PHYSICAL SCIENCEPHYSICAL SCIENCE

Chemistry & PhysicsChemistry & Physics

What is the difference What is the difference between objects and between objects and

materials?materials?

Objects can be made Objects can be made from different kinds of from different kinds of materials. materials.

A material is all one A material is all one thing.thing.

What are three What are three properties of objects?properties of objects?

1.1. SizeSize

2.2. ShapeShape

3.3. WeightWeight

What are three What are three properties of properties of materials?materials?

1. Color1. Color

2. Texture2. Texture

3. Hardness3. Hardness

What are the three What are the three basic states of matter?basic states of matter?

1. Solids1. Solids

2. Liquids2. Liquids

3. Gases3. Gases

What are the basic What are the basic properties of solids, properties of solids, liquids and gases?liquids and gases?

Solids:Solids:

1. Rigid particles have fixed shape & volume1. Rigid particles have fixed shape & volume

2. Not easily compressible2. Not easily compressible

3. Do not flow easily (particles can not move or slide 3. Do not flow easily (particles can not move or slide past one another)past one another)

Liquids:Liquids:

1. Particles assume the shape of part of the container1. Particles assume the shape of part of the container

2. Not easily compressible2. Not easily compressible

3. Particles flow easily (can move or slide past one 3. Particles flow easily (can move or slide past one another)another)

Gases:Gases:

1. Particles assume the shape of the whole 1. Particles assume the shape of the whole container they are incontainer they are in

2. Particles compress easily2. Particles compress easily

3. Particles flow easily3. Particles flow easily

How can water change How can water change from one state to from one state to

another by adding or another by adding or taking away heat?taking away heat?

1.1. Adding heat (boiling) water Adding heat (boiling) water changes it from a liquid to changes it from a liquid to a gas (water vapor).a gas (water vapor).

2.2. Taking away heat Taking away heat (freezing) water changes it (freezing) water changes it from a gas to a solid (ice).from a gas to a solid (ice).

What are 5 basic What are 5 basic forms of energy?forms of energy?

1.1. LightLight2.2. HeatHeat3.3. SoundSound4.4. ElectricalElectrical5.5. MagneticMagnetic

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What is energy?What is energy?

Energy is the ability to Energy is the ability to cause motion or cause motion or create changecreate change..

How can energy be How can energy be transferred from one transferred from one

form to another?form to another?

Give an example.Give an example.

Light energy changes into food Light energy changes into food energy for the plant through the energy for the plant through the process of photo synthesis.process of photo synthesis.

Electrical energy from lightening Electrical energy from lightening can be transferred from the bolt can be transferred from the bolt into a person’s body (often into a person’s body (often causing electrocution).causing electrocution).

What happens when What happens when electricity flows electricity flows

through an incomplete through an incomplete circuit (loop)?circuit (loop)?

The circuit is broken so The circuit is broken so the current (energy) is the current (energy) is not transferred. You will not transferred. You will not produce light, sound not produce light, sound or heat.or heat.

What happens when What happens when electricity flows electricity flows

through a complete through a complete circuit (loop)?circuit (loop)?

The electrical The electrical current (energy) is current (energy) is transferred and can transferred and can produce light, heat produce light, heat and sound.and sound.

What is the name for objects and What is the name for objects and materials that allow electricity to materials that allow electricity to

be carried by them? Give be carried by them? Give examples.examples.

What is the name for objects and What is the name for objects and materials that do not allow materials that do not allow

electricity to be carried by them? electricity to be carried by them? Give examples.Give examples.

Conductors:Conductors:

copper, watercopper, water

Insulators: Insulators:

plastic, rubberplastic, rubber

How can you make an How can you make an electromagnet?electromagnet?

You can make an electromagnet using You can make an electromagnet using a battery, insulated wire and a large a battery, insulated wire and a large nail. Wrap the nail by coiling the nail. Wrap the nail by coiling the middle of the wire around the nail. middle of the wire around the nail. After peeling a bit of the plastic off After peeling a bit of the plastic off each end of the wire, attach one end to each end of the wire, attach one end to the positive terminal (end) of the the positive terminal (end) of the battery and the other to the negative battery and the other to the negative terminal (end) of the battery. Test it by terminal (end) of the battery. Test it by having the pointed end of the nail having the pointed end of the nail attract a steel paper clip.attract a steel paper clip.

