Lecture Outline

1.Importance of Coastal Resource Assessment 2. Why Protection and Management of our coastal resources are critical?3.Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment (PCRA)4 CSCST-FIC fisheries research from conceptualization , implementation, presentations and publication Expected output:Concept paper production and presentation

Values of Phil. Coastal Resources -coastal ecosystems of the Phil. aSouthre

some of the most productive and biologically diverse in the world.

Phil. lies in a rich biogeographic area in South east Asia

Coastal ecosystems in the Phil . And all over SEA are under stress from the combined impacts of human overexploitation, physical disturbance ,pollution, sedimentation and general neglect

Why manage our coastal resources

Huge natural and economic resource in the country

Food supply Livelihood Other revenue and quality environmentManagement implies wise use and

maintenance of the resource

Issue identificationand baseline assessment

CRM planpreparation

and adoption

Action plan and project

implementation

Local legislationCoastal lawenforcement

Regulation

Externalrevenuesources

Annual programpreparation andbudgeting

Revenuegeneration

Monitoring and evaluation

Information management, education andoutreach

Issue identificationand baseline assessment

CRM planpreparation

and adoption

Action plan and project

implementation

Local legislationCoastal lawenforcement

Regulation

Local legislationCoastal lawenforcement

Regulation

Externalrevenuesources

Externalrevenuesources

Annual programpreparation andbudgeting

Annual programpreparation andbudgeting

RevenuegenerationRevenuegeneration

Monitoring and evaluation

Information management, education andoutreach

The CRM Cycle

Commitment and Willingness of the LGU and the Communities

Data gathering, consolidation and analysis Community consultations Drafting of plan Legislation Implementation, monitoring and evaluation

The Planning Process

Objectives:

1. Provide the rationale for PCRA in the context of good governance in CRM

2. Familiarize participants with some participatory methods and apply these in actual coastal habitat, fisheries and socio-economic assessment

3. Compile a preliminary coastal environment and socio-economic and cultural profile based on PCRA results

4. Analyze results to identify issues and recommend possible management guidelines.

Importance of PCRA:

• facilitates validation of the status of coastal habitats and resources, their current uses and resource users by local community members•generates quantitative technical descriptions of coastal habitats and resources (e.g. fisheries)•documents local and indigenous knowledge crucial for CRM•generates baseline information for the formulation of management strategies•generates baseline information for monitoring and evaluation (i.e. revision and refinement of management actions)

Why is it important to be participatory?

•Facilitates broader understanding of coastal resources uses and users so that communities can make informed decisions about how to best manage local coastal resources•Provides an opportunity to develop and enhance the knowledge of local communities•Contributes to community empowerment •Enhances ownership in decision-making•Facilitates consensus building and information dissemination

• coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves are major life-support systems

- source of products and diverse fishery resources- serve as nursery and feeding grounds- provide areas for recreation and tourism- prevent soil erosion and stabilize coastal areas- buffer wave action and protect coastlines

Coastal Habitats and Fisheries

1. Community Resource and Resource Use Map

•

Collective perception of a group of community members about the spatial distribution of coastal resources and habitatsValidated and enriched during PCRA

Data Collation and Analysis

2. Indicative Zoning MapInitial delineation of primary uses in particular areas based on analysis of PCRA results

Expected Intermediate Outputs of PCRA1. Spatial and temporal profile of

coastal habitats and fisheries2. Identification of issues to be

addressed3. Preliminary recommendations and

possible management guidelines

•To be presented for feedback and validation during baranggay consultations

COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMCOASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMEcosystem

Is the basic functional unit of ecology in which both the biotic communities (living) and the abiotic (non-living) environment are inseparably connected and interact, maintaining the equilibrium necessary for

life

Coastal Zone/Area• a band of dry land and adjacent ocean space within a landward limit of 1km from the shoreline at high tide and within a seaward limit of 200m isobath.•Includes adjacent upland and watershed areas that affect and influence coastal ecosystems.•Contains a number of ecosystems with biophysical properties and processes. •

Important Marine/Coastal Ecosystem

Mangrove Forests

Seagrass BedsCoral reefs

Estuaries

Coral reefsCoral reefs

What are Coral Reefs•“rain forest of the sea”•One of the most complex and diverse ecosystems in the world•Primarily consist of hard corals•Slow growing colonies of animals with growth rate ranging between 0.1cm and 10 cm per year in length•Occur along shallow, tropical coastlines•Consist of large and rigid structural mass of calcium carbonate (limestone) formed by cemented skeletal remains resulting from the successive growth and development of reef-building corals•Up to 3,000 species of marine animals may co-exist in a single reef•Can grow to tens of meters high and as long as 2,000 km•18,000 km2 of coral reef areas in the Phils.•1 km2 coral reef = 20 tons of fishes per year

Corals•Colonies of small animals•Each living unit contains algal populations (zooxanthellae) within it own tissue (capable for photosynthesis), providing an energy source for both the coral and the algae•Growth rates ranging between 0.1cm and 10cm per year in length

Figure 1.

Coral reefs contribute about 30% of the fish catch in the country. The Philippines has an estimated 27,000 km2 of coral reefs which occupy 7% our of 30% of coral reefs in Asia.

Ecological Limits required for reef survival: >temperature (18-300C) >salinity (30-36ppt) >Sedimentation must be low so that the water is clear sufficient circulation of nutrient-limited and pollution-free water

Coral reefs are grouped into one of three categories: (a) fringing reefs, (b) barrier reefs, and (c) atoll.

Benefits derived from coral reefs•Home to various species of corals, benthic algae, fish molluscs and crustaceans•Protect the coasts from storms and waves•Popular areas for ecotourism and recreation•Source of medicine

Threats to coral reefs•Siltation and sedimentation•Raw domestic wastes•Industrial and agricultural pollution•Construction near reef areas •Uncontrolled tourism activities •Natural causes•Destructive fishing practices

Dead coral covered with silt

How well are the coral reefs in your area?To be able to know the status of your reef in your area. The

community shall conduct a monitoring scheme to be able to identify the changes done over a period of time. Thus, promote suggestive action for reef restoration and preservation.

How to monitor?There are a lot of ways in monitoring the reef in which all throughout has been

used by scientist. However, to name a few wherein even a local fisherfolk can participate and can easily understand:

• Manta Tow Survey• Point Intercept Transect• Coral Reef Fish Visual Census

Coral Reef Assessment

Manta TowDefinition A manta tow survey is the observation of an underwater area of good

visibility by a snorkeler who is being pulled by a small boat.Purpose Manta tows are used to get a general idea of the various types and

amounts of habitat types and large obvious things in an area. The information incurred from the survey may be used: To help in the selection of sites and number of samples for closer

observation For comparison wit h local perception of the coastal area In the detection of large scale changes (e.g. due to storms and

mass siltation

Requirements•Mask and snorkel (antipara)•Small boat and fuel•Manta board•Pencil attached to slate•GPS or Compass•Map of the area

Methods1. Copy a map of the area onto a slate 2. On the map, plan and mark the tow survey path 3. Choose the items (e.g. live hard coral, dead coral, soft coral, sand/silt

etc.) to estimate. 4. Attach the manta board to the boat using the rope or if no available

board, the observer may cling unto the boat.5. When the observer (snorkeler) is ready and gives the “ok” signal, tow

the observer parallel and over the reef edge along the area to be surveyed.

6. During each tow, the observer estimates the approximate % cover of the items chosen in step 3. The area viewed is up to 10m wide depending on depth and water clarity.

7. After 2 minutes of towing (around 100 to 150m), the timer should inform the driver and the observer to pause and take notes.

8. The observer then records onto the board the tow number and his/her observations of the last 2-minute tow.

9. Repeat step 5-8 until the entire planned tow path has been surveyed.

10. Copy the data onto the data Form and enclose a copy of the map.

MANTA TOW DATA FORM FORM 3Site Name: No. Municipality & Province: Time/Mapper:

Date (month/day/year): Time: Observer: Notes (e.g. crown-of-thorns starfish, Diadema urchins, algae, etc)

Tow No.

Start Time

Location Estimate % Substrate cover

Latitude & Longitude/Compass bearing/Landmarks

Depth (m)

Hard Coral

Soft Coral

Dead Coral

DC w/ Algae

Sand /Silt

Start End1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

OK!/ Start TowSTOP!

LEFT! RIGHT!

FASTER!SLOWER

Hand Signals (for manta tow)

DefinitionSnorkel survey is a method used by a snorkler for estimating the relative abundance of living and non-living things on the reef bottom observed within a defined area.

PurposeThe snorkler survey estimates the abundabce of hard corals, dead corals, algae, and various reef substrates which may reflect the health of the reef.

Requirements• Mask & snorkel (antipara)• 50-m transect line• Underwater slates• Pencil attached to the slates• Fins and life jacket (optional)• Picture book of plants or animal types to be quantified• boat

Snorkel Survey

Methods1. Select representative sampling stations to be

surveyed/monitored based on the manta tow results.

2. Copy the data Form 4A (with the selected benthic lifeform types) onto the plastic slates used for writing underwater)

3. Lay the transect line on a constant depth contour. Record the depth

4. Starting at one of the transect line, the snorkeler swims over the transect estimating the % cover of each benthic life form w/in 2.5 m on either side of the transect until the 5-m mark. The estimates of each 5 x 5 m quadrat should total 100%

5. Similarly record each 5-m interval until the entire 50-m transect line has been observed.

6. Add the 10 readings and divide by 10

BENTHIC LIFEFORMS & INVERTEBRATES DATA FORMSite Name Municipality and Province:

Transect No.: Scuba: Snorkel: Coordinates

Date(mo/day/yr): Benthos observer: Invertebrates observer:Horizontal water visisbility (m): Depth (m): Reef Zone: Topography: Slope:

Habitat Notes

BENTHIC LIFE FORMS Tally number pts or est. % occupied by each lifeform e.g. IIII-IIII-IIII-II or 12%+34%+22%...

Total Count %Cover

Coral HC Live Hard CoralBuhi nga gahi

SC Soft CoralBuhi nga humok

Dead coral DC White dead coralPatay nga gahi

DCA Dead coral with algaePatay nga gahi nga naay lumot

Other Animal

SP SpongesSpongha

OT Other animalsUban pang matang

PlantsTA Turf algaeLumot

MA Fleshy macroalgaeSamo/layog-layog

CA Coralline algaeLumot

SG SeagrassLusay

Non-living R RubbleDugmok nga bato

RCK RockBato

S/SI Sand/Siltbalas

TOTAL 100%

INVERTEBRATES # within 5-m width Causes of Coral Damage

Diadema Put x if found on corals.Circle the box of dominant forms

Pencil urchin Sediment seaweed overgrowth

Crown-of-thorns sea star; dap-ag Blasting pattern coral eating snails

Giant clam; Taklobo Anchor damage cron-of-thorns

Triton Shell; tambuli Other breakage plastics

Lobster; banagan Bleaching other trash

Sea cucumber; balat Black band disease other causes

Banded coral shrimp White band disease

Otjers Other coral disease

DATA SUMMARY FORM Form 5B

Site Name: Municipality & Province

Zone/sector

Month & year

Transect #:

Types/groups Subtotal Total Avg Sub Total Total Avg

Different Benthic Lifeforms

CORAL BRANCHING

CORAL SUBMASSIVE

CORAL DIGITATE

MASSIVE CORAL

CORAL ENCRUSTING

FIRE CORAL

FOLIOSE BRANCHING

BLUE CORAL

ORGAN PIPE CORAL

SOFT CORAL

SPONGE

MUSHROOM CORAL

ANEMONE

DEAD CORAL

DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE

CORAL RUBBLE

Common Invertebrates

(indicator)

SEA URCHINS (DIADEMA SP.)

SEA STAR

LOBSTER

GIANT CLAM

BANDED CORAL SHRIMP

PENCIL URCHIN

CROWN-OF-THORN SEA STAR

SEA CUCUMBER

Fish Visual CensusDefinitionFish visual census is the identification and counting of fishes observed within a defined area.PurposeFish visual census can be used to estimate the variety, numbers, and even sizes of common, easily-seen, easily-identified fishes in areas of good visibility.Requirements•Mask and snorkel (Antipara)•1 or 2 (50-m) transect lines•Underwater slates•Pencil (attached to the slate)•fins (optional)•Picture book of animals (e.g. reef fishes) to be counted•Boat (optional)

Methods

1. Select representative sampling stations and fish types to be census 2. Copy the data Form (for FVC) onto the slates and draw columns for different

size classes. 3. Lay the transect line on a constant depth contour. Record the depth 4. Wait 10-15 minutes for the disturbed fishes to return. Be careful not to

disturb the fishes during the census. 5. Starting at one end of the line, each observer floats on each side of the

transect line while observing 5m to his/her side of the transect and forward until the next 5m mark.

6. Both observers swim to and stop every 5m along the line to record the counts of fish per size class until the transect is completed.

