Post on 13-Feb-2017
PLANTS USED FOR PHYTOREMEDIATION Rashad Reed and Kenong Zhang
BZ 572 Fall 2010November 18, 2010
Plant Classification Ornamental Plants
Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) Common hollyhock (Althaea rosea) Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata )
Aquatic Plants Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes ) Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) Fool's Watercress (Apium nodiflorum) Duckweed (Lemna trisulca L.)
Pot Marigold and Common Hollyhock
Features of Ornamental Phytoremediation
Employs phytostabilization of pollutants
Found to phytoremediate heavy metals, i.e. Cd, Pb
Organic phyoremediation of petroleum (TPH)
Cultural background and influence (marketing, aesthetics)
Profitability to existing nursery, fertilizer, and gardening industries
Public acceptance
Advantages: Can be used in urban environments without changing existing landscape.
Relatively low costs Non-food chain plants that
can be periodically phytoextracted for pollutants.
Can be genetically modified to not produce pollen or set seed with minimal effect to ecology
Ornamental Phyto Case Study Liu et. Al tested 3 ornamentals, Impatiens Balsamina, Althaea
rosea and Candulata officinalis for ability to tolerate and accumulate Cd and Pb.
Soil and hydro conditions tested Cd levels ranged from 0, 10, 30, 50, 100 mg/Kg-1 Pb was added to Cd in the following concentrations:
0 + 0 (control), 1 + 50, 3 + 50, 5 + 50, 10 + 50, 1 + 100, 3 + 100, 5 + 100 and 10 + 100 mg L-1
Pb(NO3)2 form of bioavailable lead CdCl2·2.5H2O form of bioavailable cadmium
Ornamental Phyto Case StudySoil
Impatiens balsamina had leaves turn brown under >50 mg/Kg C. officinalis height increased as Cd levels increased A. rosea height slightly decreased for levels above 50 mg/Kg
(insignificant) C. officinalis and I. balsamina accumulates more Cd in roots than
the shoot at every Cd level A. rosea accumulates more Cd in shoots for 10, 30, and 50
mg/Kg, but more Cd in the roots under 100 mg/Kg CdCl2·2.5H2O
Ornamental Phyto Case Study
Ornamental Phyto Case Study A. rosea had the highest ability to accumulate Pb, the
maximal Pb concentration in the shoots and roots was 24 and 640 mg kg−1
Phytotoxicity shown (Cd and Pb = 10 + 50 and 10 + 100 mg L−1)
C. officinalis had the highest ability to accumulate Cd, the Cd concentration in the shoots and roots reached 825 and 1585 mg kg−1 in TP4 treatment, 700 and 1492 mg kg−1 in TP8 treatment, respectively
All three plants had a lower general affinity for Pb
Ornamental Phyto Case Study Case study conclusions
C. offinalis is tolerant to Cd levels, but is not a hyperaccumulator since more Cd was found in the roots than in the shoots. Phytostabilization
A. rosea, tolerant to heavy metals and is a hyperaccumulater of Cd when conc. < 100 mg kg-1
Efficacy of ornamentals was examined and has potential for use in urban environments with moderate to high Cd/Pb contamination levels
Fern Phytoremediation Classification: Marattiales, Ophioglossales, and
leptosporangiate ferns Best used in areas of high humidity Ability to uptake high levels of arsenic Industrial applications in phytoremediation Humidity requirements reduces water necessity Fast growing species and varieties available
(increased biomass) Ornamental use: Japanese painted fern
Chinese brake fern and Japanese painted fern
Arsenic accumulation in ferns Ma et al. (2001) reported the first known arsenic
hyperaccumulator Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.). Tu et al. 2002 found that P. vittata grown in an As-
contaminated soil accumulated total dry biomass of 18 g plant-1 after 18 weeks of growth
Chinese brake fern tolerant of high concentrations of arsenic, up to 1,500 mg As kg-1 soil
Ferns operate by phytoextracting Arsenic, As(V) or As(III), storing As in the fronds
Ferns hyperaccumulate As through phosphate transporters and do not have phosphate deficiency symptoms at high levels of As
Fern phytoremediation (mechanism) Contains arsenate reductase (AR) genes to
reduce arsenate to arsenite AR was not detectable in the fronds, suggests
that arsenate reduction, occurs in roots Arsenite is then transported to shoots, where it
may be stored in the vacuoles (Lombi et al., 2002)
75-95% As in the fronds is present in the form of arsenite (Ma et al. 2001, Zhang et al. 2002).
Fern Phytoremediation in Practice 10 μg As/L-1 is the limit set by US EPA Over 29 million people in Bangladesh may be
exposed to over 50 μg/L As. Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan have problems
with ground water contamination from As Up to 7500 mg As/kg on a contaminated site
without showing toxicity symptoms. (Ma et al, 2001)
Contamination comes from industrial and chemical plants, dumping effluent into groundwaters (lack of regulation)
Scope of Arsenic contaminaton
Practical Urban Phytoremediation Hyde Park neighborhood: Augusta, GA
Phyoremediation in practice Low-lying geographic area containing approximately 200
houses and surrounded by industry, abandoned industry, railroad lines and large highways.
