Post on 27-May-2015
Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals are Amniotes
Have a membranous sac called the amnion that surrounds &
protects the embryo
Three characteristics of amniotes decrease their dependency on water
1. Amniotic egg – waterproof egg with a covering – inside the egg is a fluid-filled cavity in which the embryo develops
2. Internal fertilization – male deposits sperm within the reproductive system
3. Water-tight skin – made out of a protein called keratin; prevents dehydration & acts as a barrier
May be hair, nails, scales, or feathers
Endotherm Ectotherm-”regulator” -”conformer”-temperature stays constant -temperature changes with -birds, mammals external environment
-reptiles, amphibians, fish
Reptiles (Class Reptilia)Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, alligators
Water-tight skin is made out of scales – hard, overlapping layers of protein
Scales cannot expand, so to grow bigger a reptile must molt
Most lay eggs, but some give birth to live young
Birds (Class Aves) are endothermic amniotes
with specialized adaptations for flight
Evolved from small dinosaurs
Because birds are endotherms, they lay eggs that must be kept warm by brooding
Song Sparrow brood patch
Special adaptations for flight:
1. Wing shape – produces lift for flight
2. Feathers – modified scales – function in flight, waterproofing, and endothermy
3. Air sacs – function with lungs in respiration – needed to meet intense oxygen demands for flight – reduces body density (makes it lighter for flight)
4. Honeycombed bones makes lighter
Bird bone(much lighter)
Human bone
5. No teeth to reduce weight of head-instead they have a gizzard, a muscular organ that
grinds food
Structure fits Function – Beak Shape
Arguably the Most Exquisitely EvolvedMating Behaviors Belong to Class Aves