PHYSICAL LAYER PROTOCOL

BLUETOOTH /SONET/SDH

Lecture: 11

Instructor Mazhar Hussain

1

WHAT’S WITH THE NAME?

•The name ‘Bluetooth’ was named after 10th

century Viking king in Denmark Harald Bluetooth

who united and controlled Denmark and Norway.

•The name was adopted because Bluetooth

wireless technology is expected to unify the

telecommunications and computing industries

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WHO STARTED BLUETOOTH?

• Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)

•Founded in Spring 1998

•By Ericsson, Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba;

•Now more than 2000 organizations joint the SIG

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WHAT IS BLUETOOTH?☼ Bluetooth is an open standard for short-

range digital radio to interconnect a variety of

devices Cell phones, PDA, notebook

computers, modems, cordless phones, pagers,

laptop computers, printers, cameras by

developing a single-chip, low-cost, radio-based

wireless network technology

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APPLICATIONS: CABLE REPLACEMENT

1 Mb/s.

Range ~10 meters.

PANs

Single chip radio.

Low power & low cost.

Why not use Wireless LANs?

- power

- cost

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APPLICATIONS: SYNCHRONIZATION

Automatic synchronization of

calendars, address books,

business cards.

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APPLICATIONS: CORDLESS HEADSET

Multiple device access.

Hands-free operation.

Cordless

headset

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MORE APPLICATIONS…

Conference table.

Cordless computer.

Instant photo transmission.

Cordless phone.

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GOALS Open spec.

Low cost.

In order to replace cables, should have similar cost.

Cell phone cable is ~ $10.

Power efficiency.

Lightweight and small form factor.

Easy to use.

Reliable and resilient to failures.

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THE BLUETOOTH STANDARD

Defines a protocol stack to enable heterogeneous

devices to communicate.

The Bluetooth stack includes protocols for the

radio layer all the way up to device discovery,

service discovery, etc.

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BLUETOOTH PROTOCOL STACK

RF

Baseband

Link Manager

L2CAP

RFCOMM/SDP

Applications

Link Controller

Host Controller Interface

PHY

Data Link Layer

Network Layer

Transport Layer

Session Layer

Presentation Layer

Application

OSI/ISO11

BLUETOOTH LAYERS

Radio: physically transmits/receives data.

Baseband/Link Controller: controls PHY.

Link Manager: controls links to other devices.

Host Controller:e2e communication.

Logical Link Control: multiplexes/demultiplexesdata from higher layers.

RFCOMM: RS323-like serial interface.

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RADIO BAND

2.4 GHz license-free ISM band.

Available worldwide.

Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) band.

Unlicensed, globally available.

Centered around 2.4 GHz.

Resilient to interference.

Frequency hopping.

Range: 10, 20, and 100m.

1MB/s.

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UNLICENSED RADIO SPECTRUM

902 Mhz

928 Mhz

26 Mhz 83.5 Mhz 125 Mhz

2.4 Ghz

2.4835 Ghz

5.725 Ghz

5.785 Ghz

cordless phones

baby monitors

Wireless LANs

802.11

Bluetooth

Microwave oven

unused

33cm 12cm 5cm

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POWER MANAGEMENT

Low-power modes: prolong battery life.

Devices can be turned-off when idle.

Devices wake up periodically to send/receive data.

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SECURITY

Authentication and encryption.

provides mechanisms for negotiation of

encryption modes, keys, etc.

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REFERENCES:

Johansson and Gerla’s Bluetooth Tutorial at

Mobicom 2001.

Bluetooth 1.1: Connect Without Cables, Bray and

Sturman.

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SONET / SDH

SYNCHRONOUS OPTICAL NETWORK / SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL

HIERARCHY

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SONET / SDH

Scope

What is SONET/SDH – features

Signal hierarchy

Topologies

SONET components

Layers

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SONET / SDH

What is SONET / SDH?

Synchronous Optical Network – ANSI (US)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy –ITU-T Europe

Similar and compatible

A standard to be used for fibre optics

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SONET / SDH

What is SONET / SDH?

Single reference clock

synchronize transmissions

Predictability

Powerful frame – Transmission envelope

Multiplex channels

Multiplexed transport mechanism

Optical based Carrier System

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SONET / SDH

What is SONET / SDH?

Self healing ring topology

Consolidate and segregate traffic from different end-

points

Backward compatibility

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SONET / SDH

Signal Hierarchy

STS – Synchronous Transport Signals

support a certain base data rate- 51.84Mbps

STS 1 – STS 192 – different hierarchies

Corresponding carrier System

Optical Carrier – OC-1, OC-3, OC-12, OC-48

SDH – STM – Synchronous Transport Module

STM 1 = STS 3

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SONET / SDH

Sonet/SDH rates

STS 1 OC-1 51.840

STS-3 OC-3 155.520 STM-1

STS-9 OC-9 466.560 STM-3

STS-12 OC-12 622.080 STM-4

STS-18 OC-18 933.120 STM-6

STS-24 OC-24 1244.160 STM-8

STS-36 OC-36 1866.230 STM-12

STS-48 OC-48 2488.320 STM-16

STS-96 OC-96 4976.640 STM-32

STS-192 OC-192 9953.280 STM-6424

SONET / SDH

SONET Devices

STS Multiplexer

Multiplexes and de-multiplexes signals from multiple

sources

Path terminating equipment

Maps user payload into standard frame

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SONET / SDH

SONET Devices

Add /Drop Multiplexer

Adds signals from different sources/removes

Uses header address information to identify stream

and remove

Line terminating Equipment

Performs multiplexing, synchronization

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SONET / SDH

SONET Devices

Regenerator

Repeater – improves signal quality

Operations – include layer 2

Frame alignment, scrambling, error

monitoring

Section terminating equipment

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SONET / SDH

Section

Connects two neighboring devices

Line

Connects two multiplexers (STS , Add/Drop)

Path

Connects two STS Mux/demux

Layers – likewise – path, line, section Synchronous Transport Signal

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SONET / SDH

SONET layers

PATH layer

LINE layer

SECTION layer

photonic layer

Data link

Physical

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SONET / SDH

Photonic layers – phy

Specs for optical fiber channel

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SONET / SDH

Section layer

Frames – identifies beginning of frame

Scrambling – introducing 1’s to derive clock

error monitoring – section level

Adds 9 bytes to header – frame size 810 bytes

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SONET / SDH

Line layer

Locates partial payload – virtual tributaries

Provides frequency justification, bit stuffing

To adjust to clocking from different systems

Adds 18 bytes to header

Provided at the STS Mux and Add/Drop Mux

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SONET / SDH

Path layer

Converts to optical signals and back to

electromagnetic

Defines the payload being carried

End-to-end path control

Support virtual tributaries

Provided at the STS Mux

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QUESTIONS/COMMENTS?

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