Problems of high poverty levels (>70%) Abandoned houses, overgrowth of weeds, snakes, etc. Illegal dumping and drain contamination Lack of community cohesiveness and/or solid leadership Phytoremedation can be used as a part of a larger
objective in urban environmental renewal
Hyde Park Pictures
Bob Safay. ATSDR Regional Representative. U.S. EPA, Region IV released a report in 1994.
The most serious contamination found near the Goldberg site.
From ditch sediments: Highest lead detected was 1800 mg/kg, and the highest level of PCBs was 13.2 mg/kg
From soil samples: lead (1100 mg/kg), arsenic (59 mg/kg), and dioxin/furans (0.0001 mg/kg
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry report, APPENDIX 3 - MARCH 1994 HEALTH CONSULTATION
Phytoremediation plan Perennials Alpine Pennygrass, Thlaspi caerulescens Hairy Goldenrod, Solidago hispida Yellow Tuft, Alyssum lesbiacum Bladder Campion, Silene vulgaris Horse bean, Vicia faba
Trees and Shrubs Aspen, Populus tremula Shrub violet, Hybanthus floribundus Grasses Indian grass, Sorghastrum nutans Kleingrass, Panicum coloratum Little bluestem, Schizachyrium scoparius Bent grass, Agrostis castellana
Aquatic plants Aquatic plants are those plants living in and adapted
to aquatic environments, which can only grow in water or permanently saturated soil.
Bodies of aquatic plants can be either floating or submerged.
Aquatic plants are often viewed as indicators of aquatic environment pollution.
Living environment of aquatic plants
Rivers Lakes
Constructed Wetlands
Hydroponic systems
Where do they live?
Mechanisms of aquatic plants phytoremediation
Inorganic pollutants Rhizofiltration Phytostabilization Phytoextraction
Organic pollutants Phytodegradation Phytovolatilization Rhizodegradation
Constructed Wetlands High substrate heterogeneity Wide application for pollutants removal
and phytoremediation Act as a cover above contaminated areas Rhizofiltration techniques are the most
commonly used Pollutant removal efficiencies are
significantly related to plant species present
Pollutant Removal Efficiencies of Constructed Wetlands
(Otte and Jacob, 2006)
Benefits and drawback of constructed wetland
Benefits: Aesthetical functions Provide habitat for
wildlife animal species Educational resources Little maintenance
required Increased Cost-
efficiency
Drawbacks: Limited by plant
tolerance and pollutant bioavailability
Limited plant life expectancy
Susceptible to climate change, pollution, and disease
Heavy Metal Heavy metal ions of Cd2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+ are
nonessential and toxic to plants Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, and Co2+ are essential
micronutrients for plants, but toxic when present in high concentration
Hyperaccumulators: plant species tolerate, uptake, and translocate high levels of certain heavy metals that is toxic to other species. Contain >100 mg/kg of Cd, >1000 mg/kg of Cu, or >10,000
mg/kg of Zn and Mn(dry weight in leaves)
Heavy Metal Toxicity Mercury toxicity symptoms
concentration deficits Impaired motor function
Lead toxicity symptoms Learning disability Mental retardation
Chromium toxicity symptoms
Damage DNA Damage kidney
Pb
Hg
Typical Species for Heavy Metal Removal
Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)
Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes )
Duckweed (Lemna trisulca L.)
Fool's Watercress (Apium nodiflorum)
Water Hyacinth Floating plant with broad ,thick,
and glossy leaves that the plant body can grow as much as 1m high.
Able to phytoaccumulate metal pollutants contain Ag, Pb, Cd and Zn in municipal and agricultural wastewater.
Known as one of the plants with fastest growth rate that can double population in 2 weeks.
High invasive potential.
Case Study: Removal of Cadmium and Zinc by Water Hyacinth
The stock solution was prepared in distilled water with analytical grade CdCl2. 2½ H2O and ZnSO4.7H2O which was later diluted as required. The plants were maintained in tap water with concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 mg/L of Cd and 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/L of Zn.
The test durations were 0 (two hours), 4, 8 and 12 days. Relative growth, metal accumulation, and bioconcentration
factor (BCF) are evaluated.
Relative growth (above) and BCF (below)
Relative plant growth Metal Accumulation
Zn
Cd
Cd
Zn
BCF
Cd
Zn
(Lu et al., 2004)
Eurasian watermilfoil Submerged aquatic perennial
plant which grows in still or slow-moving water.
Slender stems up to 3 m long with numerous leaflets thread-like, 4-13 mm long.
Introduced to North America between the 1950s and 1980s where it has become invasive species.
Able to uptake and remove lead, zinc, and copper from wastewater.
Plant tissue was washed with 3% HCl solution previously. Metal source were provided by CuSO4, ZnSO4, and
Pb(NO3)2 to prepare the stock solutions with concentration of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 mg/L (doubling). Standard curves were made.
Absorption tests were conducted in 250 ml conical flasks placed on orbital shaker and contact for 2 hours.
