is excessive supply from intermittent renewable generators), pumped-storage
turbines pump water into the upper reservoir and store it (pumping mode). When demand and prices peak,
the water is released through turbines to the lower reservoir (production mode) and the electricity is
produced. PSPs further allow utilities to reap financial benefits from storing the intermittent renewable
output that might otherwise be lost due to surplus supply in the system.
KEY DATA PERFORMANCE
General
Performances
50 to 500 MW
150 to 300 MW
Per unit Output/Input
Most typical values
> 8 hours full load Storage capacity
10 to 1,200 m Head Range
> 80% Cycle efficiency
Reaction Time
~ 15 s
~ 2 min
~ 5 min
~ 10 min
50% to 100% Generation
0% to 100% Generation
0% to 100% Pumping
100% Generation to 100% Pumping
Ancillary Services
40% to 100%
70% to 100%
Reactive Power
Black Start capability
Production adjustment range
Pumping power adjustment range (Variable speed machines only)
Table 1 : Typical PSP operating parameters (Alstom, 2012)
The large storage size (lengthy discharge time) of PSPs makes them useful for bulk energy applications, such
as load/time shifting. Furthermore, PSPs can respond quickly to sudden changes in supply-demand balance,
making it a useful tool to balance the variability of electricity demand from consumers or unplanned
outages of other power plants. Combined with the fast ramp rates, PSP can thus support renewable
integration by providing ancillary services such as network frequency and voltage regulation, capacity
reservation, black start capabilities, as well as reactive power production.
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 15/42
3.3. Future Development
Three main areas for future improvements in the PSP technology have been identified as:
Increasing the capability to install PSPs everywhere (e.g. on islands using sea water, or using
existing underground reservoirs while minimising the potential negative impact on the
environment )
Increasing PSP flexibility and efficiency (e.g. by enabling power regulation in both modes through
the development of variable speed technology, shortening the start-up and transition time,
improving design and resistance to cavitation).
Non-technical issues (e.g. develop business models that include pumped storage plants, grid
connections and market models, develop remuneration systems that compensate flexibility and
storage capabilities).
The eStorage project focuses on the development of variable speed technology. Variable speed pumped
hydro storage provides additional flexibility in pump/storage mode. Conventional pumped hydro storage
plants do not allow variations in pump load. Variable speed pumped hydro storage has a faster response
and is able to regulate the pump load, enabling frequency support during pumping mode. Retrofitting a
conventional PSP with a variable speed generator could increase the power capacity by 15 to 20% and the
general plant efficiency by 1%.
Unlike conventional hydropower plants, variable speed pumped storage plants use asynchronous motor-
generators that allow the pump rotational speed to be adjusted. As a result, variable speed pumped
storage plants benefit from high levels of additional flexibility including:
Regulation of the amount of energy absorbed in pumping mode. This facilitates storing energy
when prices of electricity are low, reduces the number of starts and stops, and allows the sale of
grid regulation service (network frequency and voltage) while in pumping mode.
Operating closer to the turbine’s optimal efficiency point, resulting in a significant increase in
global plant efficiency.
Smoother operation (for example at partial load), elimination of operation modes prone to
hydraulic instability or cavitation. This would result in improved reliability, reduced maintenance
and an increased lifespan. It also results in the reduction of pump turbine submergence level,
reducing civil engineering costs.
Operating over a wider head range, increasing the availability of the plant. For pumped storage
plants on sites characterised by wide head variations, variable speed increases the partial load
operation range to 33% of rated power in turbine mode and thus increases the generation
flexibility.
Instantaneous power output adjustment helps to rectify sudden voltage disruptions/variations
caused by network problems. These benefits result in improved profitability for pumped storage
plant owners, and allow network operators to improve the reliability of the grid as well as the
quality of the power supplied to end consumers.
Today, the most prominent PSP with variable speed units in operation is Goldisthal in Germany. Other
projects based on variable speed units are currently under construction: the first unit of 4x250MW Linthal
2015 plant (Switzerland) will be commissioned during spring 2016. The 3 other units will each be
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 16/42
commissioned later within a three month interval. Vendanova III (Portugal) first unit is planned to be
commissioned by end of 2016. Nant de Drance (Switzerland) first units will be commissioned in 2018
3.4. Cost Development
Given that PSP is a mature form of storage technology, no future cost reductions are expected.
