Post on 04-Apr-2018
pCell Technology: Delivering 5G-‐grade Performance to 4G LTE Devices
IEEE CommunicaAon Theory Workshop May 16th, 2016
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 1
Antonio Forenza, PhD Co-‐founder & CTO, Artemis Networks
Outline
• Background • pCell: how it works • SDR wireless plaTorm • Experimental results • Conclusions
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 2
Forecast of Mobile Data Traffic
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 3
Global Mobile Data Traffic (Actual/Projected)
ExaB
ytes/m
onth
[Cisco’16] “Cisco visual network index: global mobile data traffic forecast update 2015-‐2020” February 2016
CAGR = 40-‐70%
SoluAons to Spectrum Crunch
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 4
• 3 soluAons [Qualcomm, SKT, Nokia] • More cell density • More spectrum • More spectral efficiency
“New forecasts show much more spectrum is needed.” “Operators will conAnue to deploy new cells, including small cells, and will conAnue to upgrade networks to state-‐of-‐the-‐art 4G LTE technology to take advantage of improved spectral efficiency, but that is not enough.” [CTIA’15] CTIA report to FCC, June 22, 2015
Spectrum
Cell density
Spectral efficiency
Current performance
Future performance
[3GPP] K. Mallinson, “2020 vision for LTE”, June 2012
More Cell Density
• Small cells perform poorly • Intercell interference [Andrews’15] • Handoff overhead [3GPP-‐TR36.839]
• SoluAons • SON and ICIC [AT&T’12][Mao’08] • CoMP [3GPP-‐TR36.819][ChinaMob’11]
• High cost, difficult deployment • Zoning permits • Backhaul
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 5
“AT&T has dropped plans to deploy 40,000 small cells on its network by the end of 2015” Fierce Wireless, March 2015
[Andrews’15]
[BS/Km3] 0
BS-‐to-‐BS distance of 50m
More Spectrum
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 6
• NaAonal Broadband Plan [FCC’10] • 547 MHz available in 2010 for mobile broadband • Allocate 500 MHz by 2020
• LTE-‐U [Forum’15][Qualcomm’15] • Operate LTE in ISM unlicensed 5GHz band • Use 200 MHz of spectrum (+300 MHz for future use)
• Millimeter-‐wave [Rappaport’14] • Pros: large bandwidth [Heath’16]
• BW=4GHz @ 28 and 38 GHz • BW=7GHz @ 60 GHz
• Cons: pathloss, body absorpAon (blocking) • Short-‐range links, up to 200m • ApplicaAons: WiGig fronthaul [Facebook’16]
[Qualcomm’15]
[Facebook’16]
More Spectral Efficiency
• Massive-‐MIMO • Theory: asymptoAcally noise/interference-‐free links [Marzeqa’10][Larsson’14] • Requires upgrade to 4G LTE standard, proposed for Pre-‐5G [3GPP-‐Rel.13] • PracAcal only at mmWave, complex RF design • Centralized cellular architecture
• Pilot contaminaAon • CoordinaAon between cells
• 4-‐8x mux gain with 64-‐128 antennas [ZTE’16][Intel’16]
• pCell • Theory: [Caire’03][Viswanath’03][Yu’04][Foschini’06] • Compliant with standard LTE Rel.8 devices, readily deployable • Works at any frequency band, simple frequency-‐agile RRHs (pWaves) • Distributed architecture, no cells • 16x mux gain with 24 antennas, can scale to higher orders
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 7
4 users, SNR=10dB
pCell C-‐RAN
[Samsung’12] [Larsson’14]
Downlink Spectral Efficiency 5 MHz, 2-‐antenna LTE devices
pCell Performance Today
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 8
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Spectral Efficien
cy (b
ps/H
z)
pCell LTE HSPA+
[Rysavy’14] Rysavy Research/4G Americas, August 2014
1.2 bps/Hz per sector
59.3 bps/Hz per area ≥1 m2
1.7 bps/Hz per sector
Presented results
Outline
• Background • pCell: how it works • SDR wireless plaTorm • Experimental results • Conclusions
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 9
Cellular vs. pCell Coverage
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 10
Base StaAon User Equipment Power distribuAon
Cellular Coverage
pCell Coverage
SINR Performance
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 11
pCell vs. Cellular
May 16, 2016 Page 12
• 500mW • 20MHz TDD • Max 256-‐QAM
