Post on 11-Feb-2021
Pluriannual experiences on biological control of the
yellow spider mite by phytoseiid mites (Acari:
Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) in Tuscan vineyards
S. Simoni1, F. Tarchi1, S. Guidi1, D. Goggioli1, E. Gagnarli1, P. Furlan1, P. Braccini2
1 CRA-ABP, Research Council for Agriculture - Research Centre for Agrobiology and Pedology,; 2
Phytopatologist, via F. Baracca, 146, 50127 Firenze, Italy
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
Phytopatologist, via F. Baracca, 146, 50127 Firenze, Italy
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
Montalcino,
Val d’Orcia
Situation
- increased infestations of
Eotetranychus carpini in
organic and IPM vineyards
- in high quality wine producing
areas of central Tuscany
- economically important
- difficult to be solved especially
in organic vineyards
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
mid-June mid-July mid-October
contr
ol
rele
ase
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
• more favourable climatic conditions
• change in vineyards management
E. carpini population increase probably due
no presence of phytoseiids
or extremely low populations
status
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
Characteristics of selected vineyards
• mainly located on hills
• 5 -7 years old
• pruned according cord spur system
surface ranging from 0.5 to 1ha, 5,500 pl/ha
varietyPetit Verdot
varietyPetit VerdotSangiovese (cl. Sangiovese Grosso)
diseases control
- organic : sulfur, copper and AQ 10
- IPM : higher fungicide pressure, also synthetic products
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
2006-2011
• Data on release and monitoring of phytoseiids in vineyards in order to evaluate the achievement of the biological control of E. carpini;
• for 3 different phytoseiid species, theirestablishment on vine and suitability interm of phytophagous control and cost.
• longer term phytoseiid keep in
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
2009-2013
• longer term phytoseiid keep in vineyards:
• interaction with environment conditionsand/or used products.
Neoseiulus californicus the only commercialized
species found in the Mediterranean vineyards
Phytoseiids considered
Typhlodromus exhilaratus the most common
species in Tuscany vineyards
Kampimodromus aberrans everywhere
found on vine in Italy
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
Population doubling time at 25 °C on tetranychids
2.7 days
3.7 days
N. californicus T. exhilaratus K. aberrans
7.2 days
E. carpini4.1 days
prey
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
Release cost level cost was established, for each species, on the basis of its availability and its handling/rearing time before use
N. californicus• commercialized• easy to distribute
K. aberrans• needs to be found• donor branches need to be inspected• easy to be transferred
T. exhilaratus• not commercially available• not adapt to be transferred by pruned branches• reared in laboratory• hardly to distribute
low cost medium cost
high cost
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
General Linear Model (GLM) main effects and CATMOD by SAS program
First two years (2006-2007)
� E. carpini density
� year (2006/2007)
� variety (Sangiovese, Petit Verdot)
� cost (high, medium, low)
to evaluate if
o control success (ratio tetranychid/phytoseiid
1–20% dam. 1
Damage evaluation and score on the basis of damaged area (%) ( Kondo 2004)
21–40% dam. 2
0%damage 0
analysis
- Correlation with the selected species presence
- Dependence on release density
41–60% dam. 3 61–80% dam. 4 81-100% dam. 5
release density
the intensity of damage was expressed by means of the Kondo (2004) formula: 100*(1n+2n+3n+4n+5n)/(5*N)
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
• in the Montalcino/Val d’Orcia vineyards, as previously proved in North East
Italy, winter transfer of K. aberrans with pruned branches from donor
vineyards with phytoseiid high density seems the most convenient
strategy to control E. carpini
• a single high density release was sufficient to establish K. aberrans which
was able to maintain and increase its population limiting E. carpini outbreaks
I part concluding remarks
was able to maintain and increase its population limiting E. carpini outbreaks
until four years after the release also in hairy and hairless variety
• the next years it was possible to verify if also minimal releases, as performed
in some vineyards in 2008, will allow an establishment of the phytoseiid
sufficient to achieve long term tetranychid control.
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
• Non Target effects - the Achilles' heel of biological control?
Retrospective Analyses to Reduce Risk Associated with Biocontrol Introductions
- (Louda et al., Annual Review of Entomology, 48: 365-396)
• The activity of a selective BCA is confined to a narrow range
of specific pests
• In IPM, the process of developing the selectivity of a product
aims to maximize its specific effect against pests andaims to maximize its specific effect against pests and
diseases and minimize its effect on non-target organisms
Thus the selectivity/efficiency of a product is often
considered also on the basis of its harmlessness for
beneficial organisms
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
MaterialThe trials were conduted at 25°C, 70-75%
RH and 16:8 daylight on detached wine
leaf system.