4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1. General overview of European electricity system
Net electricity generation output in the EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland amounted approximately to
2,870 TWh in 2012. Accounting for 16 % of that figure, hydro represents the largest source of renewable
power generation. The 157 PSP plants currently in operation in the EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland with an
installed capacity of 42.7 GW enable generating 63.7 TWh of power.
Figure 4: Power mix capacity (Source: EIA, 2013)
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 17/42
Figure 5: Renewables production in 2010 (Eurelectric, 2012)
The PSP portfolio in the EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland is mainly composed of low power output units, with
almost half of the installed fleet represented by machines below 50 MW. The fleet is also ageing, with the
majority of its machines having been commissioned before 1990.
Table 2 : Breakdown of the installed PSP capacity (Alstom, 2013)
I N S T A L L E D C A P A C I T Y
( E U - 1 5 + N O R W A Y + S W I T Z E R L A N D )
SIZE
INSTALLED CAPACITY BUILT BEFORE 1990
Units % in MW Units % in MW
< 50 MW 281 15 % 262 17 %
50 – 105 MW 148 26 % 133 28 %
105 – 200 MW 100 34 % 87 35 %
200 – 300 MW 32 17 % 22 14 %
300 – 400 MW 11 8 % 7 6 %
TOTAL 572 100 % 511 100 %
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 18/42
The market for Pumped-Storage has seen a significant expansion during the period 1960 – 1990,with an
annual average growth of 30% resulting in an average of 1.1 GW of new capacity added each year (see
figure 7). This development followed the development of the European nuclear power plant fleet. Though
the market in Europe for PSP is already considered ripe, the European Union’s 20-20-20 vision further
reinforces the potential of this “segment” given that this technology is viewed as the only reliable option
available to match up the required scale of storing large volumes of surplus intermittent renewable power.
There is therefore great potential for PSPs to propel the EU in reaching their energy policy goals 20-20-20
package. These insights and developments have encouraged countries such as Portugal, Switzerland or
Austria to approve a certain number of new PSP projects. By 2020, the European installed capacity is
expected to reach the level of 47.8 GW, a rise of almost 16 % in 10 years.
Figure 6: Market development for PSP in the EU-15 = Norway + Switzerland (Alstom, 2013)
A detailed analysis per country is included in the appendix.
4.2. Potential for Variable Speed deployment
The study of the potential for variable speed deployment is conducted in three phases. Firstly, the variable
speed deployment is analyzed from a technical perspective, in order to respond to questions such as:
Which modifications are needed on an existing unit?
What needs to be taken into account in order to determine if a conversion is possible or not?
Then, the second phase consists in assessing the potential for conversion in terms of additional power
flexibility that could be brought onto the grid, and to determine the number of plants that could be
converted. Finally, the third phase involves the selection of business cases, which will be based on different
technical solutions for conversion given the diversity of the European installed PSP fleet.
4.2.1. Needed Modifications
PSP with variable speed units create new challenges for manufacturers with respect to the design,
manufacturing and assembly of the machine. For an optimized solution the hydraulic machine, the motor
generator and its excitation system as well as the balance of plant components have to be customized for
each power station.
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 19/42
Two technologies are proposed for an upgrade to variable speed:
1. Keeping a synchronous motor generator connected to a full power supply frequency converter
(fully fed machine), which is suitable for units with low power output, or
2. Replacing the synchronous motor generator by a double fed induction machine (DFIM) connected
to a reduced power supply frequency converter on the rotor, suitable for large power output (> 100
MW).
When studying the feasibility of converting a conventional machine to variable speed, it is necessary to
conduct a variety of studies in order to assess whether there is an economic case for the conversion of the
unit and the power plant. The scheme below summarizes the major steps to follow in order to conclude
whether the conversion to variable speed for a conventional machine is of interest. These steps have been
identified through interviews with variable speed experts as well as from experience from the upgrade of
Le Cheylas unit 2.
