PHYSICAL CHANGES IN

HUMANBY:Chan Xian WeiMuhammad Nor AzmiSyaza MelatiAthirah AlizanIrnahanis Sofia

Prenatal

• Human development starts from from fertilization.

• One ovum will reach maturity every 28 days in the ovary.

• Soon, ovulation process takes place.

• Ovulation takes place when a matured egg is released from the ovary, moves to the fallopian tube and is ready for fertilization.

• This phase starts from the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP). Average women ovulate between 11 to 21 days. Around the 11th day after the period starts, the ovary releases a mature egg down the fallopian tube to the uterus. This should occur on or about the 14th day for women with an average 28-day cycle.

Zygote

• Zygote is produced when the ovum has been fertilized by the sperm.

• Fertilization of two ovum by two different sperms will produce duo zygote twins or also known as fraternal twins.

• If the ovum fertilized by a sperm divides into two, that is the zygote is divided and each part continues to divide, it will develop and become monozygote twins or identical twins.

• Prenatal stage takes nine months and is divided into three phase that is germinal, embryo and foetus.

INFANTS

1. Breast milk.

• Provides the ideal nutrition for infants.

• Contains antibodies that help the baby to fight off viruses and bacteria.

• More likely to gain the right amount of weight.

http://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/breastfeeding-9/nursing-basics

2. Playing with baby

• Teach the infants to interact with the world.

• Simple objects such as musical toys and toys with contrasting colors.

• Blowing bubbles for babies to reach for and watch, and playing in the water.

http://www.livestrong.com/article/130669-factors-positively-influence-infant-development/#

ixzz2K2B074XL

3. Tummy time

• Parents place their baby on their stomach for short periods of time.

• Helps your baby strengthen her neck, shoulders, arms and muscles.

http://www.bellybelly.com.au/baby/tummy-time-for-babies

4. Conversations with baby.

• Talking to baby.

• Parents can tell their infant something, or ask a question, then wait for a babble response.

• To reading books, speaking slow, repeating words and using simple words is the key to communicating with infants.

http://www.mamashealth.com/child/babble.asp

PHYSICAL CHANGES IN :CHILDREN

• Growth of young children in the Preoperational stage of development has slowed down a bit compared to infancy, early childhood is still a time of tremendous physical changes.

• During this period, children's bodies change proportions and they start to look more like adults than babies.

• Arms and legs stretch to catch up and balance out the head and trunk.

http://www.sevencounties.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=12755&cn=462

• Children also begin to lose their "baby fat" as they develop sleeker, straighter bodies with the strong muscles necessary for work and play.

• On average, young children can expect to grow 2 to 3 inches in height per year.

• Children should get plenty of exercise and sleep, and eat a balanced diet in order to continue to develop strong muscles and bones and to maintain a healthy weight.

Kail, Robert V (2011). Children and Their Development (6th Edition) (Mydevelopmentlab Series). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall

Physical Development: Motor Skills

• During early childhood, children continue to expand their repertoire of physical skills, adding to those that were mastered during infancy.

• Throughout this stage, girls tend to develop slightly faster than boys.

• Between ages 2 and 3 years, young children stop "toddling.

• As they develop a smoother gait, they also develop the ability to run, jump, and hop.

http://www.sevencounties.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=12755&cn=462

• Children who are 3 to 4 years old can climb up stairs using a method of bringing both feet together.

• 3 to 4 year olds can jump and hop higher as their leg muscles grow stronger. Many can even hop on one foot for short periods of time. They also develop better upper body mobility. ( catching and throwing things.

http://www.sevencounties.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=12755&cn=462

• By ages 4 to 5, children can go up and down the stairs alone in the adult fashion (i.e., taking one step at a time).

• During ages 5 to 6, young children continue to refine earlier skills.

• Children of this age begin mastering new forms of physical play such as the jungle gym, and begin to use the see-saw, slide, and swing on their own.

• Children continue to refine and improve their gross motor skills through age 7 and beyond.

Kail, Robert V (2011). Children and Their Development (6th Edition) (Mydevelopmentlab Series). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall

Physical Change in Early Adolescent

Early Adolescent is…

• Adolescence is a time of great change for young people when physical changes are happening at an accelerated rate.

• Approximately 12-14 years of age.

• During adolescence, young people go through many changes as they move from childhood into physical maturity.

Source: http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/002003.htm#ixzz2K5nLL9P7

GIRL: Gain in height and weight( rapid growth in height between ages 9.5 and 14.5) Growth of pubic and underarm hairBody sweats moreHair and skin become more oilyBreast development and menarche (first menstruation) Reach adult patterns at about 13 to 14 years. changes in body proportions. increase in body fat.

Source: http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/002003.htm#ixzz2K5nfmw1c

BOY:Gains in height and weightGrowth of pubic hair-- as well as armpit, leg, chest, and facial hair -- begins in boys at about age 12, and reaches adult patterns at about 15 to 16 years.Body sweats moreHair and skin become more oilyNocturnal emissions (typically start between ages 13 and 17 years old)Deepening of voice"Adam's apples," grows larger during this period. Muscle growth is more obvious compare to female adolescence.

Source: http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/002003.htm#ixzz2K5o6DXXg

Factors influencing

physical change in

early adolescence

Nutrition

Lifestyle

Genetic

Hormonal change

Thank You