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Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
Physical and Biogeochemical Coupled Modelling
Presented by Christel PINAZOMediterranean University
Oceanographic Center of MarseillePhysical & Biogeochemical Oceanographic Laboratory
• IntroductionWhy use Coupled Models ?Historical considerations
• Different types of Coupled Models Box models Fine grid Models (1D, 2D and 3D)
• Different ways of Coupling Models « Off-line » Coupling « On-line » Coupling
• Examples
LECTURE SCHEDULE
• IntroductionWhy use Coupled Models ?Historical considerations
• Different types of Coupled Models Box models Fine grid Models (1D, 2D and 3D)
• Different ways of Coupling Models « Off-line » Coupling « On-line » Coupling
• Examples
LECTURE SCHEDULE
INTRODUCTION
WHY
USE
PHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL COUPLED MODELS
TO STUDY
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING?
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION > WHY? COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
INTRODUCTION
A BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODEL TO DESCRIBE
ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION > WHY? COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
Sediment
River Inputs
Schematic Marine
Ecosystem
IRRADIANCE
NutrientsPOM DOM
ErosionBenthic Fluxes
Phytoplankton
UptakeExudationZooplankton
Grazing
Grazing
Grazing
Faeces
Bacteria
Mineralisation
Uptake
GEOCHEMICAL MODEL
Atmospheric inputs
T°
BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODEL
INTRODUCTION
A PHYSICAL MODEL TO DESCRIBE
ECOSYSTEM FORCING CONDITIONS
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION > WHY? COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
Sediment
Schematic Marine
Ecosystem
IRRADIANCE
NutrientsPOM DOM
ErosionBenthic Fluxes
Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Bacteria
PHYSICAL MODEL
River InputsAtmospheric inputs
TideWIND
WavesCurrents
T°
INTRODUCTION
A PHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL COUPLED MODEL
IS NEEDED TO DESCRIBE
BOTHECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING AND FORCING CONDITIONS
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION > WHY? COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
• IntroductionWhy use Coupled Models ?Historical considerations
• Different types of Coupled Models Box models Fine grid Models (1D, 2D and 3D)
• Different ways of Coupling Models « Off-line » Coupling « On-line » Coupling
• Examples
LECTURE SCHEDULE
INTRODUCTION
Physical and Biogeochemical
Coupled Modelling
is a Recent Scientific Discipline
Developed since the 1990’s
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION > HISTORY COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
BECAUSE
Biogeochemical Modelling
was
Developed since the 1940’s with
Riley’s (1946) and Steele’s (1962) Models
INTRODUCTION
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION > HISTORY COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
1
PHYTOPLANKTON MODELS
Riley’s Model (1946)
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION > HISTORY COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
From Tett & Wilson (2000)
Phytoplankton CarbonConcentration
Phytoplankton Carbon
Concentration
PhotosynthesisRespiration
Grazing
Photosynthesis depending on light limitation
Steele’s Model (1962)
N-P-Z-D MODELS
Fasham’s Model (1990)
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION > HISTORY COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus
PhytoplanktonDON Nitrate
Ammonium
Bacteria Zooplankton Detritus
INTRODUCTION
&BECAUSE
Hydrodynamical Modellingwas
Developed since the 1970’s with the development of computers
and computing resources
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION > HISTORY COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
2
INTRODUCTION
POM was created by
Blumberg in late 1970’s
Blumberg & Yamada (1974)
Blumberg & Mellor (1980)
INTRODUCTION
THUS
First coupled Models appeared in the 1980’s
Cloern & Cheng (1981) 1DH (Phytopk)
Klein & Coste (1984) 1DV (Nutrients)
Klein & Steele (1985) 1DV (N-P)
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION > HISTORY COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
3
INTRODUCTION
First 3D coupled Models appeared in the 1990’s
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION > HISTORY COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
Sarmiento et al. (1993) (Fasham’s model)Buckley and O’Kane (1993) (GHER model)Skogen et al. (1995) (NORWECOM model)
Six and Maier-Reimer (1996) (HAMOCC model)Pinazo et al. (1996) (ECO3M model)
• IntroductionWhy use Coupled Models ?Historical considerations
• Different types of Coupled Models Box models Fine grid Models (1D, 2D and 3D)
• Different ways of Coupling Models « Off-line » Coupling « On-line » Coupling
• Examples
LECTURE SCHEDULE
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
COUPLING OR FORCING?THAT IS THE QUESTION!