Figure 7: The different steps to determine if a conversion is possible or not (Alstom, 2013)
Defining systems’ needs
The first step consists in defining the needs of the wider system, i.e. the plant operator expectations:
1. Is it important to improve the performance of the machine?
2. Is the plant required to provide more ancillary services to the grid?
3. What are the key drivers in the cost/benefit analysis?
4. What level of reactive power provision is required?
These questions help to identify the requirements and objectives of the plant operator with respect to the
conversion. This will condition the perspective in which the feasibility studies will be realized and later help
explore the economics behind the plant conversion.
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 20/42
Hydraulic studies
Once the reasons for conversion have been established, the turbine manufacturer will conduct the first
feasibility study on hydraulics, looking at the level of efficiency the new machine needs to reach in order to
fulfil the objectives of the conversion. This also takes into account the power of the existing unit and how it
deals with harmonics. External factors such as the temperature, humidity or the variation of the water flow
in pumping mode also need to be taken into account as they will impact the performance of the future
variable speed machine. This step helps to answer the three main questions:
1. Is active power variation in pumping mode possible?
2. Does the plant arrangement allow a possible upgrade?
3. What is the feasibility of adding a variable speed generator?
If power variation in pumping mode is possible, a second hydraulic study will define which level of speed
variation can be obtained, and which equipment needs to be modified to enable that variation level. Some
basic parameters of hydraulic components such as the runner diameter or the shaft length are assessed in
order to decide whether to continue with the conversion study. During this analysis, the pump design is
also assessed. The manufacturer will face two key challenges when converting to variable speed: the need
for improving the stability and the cavitation limits. The stability limit is the maximum limit that the
machine should not exceed to avoid operating in an unstable domain, risking damage. If the plant operator
wishes to increase the range of power variation, this limit needs to be shifted further away from operating
area. In addition, the risk of cavitation is increased with variable speed machines, as the existing machine
has a fixed elevation and cannot be set deeper beyond that point: if the plant operator wants to increase
the machine performance, the cavitation performance of the turbine also needs to be improved.
If after this step the conversion is successful for the plant owner and the plant operator, an economic
assessment will be conducted to compare the cost of conversion and the benefit of more improved
performance. The cost-benefit analysis allows the plant owner and operator to establish the economic
feasibility of the upgrade to variable speed.
Realizing the electrical study
The final steps will assess the electrical machine, i.e. generators, converters and other equipment such as
the civil engineering structure or the cooling system. A variable speed motor generator includes several
components that differ from a conventional one.
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 21/42
Figure 8: Comparison between a variable speed generator (left) and a conventional generator (right) (Alstom, 2013)
The Rotor of a double-fed induction machine is significantly different from the one in a conventional
synchronous machine. Its weight is therefore 30 to 50% higher than that of a rotor of a salient pole
machine. Consequently, specific design studies have to be realised. In the case of variable speed upgrade,
the rotor is completely redesigned. It consists of a three-phase rotor winding wound onto a cylindrical
rotor. In addition, the frequency converter, an additional piece of equipment needs to be installed in the
plant. It actually replaces the existing static frequency converter used to start the unit in pump mode, and is
used as the AC excitation system instead of the existing DC excitation system for the synchronous machine.
The stator also needs to be oversized since it is in a sub-synchronous mode; power is transferred from the
rotor to the stator. The balance of the plant must therefore be suitably adapted: a generator circuit breaker
and starting braking short circuit breakers. In certain cases, phase reversal disconnectors and isolated
phase bus ducts have also to be replaced. The main constraint on the variable speed upgrade is to integrate
the stator and the rotor in the motor-generator pit. The pit dimension can be a limiting factor, as the
variable speed machine is heavier and has greater volume. The shaft line behaviour is also impacted by this
additional weight.
Structural design of the electrical machine has to support the new weight of the rotor. One of the critical
parameter for the shaft line dimensioning is the natural bending frequency, a phenomenon that represents
a risk to damage the machine. The difficulty can be partially overcome by the rearrangement of the unit
layout. For a variable speed conversion, the shaft line and the thrust bearing need to be redesigned with a
higher capacity to support the supplement of the unit axial load which comes mainly from the new rotor.