Control: distilled water
E. carpini and K. aberrans collected insouth areas of Tuscany and maintainedin thermoclimatic controlled rooms atCRA-ABP (ex ISZA) mass rearing
The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria
bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Naturalis® coded
product) The fungus product (2.3x107
vital spores/ml) was applied at the
concentration suggested for field
application (80-120 ml/hl) by a nebulizer
(20 cm distant, mean emission
89.7µl/64cm2)
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
On the basis of Working Document o selectivity of Pesticides (IOBC, 2005)
Moderately harmfulharmful
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
Toxicity of B. bassiana to E. carpini females within 10 days from the treatment
48-72hs
25-48hs
within 24 hs
0 20 40 60 80 100
5-10day
72-96hs
mortality (%)
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
Can could these evidences - to be implented - be useful in control strategies?
Weekly environment RH level
A crucial and strict monitoring to determinethe best moment to applicate the fungus andto release the phytoseiid
- do K. aberrans detect the presence of B.
bassiana?
- more information on biomolecular tracking of
mechanisms involved in “entomopathogenic
treated plants”
- fungus strain can show difference in time in
conidia germination modality.
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
Usually, studies on spermatophores and their
number, as result of single/multiple mating, are
performed in laboratory, at constant temperature
and photoperiod.
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
Laboratory observations on duration of copulation and egg production of three Phytoseiidspecies fed on pollen (Castagnoli, Liguori, (1991), Simoni et al., 2011)
Endospermatophores
species Copulationduration
Number spermatop./spermatheca
(n females)
Meandiameter ofthe globular
part (µm)
Typhlodromusexhilaratus
243 mins(range 221-300)
1+1 (6n) 16.80±1.56
½ 1+1 (2n), 1+0 (5n) 15.02±3.21
¼ 1+0 (7n) 15.42±0.76
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
Neoseiuluscalifornicus
351 mins(range 280-408)
1+1 (6n), 1+0 (3n) 22.80±4.20
½ 1+1 (1n), 1+0 (5n) 23.89±3.80
¼ 1+0 (5n) 24.09±2.76
Neoseiuluscucumeris
380 mins(range 280-540)
1+1 (8n) 23.90±2.29
½ 1+1 (2n), 1+0 (3n) 23.00±0.86
¼ 1+0 (4n), 1+2 (6n), 1+3 (1n) 22.30±2.00
species Copulation duration Ovipositingfemales (%)
Typhlodromus exhilaratus Normal 100 (n=12)
½ normal 72.7 (n=11)
¼ normal 41.7 (n=12)
Neoseiulus californicus Normal 72.7 (n=11)
½ normal 36.4 (n=11)
¼ normal 33.3 (n=6)¼ normal 33.3 (n=6)
Neoseiulus cucumeris normal 87.5 (n=8)
½ normal 14.3 (n=7)
¼ normal 0.0 (n=7)
Male –female 24 h contact 83.3 (n=6)
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
10
20
30
40
T °
CT Mean T min T max
Three monthly records of temperature in the area of Siena (2010)
0
29-A
ug
08-S
ep
18-S
ep
28-S
ep
08-O
ct
18-O
ct
28-O
ct
07-N
ov
17-N
ov
27-N
ov
07-D
ec
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
In the different vineyards (i.e. different latitudes, altitudes, grape varieties) the samplings had to be performed 10-15 days before the leaf fall• temperature was registered in this period• historical data and yearly previous trends were evaluated• timely observations on phenological status of plants
The parameters registered were:
• the distribution of stages in the populations,
• the sex ratio,
• the presence/absence of spermatophores in spermathecae,
• their abundance.
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
On the whole, more than 6.000 phytoseiids were determined;
phytoseiids females represented about the 85% of the
specimens collected, 13% were males, 2% immatures.
Kampimodromus aberrans was the most represented
phytoseiid species, then Typhlodromus pyri and other 7
species less abundant.species less abundant.
Concerning presence/absence and number of
spermatophores, higher values were observed in K. aberrans
followed by Euseius stipulatus.
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
Applicatively :
- the knowledge of Autumn spermatophores population can be an efficient
tool to select /address the search of ‘donor’ vineyards
By forecast:
- that unfertilized females find as soon a male (active male).
- no interfence could happen (lackness in food, competition,- no interfence could happen (lackness in food, competition,
climatic conditions).
As the emergency and spreading of the yellow spider mite is earlier (for
the previous yearly infestations, previous absence of predators,
environmental conditions).
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland
15
20
25
30
T mean T min T max
Daily mean minimum and maximum temperature registeres in Siena area in 2011, January, February, March, April.
-10
-5
0
5
10
31-D
ec
10-J
an
20-J
an
30-J
an
09-F
eb
19-F
eb
29-F
eb
10-M
ar
20-M
ar
30-M
ar
09-A
pr
19-A
pr
29-A
pr
T°C
Unfertlized fem.
Fertilized females
IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland