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Chapter 5 R1Project Management:
Systems Development Cycle Middle and Late Stages
(Project Management for Business & Technology : Principles & Practice
(R1) John Nicholas)
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Topics for discussion
5.1: Phase B: Definition
5.2: Phase C: Execution5.3:Production / Build Stage
5.4: Implementation Stage
5.5:Phase D: Operation5.6:Systems development in Industrial &
Service organizations
5.7:Systems development in largeGovernment programs
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5.1: Phase B: Definition
User requirements
Ref Fig 5-1 p121
Ref example Userrequirements for Productdevelopment, p122
System objectives
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5.1: Phase B: Definition (contd..)
User requirements System Objectives
1.Vehicle acceleration 0 to 60in 10 sec & seat 6 people Vehicle size, weight, Engine HP,
transmission type
2. House should be
spacious for 4
Number & size
/dimensions of rooms
Overall Design review, external surfaceMaterials, usage of existing versus
new components, systems3. Aircraft must be stealthy
4. Space station must operateLife support, manufacturing& experimental equipment
Type & KWH generating capacity,Technology for primary life support
Systems, power back up, wasteDisposal, inventory planning for
Excess durations
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5.1: Phase B: Definition (contd..)
System objectives System specifications
Compatibility Ability of subsystems to integrate into whole system
Commonality Interchangeability with existing component of diff type Cost-effectiveness Includes design cost, user cost for setting, operating,
Reliability Ability to function at a level / upto certain time before failing
Maintainability Ease of repair-ability & within certain time
Testability Enabling system testing & measurement of performance
Availability Degree to which a system can operate when needed
Ease of use User friendliness
Robustness Ability of system to withstand/survive a harsh environment
Ease of growth or enhancement Expandable to include newfunctions or to be adapted to new conditions
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5.1: Phase B: Definition (contd..)
System specifications reflect & support systemobjectives
System specifications address all project areas /activities: System design, equipment / civildesigns, fabrication, installation, testing, startup, operation, maintenance etc
System specifications will thus guide the entireactual project work
In addition to detailed System specifications,Baseline specifications are also established
Sometimes, Prototype may be built at firststage of Phase B to finalize Systemspecifications for actual Project eg Computersystems, Ref example 2 p126
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5.1: Phase B: Definition (contd..)
Team involvement in Definition stage:
- All parties who have a stake in Project-Master Requirements Document includes allBaseline specifications jointly prepared,accepted & committed by all parties
- Similar process for Product DevelopmentProject also
- Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is usedto provide data about critical productelementsto evolve specific technical targets
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5.1: Phase B: Definition (contd..)
Detailed Project Planning:
- User requirements, system objectives, systemspecifications
- Work schedules & deadlines
- Budgets, cost accounts & cost control system
- Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) & work packages
- Areas of high risk, uncertainty & contingency plans- Personnel & resource utilization plans
- Quality plans
- Plans for testing systems
- Documentation plans- Change Control & work review plans
- Preliminary Project Implementation Plan
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5.1: Phase B: Definition (contd..)
Project Quality: To produce Correct End Item andproduce in the Correct Way
Produce correct item:
- Through well defined User Requirements,
- Through well defined Systems objectives
- Through well defined System specifications
Produce the correct way: The Process
- Through a good Project Quality Plan
- Through the proper work & activities performed in
Phase C: Execution- Through well defined and listed Entry, Process &
Exit Conditions for each work package, stage and /or activity
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5.1: Phase B: Definition (contd..)
System defects:
- Represents a non-conformance event /
action- Non-conformity to be immediately identified,
corrected and prevented to recur
- Remember Trade offs between dimensions
of time, cost & user requirements- Sometimes use the concept of Good
enough Quality to solve the immediate riskfactor or quality threat, but take all
customers into confidence and keep thecustomers formally apprised of such Goodenough Quality issues
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5.2: Phase C: Execution
Includes following stages:
- Design Stage- Development Stage
- Procurement Stage
- Construction Phase
- Erection / Installation Stage
- Operation Stage
- Production / Manufacturing Stage
Ref Fig 5-3, 5-4, 5-5 p133, p134, p135respectively
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5.3:Production / Build Stage
System is ready to be fabricated
System fabrication on the basisof design specifications
System testing
Contract administration
Planning for implementation
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5.4: Implementation Stage
User Training
User Acceptance Testing
System Installation & Conversion Stage
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5.4: Implementation Stage (contd..)User Training
Teach user how to operate, maintain & service the
system
Could be short, low-cost or long duration &expensive
Training requirements decide training materials
manuals, videos, simulators etc Training requirements decide training techniques-
classroom, simulation, on the job, role plays etc
Training requirements decide training schedules all at once, in phases, periodical, frequency based)
Training provides overview of system objectives,scope, operation, interface with existing elements /systems of organization & environment
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5.4: Implementation Stage (contd..)User Acceptance Testing (UAT)
To verify & decide on a) adoption or b)installation pending modifications /adjustments or c) total rejection
User tests will be performed by user
departmental personnel, with little orsubstantial assistance / involvement fromproject personnel
Project team steps in case of problems in
UAT Avoid biases / vested interests and solve
problems with technical & objectiveapproach
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5.4: Implementation Stage (contd..)System installation & conversion stage
Strategy decisions on replacement of old system with
the new system Issues in conversion strategy: Costs, Risks, Logistics
& time
Project manager has to address interpersonal &
organizational adjustments, issue based problemsolving approach, ensure patient & sensitive listeningto systems & users problems
- Parallel installation safest, most expensive (tooperate 2 systems)
- Pilot operation costs & risks are low, but it maynot be total & accurate representation of real system
- Cold turkey / big bang least costly, fastest butthe most risky
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5.5:Phase D: Operation
System evaluation &Maintenance
Improving the system
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5.6:Systems development in Industrial &Service organizations
New Product Development
Software Product Development
Relocation of a company division
Overhaul of Human ServicesAdministration
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5.7:Systems development in largeGovernment programs
Planetary Exploration Programs
Defence Weapons Systems Programs
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End of Chapter 5 R1