Finally the concrete structure has to be able to carry the new thrust bearing, : in some cases, if it is not
possible to keep the redesigned thrust bearing in its original arrangement, the thrust bearing can be moved
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 22/42
onto the turbine head cover. A modification may also be needed in the lifting system as the new rotor is
heavier and the capacity of the crane might not be able to support it. Different options are available to
resolve these civil engineering issues: reinforcing the cranes with metallic structures, procuring specific
lifting equipment dedicated to the DFIM rotor and stator, or assembling the rotor directly in the pit.
Adapting control systems
Control systems also need to be adapted during a variable speed conversion. In a conventional PSP there
are essentially two controllers for each unit. On the electrical side, the excitation controller mainly
regulates the voltage or the power factor of the machine. On the hydraulic side, the turbine governor
regulates the power and the speed of the machine during start-up and synchronization. In contrast, the
control system of variable speed units consists of three components: variable speed controller, turbine
governor (TEG) and inverter controller (IVC). The variable speed controller defines the optimum speed
based on the current head and the desired power in normal operation. It also handles all mode changes
and the synchronization process. It is linking the TEG and the IVC to the unit control system. It handles all
signals to be exchanged between the unit and the unit control system.
The structure of the control system will therefore be more complex compared to conventional units and
therefore needs to be adapted.
With the introduction of the ENTSO-E transmission code, Europe is preparing for more severe grid
conditions and consequently more demanding connection rules for power stations, in order to be prepared
for the future requirements of the transmission system. The new grid code has an impact on control and
protection schemes of all power-stations, and particularly on variable speed PSPs. In order to obtain
permission to connect to the grid, power stations need to prove the so-called Fault Ride Through (FRT)
capability. In short, a power station must remain connected to the grid if a three-phase short circuit occur
at the connection point in the duration of 150 ms. The challenge for the protection system is to detect a
FRT situation and not to disconnect the unit in such a case. Consequently, each protection function needs
to be checked separately to avoid undesired tripping during FRT.
Furthermore, the entire PSP will need to be upgraded to deliver all necessary functionalities similar to
conventional units, such as the start-up of the units and the level of harmonics.
With respect to the balance of plant, the need to replace the existing transformer is evaluated considering
the necessary maximum power as well as the condition of the transformer.. The new converters, used to
start the variable speed unit in pumping mode, also require more space. If the available space is limited and
represents a constraint for the upgrade, it is possible to install new converters outside the power plant.
To conclude, one of the key limiting factors to determine the potential for conversion is the physical space
available in the power plant.
4.2.2. Estimation of the Potential for Conversion
Due to a high number of mode changes, motor-generators are generally ageing faster than base load hydro
generators, particularly considering the recent operational requirements of 10-20 starts and stops per day.
Adding variable speed technology to a conventional PSP will increase plant efficiency and flexibility by
allowing power regulation in both turbine and pumping mode. It will enable electric utilities harness surplus
power from intermittent sources such as wind to fill pumped hydro storage plants’ upper reservoirs faster,
storing the surplus energy for later use when demand is high or when no wind energy is available.
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 23/42
Considering a typical 30-year lifespan for a motor generator, it means that 34.9 GW of PSP generators for
the area EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland will need to be refurbished by 2020. This represents 84 % of the
existing 42.7 GW of installed PSP capacity in the area. The marginal cost of enabling additional regulation
capability could therefore be potentially reduced if it is carried out at the same time as the standard
generator refurbishment.
Figure 9: Age of units in 2013 for the EU-15 + Norway + Switzerland (Alstom, 2013)
The power absorbed in pumping mode by a variable speed unit can vary by 30 %, compared to a
conventional PSP unit. Thus, converting 100 MW of conventional PSP into variable speed will provide
around 30 MW of regulation capability while in pumping mode. This means that if the 34.9 GW of
conventional generators older than 30 years are converted into variable speed, 10.47 GW of additional
frequency regulation capability in pumping mode are obtainable. Such capability would typically be used to
provide frequency regulation that will be increasingly required in systems with high wind penetration.
4.2.3. Identification of case studies
To complete this survey, different case studies have been analysed in order to identify the main
technological gaps associated with upgrading existing European PSP units to variable. The main objective of
these case studies is to develop a feasibility and predesign study that comprises a technical and cost
evaluation
The case studies need to efficiently reflect the entire existing PSP installed base. As a result, the plants that
are selected for case study assessment need to differ in their structures and limitations to represent the
diversity of the European PSP fleet. It is thus imperative that the case studies include horizontal and vertical
machines (respectively 29% and 71% of the fleet) as well as reversible and ternary units (respectively 46%
and 54% of the fleet), and represent the power and speed ranges that comprise the units currently
operating on the European market. Those were the parameters that were therefore analysed for the PSP
installed base.
