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Crooped The "School of Athens

Gene

ral t

o Sp

ecifi

c-

Dedu

ctive

Rea

soni

ng

is ke

y !

Plato 424BC– 347 BC

Get Down with the Inductive Method! It Rocks!

Aristotle384 BC – 322 BC

Quotes from Plato

• “Apply yourself, both now & in the next life. “ • “All men are by nature equal, made all of the

same earth by one Workman.”• “Astronomy compels the soul to look upwards

and lead us from this world to another”

• Aristotle and Plato were two of the most influential men in Western history.

• Plato formed an Academy in Athens which was the first higher education learning center in the western world.

• They disagreed on two fundamental ways of interpreting science – Plato=Deductive-starting from a general conclusion and

finding facts to support that evidence– Aristotle=Inductive-starts from specific facts and builds up

to a general conclusion

Examples of Deductive Reasoning

• All oranges are fruitsAll fruits grow on treesTherefore all oranges grow on trees. *note, this is a faulty statement, but the idea is

Deductive. • If all organisms have cells and if humans are

organisms, then humans should have cells. • All x are y, all y are z hence all x are z

Examples of Inductive Reasoning

• I observed cells in x, y, and z organisms therefore all animals have cells

• Every time you eat shrimp you get cramps. Therefore, you get cramps because you eat shrimp.

• All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore he is mortal.