7. Total counts on both sides and transcribe onto Data Form (for FVC).

8. Standardize the subtotal by sample size: Divide the total counts by the number of transect actually observed

Example: (Parrotfish)12+8+9+20+6 = 11 fishes/transect 5 transects

Common Reef Fish Families

Lapu-lapu, pogapo, sono Katambak, awoman, mayamaya, islawan

lipti

Katambak, dugsoDalagang bukid, solid

Silay

timbongan

Common Reef Fish Families

Indangan, lababhita, sunghan, bagis

labayanadloAlibangbang, pisos-pisos

molmol Dangit, kitong, samaral

Pata. Kapaw, palata Bilong-bilong

MURAENIDAE: EEL

SERRANIDAE: GROUPER

SERRANIDAE:GROUPER

MULLIDAE:GOAT FISH

POMACANTHIDAE:ANGELFISH

LUTJANIDAE:SNAPPER

ACANTHURIDAE:SURGEONFISH

LABRIDAE:WRASSE

POMACENTRIDAE:DAMSEL

SCARIDAE:PARROTFISH

LABRIDAE:WRASSE

HAEMULIDAE:SWEETLIPS

NEMIPTERIDAE:EMPEROR

CHAETODONTIDAE:BUTTERFLYFISH

CAESIONIDAE:FUSILIERS

BALISTIDAE:TRIGGERFISH

SIGANIDAE:RABBITFISH

CARANGIDAE:TREVALLIES

ZANCLIDAE:MOORISH IDOL

SPHYRAENIDAE:BARRACUDA

HOLOCENTRIDAE:SOLDIERFISH/SQUIRRELFISH

MUGILIDAE:MULLET

PINGUIPEDIDAE:SANDPERCH

AULOSTOMIDAE/FISTULARIDAE:TRUMPETFISH/FLUTEMOUTH

SCORPAENIDAE:SCORPIONFISH/LIONFISH

APOGONIDAE:CARDINALFISH

BELONIDAE:NEEDLEFISH

EPHIPPIDAE:BATFISH

OSTRACIIDAE:COWFISH/TRUNKFISH

MONACANTHIDAE:LEATHERJACKET

BOTHIIDAE:SOLEFISH

PRIACANTHIDAE/TETRAODONTHIDAE:BIG-EYE/PUFFERFISH

FISH ABUNDANCE DATA FORM FORM 5A

Site Name: Municipality & Province:

Transect No.: Depth (m): Coordinates

Date (mo/day/yr): Time: Left Observer: Right Observer:

Habitat Notes: Horizontal Angle of Transect visibility (m): Slope: Orientation

FAMILY Species Record No. of fishes per class

1-10 cm 11-20 cm 21-30 cm Specify sizes for >30 cm

<EPINEPHELINAE>*Groupers;lapulapu

<LUTJANIDAE>*Snappers;maya-maya

<HAEMULIDAE>*Sweetlips;grunts;lipti

<LETHRINIDAE>*Emperors;katambak

CARANGIDAE*Jacks;trevallies;talakitok

CAESIONIDAE*Fusiliers;dalagang-bikid;solid

Barramundi cod;senorita

NEMIPTERIDAE*CORAL BREAMS;silay

MULLIDAE*goatfishes;timbongan

BALISTIDAEtriggerfishes;pakol

CHAETODONTIDAEbutterflyfishes;alibangbang

POMACANTHIDAEAngelfishes;adlo

LABRIDAEWrasses;labayan

(SCARIDAE)*Parrotfishe;molmol

(ACANTHURIDAE)*Surgeonfishes;indangan

(SIGANIDAE)*Rabbitfihses;kitong;danggit

(KYPHOSIDAE)*Rudderfish;ilak

(POMACENTRIDAEDamselfishes;palata

Humphead wrasse;mameng

Bumphead parrotfish;taungan

ANTHIINAEfairy bassletss;bilongbilong

Zanclus cornutus

Sharks;Iho

Rays;pagi

Sea turtles;pawikan

Others: e.g. tuna; tulingan

Legend:<fishes> = major reef carnivores; (fishes) = major reef herbivores, fishes= fishes which are indicators of hard corals, * = fishery target families

DATA SUMMARY FORM Form 5B

Site Name: Municipality & Province

Zone/sector

Month & year

Transect #:

Types/groups Subtotal Total Avg Sub Total Total Avg

BENTHOS GRAPHING FORM Form 4D

Site Name: Municipality & Province:

Month & year

Zone/sector

Seagrass Assessment

Requirements• Mask and snorkel (/Antipara)• 100-m rope (approx. 10mm diameter marked at every 10-m)• Pencil (attached to the slate)• Underwater slates• Geographic Positioning System receiver (GPS) or compass• Map of the area• Quadrat (1m x 1m)Methods1. Select representative sampling stations to be surveyed/monitored2. Record the position of each transect. The start (shore end) of the transect is

the most useful reference3. Survey at least 3 replicate transect at each site. Swim the transect along perpendicular to the shore. The length of the transect depends on the size of the seagrass meadows, and should extend to

outer limits of the bed (where seagrass disappears). 4. Place the quadrat to every interval of 10m along the transect.