The type of unit axis (i.e. whether the turbine and the generator are coupled on a vertical or horizontal axis)
was therefore studied as a function of unit power output, in order to provide a more detailed overview.
This is an important parameter to take into account, as one of the major issues with variable speed
conversion is the available space as some replaced components are larger and heavier. Proportion of units
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 24/42
with different axis arrangements is presented in the figure below. It can be observed that the majority of
PSP machines in Europe are vertical, but as the graph shows the share of horizontal machines is non-
negligible, especially at lower levels of power output. This confirms that the upgrade of this type of
machines also needs to be studied; therefore, at least one horizontal machine will be chosen to figure
among the business cases.
Figure 10 Share of unit axis depending on the unit power output (MW) (Alstom, 2013)
The second analysis conducted was considering the generator output power (in MVA) and the unit rated
speed (in rpm), while taking into account the machine axis arrangement. This resulted in the figure below.
Figure 11: Unit power output in generator mode (MVA) in function of speed (rpm) (Alstom, 2013)
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 25/42
The five plants thus selected are representative of the different types of units in operation today: high-
speed low power output, low speed-low power output, low speed-high power output and high speed-high
power output. It was also ensured that vertical and horizontal machines as well as reversible ternary units
were present among the selected business cases.
Looking at installed capacity table below, we notice that our selection of case studies covers well the
existing diversity of arrangements and power ratings.
SIZE
Units % in MW Units % in MW
< 50 MW 281 15% 262 17%
50 - 105 MW 148 26% 133 28%
150 - 300 MW 132 51% 109 49%
301 - 400 MW 11 8% 7 6%
TOTAL 572 100% 511 100%
INSTALLED CAPACITY
(EU - 15 + NORWAY + SWITZERLAND)
INSTALLED CAPACITY BUILD BEFORE 1990
1
2
3
4 5
Table 3 : Selected case studies Vs Installed capacity
For the 5 business cases, a predesign of the upgrade has been effectuated. This enabled the consortium to:
Receive an in-depth analysis of the additional benefits that could be realized by upgrading these units to variable speed.
Perform a technology gap analysis.
The most important gaps have been identified and related R&D programs have been accordingly defined.
Essentially, the consortium has identified all major hindrances associated with upgrading 75% of the
European PSP fleet to variable speed.
The R&D program that is expected to be implemented within eStorage project should aim at overcoming all
identified technical barriers.
The detailed results of the business cases and the technical gaps remain proprietary and confidential and
only the primary conclusions can be shared in this publication.
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 26/42
5 CONCLUSIONS
The objective of Task 4.1.1 was to perform a global survey of the European PSP fleet in order to identify
gaps in technology. The result of this analysis will then provide an input to WP1 to allow prioritizing the
actions to prepare a new variable speed rotor guide.
The survey estimated the installed PSP capacity in EU15, Norway and Switzerland at 42.7 GW of turbine
power. Not surprisingly, most of the fleet is located in the mountainous region of the Alps and the Pyrenees
with very few plants in lowland regions such as the Netherland or North Germany. The survey also allowed
defining 5 typical configurations that were further studied in order to highlight the necessary modifications
associated with variable speed conversion.
The upgrade of existing fixed speed units to variable speed has attracted significant interest in Europe, and
the consortium has had the opportunity to involve real plant operators in the study. The names of these
operators remain confidential, but the work performed for them has encouraged further interest
evidenced by the fact that ,currently at least two other operators are conducting feasibility studies for plant
upgrades with expected commissioning dates from 2020 onwards. T4.1.1 has therefore been successful not
only in terms of the identification of gaps but also from the aspect of participating in eStorage
dissemination actions.
REFERENCES
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 27/42
ALSTOM POWER. (2012). Hydro Pumped-Storage Power Plants. Paris.
EASE. (2013). Pumped-Hydro Storage.
eStorage. (2013). Technology Development Report.