Filtrate was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) to determine sample metal concentrations.
Case Study: Removal of Lead, Zinc, and Copper by Eurasian watermilfoil
(Keskinkan et al., 2003)
According to figure 1 (left), equilibrium were reached after about 20 mins after beginning; after that the data was adhered well to the Langmuir equation (see below) which means that absorption was as a monolayer.
The value of metal concentration of solution on time t over the beginning concentration Ct/C0 is shown below:
Compare of the metal uptake capacities (qmax, mg/g) of Myriophyllum spicatum to other plant species:
(Keskinkan et al., 2003)
Fool's Watercress Hollow stems rooting at base and
finely grooved. About 0.3-1m high.
Simply pinnate leaves in shiny bright green in color with 2-4 pairs of lobes.
Usually find in grown ditches, shallow ponds or very damp places.
Capable to uptake and remove various heavy metals such as Hg, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn.
(Vlyssides et al., 2005)
A mathematical model was established to evaluate the inherent capacity of watercress to uptake heavy metals.
Plant uptake rate follows the first order kinetic model depending on the heavy metal concentration in the plant biomass.
This model allowed to evaluate the specific uptake rate and the maximum content within plant biomass.
The relationship between metal concentration in solution Es (mg/L) and plant biomass Ep (mg/g) is:
Case Study: Removal of Copper, Lead etc. by Fool’s Watercress
(Vlyssides et al., 2005)
Change of heavy metal concentrations in solution and
plant biomass(Vlyssides et al., 2005)
The estimated absorption kinetic parameters for various heavy metals, by Apium Nodiflorum using the data acquired
E∞ = the saturation heavy metal concentrations in the plant biomasskm = maximum uptake rate of metal KS = saturation constant(Vlyssides et al.,
2005)
Duckweed Has a very simple structure that
lacks obvious stems or leaves, with small plate-shaped structure floating on water surface.
Reproduction is mainly rely on asexual budding.
High pollutant removal potential due to small size, fast growth, and easy to cluture.
(Kara and Kara, 2004)
The duckweed obtained from natural lake was acclimatized to laboratory conditions for one week before starting research.
Solution of Cadmium was prepared using Cd(NO3)2 and contact with plant sample for different length.
After absorption, water samples were analyzed by AAS at 228.8nm.
Case Study: Removal of Cadmium by Duckweed
Cd removal efficiencies
(Kara and Kara, 2004)
Aquatic Plants VS. Terrestrial Plants in Phytoremediation
Advantages of aquatic plants Faster growth and larger
biomass production rate Relative higher capability of
pollutant uptake Better water purification
effects due to direct contact
GO AQUATIC!
Aquatic Plants VS. Terrestrial Plants in Phytoremediation
Advantages of terrestrial plants More plant-soil microbe
interactions to enhance pollutant uptake
Higher tolerance against severe weather and temperature change
More sophisticated root system
GO TERRESTRIAL!
Conclusions Ornamental phytoremediation is beautiful,
profitable and effective: utilizing phytoextraction and phytostabilization
Ferns hyperaccumulate As which can be useful in contaminated groundwater regions, such as Bangladesh
Hyde Park, Augusta GA has a current and ongoing contamination problem that ornamentals may help to alleviate without affecting food chain or food supply
Conclusions Most of the aquatic plants showed high heavy
metal phytoremediation potential are usually considered as invasive species, which indicates that there are numerous positive aspects of those species that is able to take advantage of
To achieve better remediate effects, more effort is required to accelerate the pace of phytoremediation techniques from laboratory experiment to practical use.
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fronds of Chinese brake fern, an arsenic hyperaccumulator. Plant Physiology 138, 461-46910. Ma, L.Q., K.M. Komar, C. Tu, W. Zhang,and Y Cai. 2001. A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic.
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Design Center for Community Design and Preservation. www.ced.uga.edu/charrettes.html17. Rathinasabapathi, Bali, L.Q. Ma and M Srivastava. (2006) Floriculture, Ornamental and Plant
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the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. Environmental Pollution. 135, 333-340.19. Internet source, slide 11(b). http://www.shadesofgreenusa.com/Priclist_files/painted_fern1.jpg20. J. Liu, Q. Zhou, T. Sun, L.Q. Ma and S. Wang. (2008) Identification and Chemical Enhancement of Two Ornamental Plants for Phytoremediation. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 80:260–265.21. J. Liu, Q. Zhou, T. Sun, L.Q. Ma and S. Wang. (2008) Journal of Hazardous Materials 151:261–267.22. Fiegl, J., Bryan P. McDonnell, Jill A. Kostel, Mary E. Finster, and Dr. Kimberly Gray "A Resource Guide:
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Suggested reading material
Checker, Mellissa. (2005) From Friend to Foe and Back Again: Industry and environmental action in the urban south http://www.augustaneeds.com/files/ASU_HydePark_MelissaChecker_2005.pdf
Checker, Mesllisa (2005) Polluted Promises: Environmental Racism and the Search for Justice in a Southern Town. NYU Press, NewYork, NY.