5. Estimate the % cover of the plants (per species) found in each quadrat and tally it

on the slate board. The sum of the% per species should have an equivalent of 100% in every quadrat.6. Transfer data to the Form and calculate the mean percentage cover in each species.

Example:

Species Q1 Q2 Q3 Mean H. ovalis 15% 20% 10% 15% H. minor 40% 50% 30% 40% Sand 45% 30% 60% 55% Total 100% 100% 100% 100%

NUTRIENT INDICATOR ALGAE

PADINA SP.

CAULERPA: SEA GRAPES

HALIMEDA SP.

HALIMEDA SP.

Seagrass Beds

flowering terrestrial plants

adapted to living submerged in seawater

seed-producing marine plants

reproduce by vegetative spreading and by production and dispersal of seeds

Common Seagrass Genus

Seagrass BedsImportance:

bottom stabilizer sediment trap maintains water quality source of food of various marine organisms

Threats:

illegal and destructive fishing methods aquaculture sedimentation and siltation

Tropical eelgrass

Enhalus acoroides

Dugong grass

Thalassia hemprichii

Fiber-strand grass

Halodule uninervis Halodule pinifolia

Round & toothed seagrass

Cymodocea rotundata Cymodocea serrulata

Spoon grass

Halophila minor

Halophila ovalis Halophila becarri

woody sea grass

Thalassodendron ciliatum

Syringe grass

Syringodium isoetifolium

Parameters Measured:

Expected Output:

• species of segrass and macro invertebrates•% cover of segrass•Substrate type

•Species composition•Average % seagrass cover•Density of macroinvertebrates

1. Transect Quadrat Method

Halophila ovalis

Halodule uninervisHalodule uninervis

Halophila minor

Halophila decipiens

Halophila spinulosa

Halodule pinifolia

Enhalus acoroides Thalassia hemprichii

Figure 4. Fisherfolk laying the quardrat

Cymodocea rotundataCymodocea serrulata

Syringodium isoetifolium

Thalassodendron ciliatum

Seagrass AssessmentDefinitionSeagrass assessment is the identification and estimation of seagrass species covering within a defined area.

PurposeSeagrass assessment is used to more precisely estimate the abundance of seagrass species which may reflect the health of the reef.

What is a Seagrass?A seagrass is a flowering plant, complete with leaves, a rhizome and a root system. They are found in marine or estuarine waters. Most seagrass species are located in soft (silty or sandy) sediments. Seagrasses worldwide encompass only about 58 species (Kuo and McComb, 1989).

Benefits derived from seagrass beds:> Helps reduce wave and current energy> Help to filter suspended sediments from the water;> Stabilize bottom sediments> Breeding area for selected fish species

> Used as processing feritilizers Seaweeds

> Consumed as food Seaweeds

Threats to seagrass beds:> Siltation and sedimentation> Overharvesting> Pollution

Mangrove Foresttropical inshore communities dominated by several species of trees or shrubs that have the ability to grow in salt water;well developed in estuarine areas;

Requirements for growth:

moderate salinity (25 ppt)neutral acidity (pH 6 to 7)year-round warm temperatureregular surface-water flushingexposure to moderate terrestrial-water runoff

Adaptationsshallow rooted;prop roots;pneumatophores;tough and succulent leaves;reproductive strategy

Common Mangrove Genus

Avicennia Bruguiera

Rhizophora Sonneratia

Importance:

provide protection from erosion and typhoons feeding/breeding ground of various organisms maintains water quality source of timber products provide shelter for coastal communities

Threats:

land conversion and reclamation unsustainable harvest of timber products

Mangrove Forests

Parameters measured:

•encountered species;•number of mature trees;•number of saplings;•number of seedlings•diameter at breast height (DBH) •total plant height

Expected Output:• species diversity• relative abundance of seedlings saplings, trees (per hectare)•stem density (per hectare)•basal area

1. Transect Plot Method

Coastal Fishery Resources- fish, invertebrates, seaweeds

Common Gear Types

Economic benefits from fisheries and coastal ecosystems

Municipal fisheries- food security and livelihood

Total fishery production per fishery sector

• comprise ~32% of total fisheryproduction

Contribution to employment per fishery sector

• provides employment to 5% of thenational labor force; ~68% involvedin municipal fisheries

Municipal fisheries production is declining

Trends of catch per unit effort since 1948

• legally most municipal waters are reserved exclusively for use of municipal fishers

Total fishery production trends per sector