• Benefits of pCell • High spectral efficiency (spaAal mulAplexing gain) • Consistent data rate, no cell-‐edge (macro-‐diversity) • No inter-‐cell interference • No handoff overhead • No near-‐far problem • PHY-‐layer security • Precise locaAon posiAoning
Patents, Patents Pending
SINR Analysis
• System and channel models: N transmiqers, U users
• Volume of coherent signal [Artemis’15]
• Radius of volume of coherent signal
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 13
SINR Results
May 16, 2016 Page 14
Centralized transmiqers (ULA with λ/2 spacing)
Distributed transmiqers N = 10, U = 8
Patents, Patents Pending
Volumes of Coherent Signal
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 15
N = 16, U = 10, SINRo = 5dB
Outline
• Background • pCell: how it works • SDR wireless plaTorm • Experimental results • Conclusions
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 16
Hardware Architecture
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 17
LTE UEs
Internet
pCell Data Center
Sowware Architecture
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 18
Internet
pCell Processing
IP Routing
0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A
E F
B C
D
H
G
pCell Data Center
Fronthaul
pCell antenna
LTE UE
pCell
eNB
VRI 0
eNB
VRI 1
eNB
VRI 2
eNB
VRI 3
eNB
VRI 4
eNB
VRI 5
eNB
VRI 6
eNB
VRI 7
TDD LTE Frame
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 19
SF #0 SF #1 SF #2 SF #3 SF #4 SF #5 SF #6 SF #7 SF #8 SF #9 SRS 1 SRS 2 SRS 1 SRS 2
1 msec
Outline
• Background • pCell: how it works • SDR wireless plaTorm • Experimental results • Conclusions
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 20
Indoor Trials
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 21
16 iPhone 6 Pluses in 1 Square Meter
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 22
1m x 1m Plexiglass table
Measured LTE MAC-‐level SE
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 23
Uplink (Uniform Peak: 27.5 bps/Hz)
18 meters
Downlink (Avg. 59.3, Peak 59.8 bps/Hz)
14 m
eters
Outdoor Trials
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 24
0.5 to 5W PA
Power (if Fiber)
• Roowops in downtown SF • 600 roowops available • 58 roowops for first trial • About 500 pWaves for beta-‐tesAng
pWave RRH
Patents, Patents Pending Page 25
• Wireless synchronizaAon • 600 to 6000 MHz • 0.5 to 5W EIRP • PoE+ or Fiber
May 16, 2016
pWave InstallaAons
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 26
Power (if Fiber)
LTE Antennas
Fiber, power
pWaves
Frequency-‐agile RRH
Outline
• Background • pCell: how it works • SDR wireless plaTorm • Experimental results • Conclusions
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 27
Conclusions
• Higher SE is the pracAcal soluAon to “spectrum crunch”
• Distributed antennas enable confined volumes with peak SINR
• Volumes for mulAple users yield large spaAal mulAplexing gain
• Large mulAplexing gain with a deployable SDR wireless plaTorm
May 16, 2016 Patents, Patents Pending Page 28
References
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 29
• [Artemis] S.G. Perlman and A. Forenza, “An introducAon to pCell”, Feb. 2015. hqp://www.rearden.com/artemis/An-‐IntroducAon-‐to-‐pCell-‐White-‐Paper-‐150224.pdf • [Cisco’16] Cisco, “Cisco visual network index: global mobile data traffic forecast update, 2015-‐2020”, White paper, Feb. 3, 2016
hqp://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/soluAons/collateral/service-‐provider/visual-‐networking-‐index-‐vni/mobile-‐white-‐paper-‐c11-‐520862.html • [Qualcomm] “The 1000x mobile data challenge”, Nov. 2013 hqps://www.qualcomm.com/invenAon/1000x • [SKT] H. Park, “Efficient spectrum resource usage for next-‐generaAon N/W”, SK Telecom, 3GPP workshop on Rel.12 and onwards, Jun. 2012
hqp://www.3gpp.org/wp/workshop/2012-‐06-‐11_12_RAN_REL12/Docs/RWS-‐120020.zip • [Nokia] “Support up to 1000 Ames more capacity”, hqp://networks.nokia.com/innovaAon/technology-‐vision/1000x-‐capacity • [3GPP] K. Mallinson, “2020 vision for LTE”, 3GPP, June 2012 hqp://www.3gpp.org/news-‐events/press-‐clippings/1261-‐2020-‐vision-‐for-‐lte • [CTIA’15] Sawanobori, T., Roche, R., “Mobile Data Demand: Growth Forecasts Met”, June 22, 2015. CTIA.