Give examples of how Give examples of how you can use you can use

electromagnets.electromagnets.

A tow truck uses electricity to A tow truck uses electricity to attract cars to its arm. It attract cars to its arm. It makes a strong magnet that is makes a strong magnet that is temporary. It can be turned on temporary. It can be turned on and off so the arm can drop and off so the arm can drop the car.the car.

What poles of a What poles of a magnet attract to each magnet attract to each

other?other?

Opposite poles attract Opposite poles attract (North attracts South).(North attracts South).

What poles of a What poles of a magnet repel?magnet repel?

Same poles repelSame poles repel

(North repels North;(North repels North;

South repels South).South repels South).

What are some What are some objects and materials objects and materials

that a magnet will that a magnet will attract and not attract?attract and not attract?

A magnet attracts to: another A magnet attracts to: another magnet, iron, steel, pure cobalt magnet, iron, steel, pure cobalt and pure nickel as well as and pure nickel as well as objects with iron in them.objects with iron in them.

A magnet does not attract to: A magnet does not attract to: wood, plastic, glass, cloth, wood, plastic, glass, cloth, paper, copper.paper, copper.

What two things are What two things are needed to create needed to create

sound?sound?

1.1. Vibrating objectsVibrating objects

2.2. A medium (matter or A medium (matter or material) through material) through which to travelwhich to travel

What affects the pitch What affects the pitch of a sound?of a sound?

The rate of vibration The rate of vibration affects the pitch a affects the pitch a sound makes.sound makes.

What makes the pitch What makes the pitch of a sound be high?of a sound be high?

A fast vibration rate A fast vibration rate makes the pitch high.makes the pitch high.

What makes the pitch What makes the pitch of a sound be low?of a sound be low?

A slow rate of vibration A slow rate of vibration produces a low pitch.produces a low pitch.

High pitches result from High pitches result from a fast rate of vibration.a fast rate of vibration.

(Remember: S(Remember: Slowlow has has low in it.)low in it.)

How do light waves How do light waves travel?travel?

Light waves travel in Light waves travel in straight lines.straight lines.

What happens when What happens when light waves hit an light waves hit an

object? object?

When light hits and object it gets When light hits and object it gets blocked by the object. This causes blocked by the object. This causes the object to cast a shadow relative to the object to cast a shadow relative to the shape of the object and position the shape of the object and position of the light source.of the light source.

Remember the sun moving across Remember the sun moving across the sky changes the shadow that is the sky changes the shadow that is created, lengthening or shortening it. created, lengthening or shortening it. At noon , when the sun is directly At noon , when the sun is directly above an object, no shadow is able to above an object, no shadow is able to be seen. It’s underneath the object.be seen. It’s underneath the object.

What happens when What happens when light waves travel light waves travel

through one medium through one medium (matter or material) to (matter or material) to

another?another?

Light bends when it travels Light bends when it travels through one medium to another.through one medium to another.

Remember when a spoon is in a Remember when a spoon is in a glass of water, the light gets bentglass of water, the light gets bent

(refracted) and makes the spoon (refracted) and makes the spoon look broken. look broken.

What is reflection?What is reflection?

Reflection is the return of light Reflection is the return of light waves from a surface. Shiny waves from a surface. Shiny materials like silver, glass and materials like silver, glass and water can cause reflection. water can cause reflection. Mirrors are silver and shiny so Mirrors are silver and shiny so they will produce accurate they will produce accurate reflections.reflections.

What is refraction?What is refraction?

Light is refracted when Light is refracted when its pathway is diverted its pathway is diverted after going through one after going through one medium (matter or medium (matter or material) to another.material) to another.

When is light absorbed?When is light absorbed?

Light is absorbed when it Light is absorbed when it hits an object or material hits an object or material and is received by it.and is received by it.

Remember: Light colors Remember: Light colors reflect light; dark colors reflect light; dark colors absorb light.absorb light.