EUROPEAN WIND ASSOCIATION. (2013). Wind in power - 2012 Statistics.
EUROSTATS. (2012, November). Electricity production and supply statistics. Retrieved November 4th,
2013, from eurostats:
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Electricity_production_and_supply_st
atistics
GIMENO-GUTIERREZ, M., & LACAL-ARANTEGUI, R. (2013). Assessment of the European potential for
pumped hydropower energy storage. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
HENRY, J.-M., HOUDELINE, J.-B., RUIZ, S., & KUNZ, T. (n.d.). How reversible pump-turbines can support
grid variability. The variable speed approach.
HENRY, J.-M., MAURER, F., DROMMI, J.-L., & SAUTEREAU, T. (2013). Upgrading an Existing Pumped
Storage Power Plant into a Variable Speed. Hydrovision 2013.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY. (2012). Technology Rooadmap: Hydropower. Paris: International
Energy Agency.
KUNZ, T., SCHWERY, A., & SARI, G. (2012, July 17-20). Adjustable speed pumped storage plants -
Innovation challenges and feedback of experience from recent projects. Hydrovision International.
TELLER, O., KAELIN, B., GOUTARD, E., & KUNZ, T. (2012, July 17-20). Upgrading PSP into variable speed
coupled with efficient Energy and Market Management Solutions: a key opportunity. HydroVision
International.
US Department of Energy. (2013). International Energy Statistics. Retrieved November 15th, 2013, from
US Energy Information Administration:
http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=44&pid=44&aid=1#
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 28/42
APPENDICES: COUNTRY FILES
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 29/42
Net electricity production 67,3 78,5 90,3
Net natural hydro production 41 51 56,2
Net production from PSP 13,4 17,8 20,3
Net production from wind 2,2 6,4 8,7
Net production from solar 0 0,5 3,8
Total variable RES electricity 2,2 6,9 12,5
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 55 49%
105 - 200 MW 7 30%
200 - 300 MW 3 21%
300 - 400 MW 0 0%
Total 65 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
AUSTRIA
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 30/42
Net electricity production 94,5 98,7 101,3
Net natural hydro production 1,7 1,7 1,7
Net production from PSP 1,4 1,4 1,4
Net production from wind 1,3 11,1 15,6
Net production from solar 0,6 0,7 0,8
Total variable RES electricity 1,9 11,8 16,4
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 4 12%
105 - 200 MW 3 36%
200 - 300 MW 3 52%
300 - 400 MW 0 0%
Total 10 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
BELGIUM
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 31/42
Net electricity production 591,4 533,1 426,7
Net natural hydro production 27 30,5 32,5
Net production from PSP 6,3 9,5 11
Net production from wind 37,79 90 116
Net production from solar 11,68 33 37
Total variable RES electricity 49,47 123 153
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 83 44%
105 - 200 MW 7 17%
200 - 300 MW 6 20%
300 - 400 MW 4 19%
Total 100 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
GERMANY
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 32/42
Net electricity production 290,7 355 355
Net natural hydro production 44,9 41 42
Net production from PSP 4,4 5 5
Net production from wind 41,9 76 112
Net production from solar 8,14 14 20
Total variable RES electricity 50,04 90 132
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 51 41%
105 - 200 MW 18 32%
200 - 300 MW 9 27%
300 - 400 MW 0 0%
Total 78 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
SPAIN
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 33/42
Net electricity production 550,2 588,8 589,4
Net natural hydro production 67,6 69,4 69,4
Net production from PSP 5,6 ? ?
Net production from wind 9,7 31 58,2
Net production from solar 0,6 8,8 22
Total variable RES electricity 10,3 39,8 80,2
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 23 22%
105 - 200 MW 16 49%
200 - 300 MW 6 28%
300 - 400 MW 0 0%
Total 45 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
FRANCE
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 34/42
Net electricity production 366,2 329 374,7
Net natural hydro production 6,757 10,767 9,628
Net production from PSP 3,1 3 3
Net production from wind 10,181 81,886 163,253
Net production from solar 0,033 2,7 6,3
Total variable RES electricity 10,214 84,586 169,553
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 4 12%
105 - 200 MW 6 24%
200 - 300 MW 0 0%
300 - 400 MW 6 64%
Total 16 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
UNITED KINGDOM
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 35/42
Net electricity production 53,5 61,8 ?