EcologicalModel
HydrodynamicModel
FORCING
FEED BACK NO
FORCING
• IntroductionWhy use Coupled Models ?Historical considerations
• Different types of Coupled Models Box models Fine grid Models (1D, 2D and 3D)
• Different ways of Coupling Models « Off-line » Coupling « On-line » Coupling
• Examples
LECTURE SCHEDULE
COUPLING TYPES
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
THE STUDY SITE COULD BE SPATIALLY DESCRIBED BY BOXES
SEDIMENT
z=-h
BOX MODEL
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
VERTICALLY HOMOGENEOUS
O x
y
z
z=0
w
v
u
v
Velocity =
CONSERVATION LAWS
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
TO CALCULATE ADVECTION OF BIOGEOCHEMICAL SUBSTANCES :
- FLUID MASS CONSERVATION = CONTINUITY EQUATION
- SUBSTANCE MASS CONSERVATION
CONSERVATION LAWS
0
z
w
y
v
x
u
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
FLUID MASS CONSERVATION = CONTINUITY EQUATION
In case of incompressible fluids
0 Density is constant
SEDIMENT
z=-h
BOX MODEL
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
O x
y
z
z=0
Along Ox axis
inu outuinout xxx
SEDIMENT
z=-h
BOX MODEL
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
O x
y
z
z=0
Along Ox axis
inu outu x
uu
x
u inout
inout xxx
CONSERVATION LAWS
0
z
w
y
v
x
u
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
FLUID MASS CONSERVATION = CONTINUITY EQUATION
In case of incompressible fluids
0 is constant
Boundary conditions along Oz axis:
0bottomw
twsurface
zt
z
w
0
( )z h D
CONSERVATION LAWS
0u v
D Dt x y
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
FLUID MASS CONSERVATION = CONTINUITY EQUATION
In case of incompressible fluids
0 is constant
CONSERVATION LAWS
?t
C
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
SUBSTANCE MASS CONSERVATION = STATE EQUATION
C is the concentration of the substance
SEDIMENT
z=-h
BOX MODEL
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
O x
y
z
z=0
Along Ox axis
. . .in in inM C u y z . . .out out outM C u y z
Vol
MM
x
C inout
z
y
inout xxx
CONSERVATION LAWS
. . . . . . . . . . . .0out out in in out out in in out out in inC u C u y z C v C v x z C w C w x yC
t Vol Vol Vol
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
SUBSTANCE MASS CONSERVATION = STATE EQUATION
C is the concentration of the substance
. .Vol x y z with And at the surfaceat the bottom
0outM . . .in in settlingM C w x y
. settlingC wCu CvC
t x y z
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
If C is the concentration of a biologic substance,C is not conservative
. settlingC wCu CvCTrend
t x y z
BOX MODEL
ConcentrationTrend term=
Sources – Sinks
COUPLING TYPES
Regional Advanced School on Physical and Mathematical Tools for the study of Marine Processes of Coastal Areas
ADVANTAGES:
-SHORT COMPUTATIONAL TIME
-VERY LONG SIMULATION OF YEARS OR DECADES
DISADVANTAGES:
-MAINLY ADVECTIVE TRANSPORT: Paul Tett TRIED TO ADD VERTICAL EDDY DIFFUSIVITY THROUGH 3 VERTICAL LAYERS
-ROUGH SPATIAL DESCRIPTION
-NUMERICAL HORIZONTAL DIFFUSIVITY
INTRODUCTION COUPLING TYPES >BOX COUPLING WAYS EXAMPLES
BOX MODEL