Post on 20-Feb-2016
description
PERCEPTION IS…
• The process of recognizing, organizing, and interpreting sensory information
TWO THEORIES• Bottom-up theories• -Parts are identified, put together, and then recognition
occurs
• Top-down theories• -People actively construct perceptions using information
based on expectations
CONSTANCY
• Our ability to recognize that size, shape and brightness (color) don’t change even when sensory input of an object changes.
• Size constancy• Shape constancy • Brightness constancy
SENSORY ADAPTATION
-Occurs when sensory receptors change their sensitivity to the stimulus-Constant stimulation leads to lower sensitivity-The brain is constantly processing and adjusting it’s perception of sensory input
SENSORY ADAPTATION CAN LEAD TO AFTER IMAGES
AFTER IMAGES IN COLOR
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGt3LRZxjAw
M ODUL E 07 : P ERCEPT ION
GESTALT ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES
GESTALT
• The “whole,” or the organizational patterns that we tend to perceive;
• the Gestalt psychologists emphasized that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
• By breaking experiences into their basic parts, something important is lost.
DRAW WHAT YOU JUST SAW
• Now compare your drawing with the original. • In what ways is it similar, what details did you
miss?
LAW OF PRAGANZ
• Reality is organized and reduced to the simplest form possible.
M ODUL E 07 : P ERCEPT ION
GESTALT ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES:
FIGURE-GROUND RELATIONSHIPS
FIGURE-GROUND
• The organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground).
• The figure is the object(s) that stands out or draws one’s attention.
• The ground is the background.
FIGURE-GROUND
M ODUL E 07 : P ERCEPT ION
GESTALT ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES:
GROUPING PRINCIPLES
GROUPING
• The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into understandable units.
• Several principles of grouping include:• Similarity• Proximity• Closure• Continuity
GROUPING - SIMILARITY
• The tendency to place items that look similar into a group
GROUPING - PROXIMITY
• The tendency to place objects that are physically close to each other in a group
GROUPING – CLOSURE
• The tendency to look at the whole by filling in gaps in a perceptual field
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hodp2esSV9E
GROUPING – CONTINUITY
• The tendency to perceive that movement of an object continues once it appears to move in a particular direction
GROUPING- COMMON FATE
• Objects that move or function in a similar manner will be seen as a unit.
WHAT PRINCIPLES DO WE SEE
DEPTH CUES
DEPTH CUES
• Eleanor Gibson and her Visual Cliff Experiment.
• If you are old enough to crawl, you are old enough to see depth perception.
• We see depth by using two cues that researchers have put in two categories:
• Monocular Cues• Binocular Cues
BINOCULAR CUES• We need both of our
eyes to use these cues.• Retinal Disparity (as
an object comes closer to us, the differences in images between our eyes becomes greater.
• Convergence (as an object comes closer our eyes have to come together to keep focused on the object).
MONOCULAR CUES
• You really only need one eye to use these (used in art classes to show depth).
• Linear Perspective• Interposition• Relative size• Texture gradient• Shadowing• Relative Height
ILLUSIONS AND PERCEPTUAL SET
PONZO ILLUSION
• Tricks our sense of size constancy
MUELLER LYON ILLUSION
• Tricks our sense of linear perspective
LETS TEST OURSELVES
• http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/Visual%20Illusions/PsychSim_Shell.html
WHAT DEPTH CUES DID THE VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL LINES TRICK?
ILLUSIONS OF MOTION
• Autokinetic effects
• Phi Phenomenon : apparent movement between flashing stationary images
• http://www.yorku.ca/eye/balls.htm
• Stroboscopic: When images are flashed in sequence to create the illusion of continuous movement
• “cell animation” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeWIhWiT6bE
EMOTIONS AND MOTIVATION
• Influence our attention and perception
PERCEPTUAL SET
• Experience builds expectations which direct perceptions
• 2 minutes study and look for a pattern