Net natural hydro production 7,5 6,1 ?
Net production from PSP 0,0 0,9 ?
Net production from wind 2,7 14,7 ?
Net production from solar 0,2 3,6 ?
Total variable RES electricity 2,9 18,3 0
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 3 49%
105 - 200 MW 3 51%
200 - 300 MW 0 0%
300 - 400 MW 0 0%
Total 6 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
GREECE
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 36/42
Net electricity production 31,9 29,3 33,6
Net natural hydro production 0,71 2,7 2,5
Net production from PSP 0 0,4 0,4
Net production from wind 2,2 5,5 6,3
Net production from solar 0 0 0
Total variable RES electricity 2,2 5,5 6,3
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 4 100%
105 - 200 MW 0 0%
200 - 300 MW 0 0%
300 - 400 MW 0 0%
Total 4 100%
Installed CapacitySize
IRELAND
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 37/42
Net electricity production 290,7 ? ?
Net natural hydro production 54,4 ? ?
Net production from PSP 3,3 ? ?
Net production from wind 9 ? ?
Net production from solar 1,9 ? ?
Total variable RES electricity 10,9 0 0
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 84 33%
105 - 200 MW 32 55%
200 - 300 MW 4 12%
300 - 400 MW 0 0%
Total 120 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
ITALY
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 38/42
Net electricity production 4,05 4,22 4,36
Net natural hydro production 1,4 1,5 1,6
Net production from PSP 1,3 1,4 1,4
Net production from wind 0,1 0,1 0,1
Net production from solar 0 0 0
Total variable RES electricity 0,1 0,1 0,1
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 13 80%
105 - 200 MW 0 0%
200 - 300 MW 1 20%
300 - 400 MW 0 0%
Total 14 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
LUXEMBOURG
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 39/42
Net electricity production 52,9 55,3 61,8
Net natural hydro production 16,4 14 14,3
Net production from PSP 2,4 2,4 2,8
Net production from wind 9,13 11,26 13,02
Net production from solar 0,21 1,12 1,64
Total variable RES electricity 9,34 12,38 14,66
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 14 70%
105 - 200 MW 3 30%
200 - 300 MW 0 0%
300 - 400 MW 0 0%
Total 17 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
PORTUGAL
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 40/42
Net electricity production 144,912 176,5256 163,7656
Net natural hydro production 66,7 67,8 68,8
Net production from PSP 0 0 0
Net production from wind 3,502 12,5 21
Net production from solar 0 0 0
Total variable RES electricity 3,502 12,5 21
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 4 27%
105 - 200 MW 0 0%
200 - 300 MW 0 0%
300 - 400 MW 1 73%
Total 5 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
SWEDEN
General Data
PSP Data
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 41/42
Net electricity production 124,4 143 145
Net natural hydro production 118,4 134 135
Net production from PSP 0 0 0
Net production from wind 0,9 7 8
Net production from solar 0 0 0
Total variable RES electricity 0,9 7 8
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
NORWAY
General Data
PSP Data
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 20 45%
105 - 200 MW 6 55%
200 - 300 MW
300 - 400 MW
Total 26 100%
Installed CapacitySize
ENERGY.2011.7.3-2- STORAGE AND BALANCING VARIABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY AND DEMAND / ESTORAGE
EXTRACT of eStorage D4.1 Potential for conversion of classical PSP to variable speed units.doc 28/04/2016 42/42
Net electricity production 66,3 68,2 73,2
Net natural hydro production 37,5 41,2 42
Net production from PSP ? 5,8 6
Net production from wind 0,1 0,2 0,9
Net production from solar 0 0,3 0,8
Total variable RES electricity 0,1 0,5 1,7
PSP storage capacity tbd tbd tbd
% PSP possible varspeed upgrade tbd tbd tbd
% storage of variable RES possible tbd tbd tbd
[TWh](Source: Eurelectric, 2012)
2010 2020 2030
Units % in MW
< 105 MW 64 100%
105 - 200 MW 0 0%
200 - 300 MW 0 0%
300 - 400 MW 0 0%
Total 64 100%
SizeInstalled Capacity
SWITZERLAND
General Data
PSP Data