hqp://www.cAa.org/docs/default-‐source/default-‐document-‐library/062115mobile-‐data-‐demands-‐white-‐paper.pdf • [Andrews’15] A.K. Gupta, X. Zhang, J.G. Andrews, “PotenAal throughput in 3D ultradense cellular networks,” IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Sign. Syst. and Comp., Nov. 2015
[3GPP-‐TR36.839] 3GPP, “Mobility Enhancements in Heterogeneous Networks (Release 11),” TR 36.839, v11.0.0, Sep. 2012 hqp://www.3gpp.org/dynareport/36839.htm • [AT&T’12] “AT&T deploying SON technology as part of latest network upgrades”, Feb. 2012 hqp://www.cellular-‐news.com/story/Operators/53297.php • [Mao’08] X. Mao, A. Maaref, K. H. Teo “AdapAve Sow Frequency Reuse for Inter-‐Cell Interference CoordinaAon in SC-‐FDMA Based 3GPP LTE Uplinks,” Globecom, 2008 • [3GPP-‐TR36.819] 3GPP TR 36.819, “Coordinated mulA-‐point operaAon for LTE physical layer aspects (Rel. 11)”, Dec. 2011, hqp://www.qtc.jp/3GPP/Specs/36819-‐b10.pdf • [ChinaMob’11] “C-‐RAN, the road towards green RAN”, Oct. 2011 hqp://labs.chinamobile.com/cran/wp-‐content/uploads/CRAN_white_paper_v2_5_EN.pdf, p, 22 • [AT&T’15] Fierce Wireless, “AT&T drops goal of deploying 40,000 small cells on its network by end of 2015,” Mar. 2015
hqp://www.fiercewireless.com/story/aq-‐drops-‐goal-‐deploying-‐40000-‐small-‐cells-‐end-‐2015-‐ciAng-‐benefits-‐leap-‐de/2015-‐03-‐05 • [FCC’10] FCC, “ConnecAng America: the naAonal broadband plan”, p.84 hqp://download.broadband.gov/plan/naAonal-‐broadband-‐plan.pdf • [Forum’15] LTE-‐U Forum, “Coexistence study for LTE-‐U SDL,” LTE-‐U technical report, Feb. 2015
hqp://www.lteuforum.org/uploads/3/5/6/8/3568127/lte-‐u_forum_lte-‐u_technical_report_v1.0.pdf • [Qualcomm’15] “LTE-‐U/LAA, MuLTEfire and Wi-‐Fi, making best use of unlicensed spectrum,” Sep. 2015
hqps://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/making-‐the-‐best-‐use-‐of-‐unlicensed-‐spectrum-‐presentaAon.pdf
References
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 30
• [Heath’16] R.W. Heath, “Millimeter wave for 5G finding a new spectrum mother load,” Invited talk, Jan. 2016 hqp://www.ece.utexas.edu/~rheath/presentaAons/2016/MillimeterWave5GFindingNewSpectrumMotherLoad.pdf
• [Rappaport’14] T. Rappaport, “Millimeter wave cellular communicaAons,” IEEE Comm. Theory Workshop, May 2014 hqp://www.ieee-‐ctw.org/2014/slides/session1/Ted_Rappaport_CTW2014.pdf
• [Facebook’16] The Verge, “Facebook’s new gigabit Wi-‐Fi system is coming to San Jose”, Apr. 13th, 2016hqp://www.theverge.com/2016/4/13/11410818/facebook-‐terragraph-‐gigabit-‐wifi-‐millimeter-‐wave
• [Marzeqa’10] T. L. Marzeqa, “NoncooperaAve cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base staAon antennas,” IEEE Trans. on Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 3590–3600, Nov. 2010.
• [Larsson’14] E. Larsson, O. Edfors, and T.L. Marzeqa, “Massive MIMO for next generaAon wireless systems”, IEEE Comm. Magazine, pp.186-‐195, Feb. 2014. • [3GPP-‐Rel.13] D. Flore, “IniAal prioriAes for the evoluAon of the evoluAon of LTE in Release-‐13”, 3GPP RAN, Sep. 20, 2014.
hqp://www.3gpp.org/news-‐events/3gpp-‐news/1628-‐rel13 • [ZTE’16] “ZTE wins two awards at MWC”, Feb. 2016 hqps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tO1a6ESsO5w • [Intel’16] Intel “How will Massive MIMO Improve 5G Data Transfers? Intel Explains”, Feb. 2016 hqps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3ZqaxikXdk • [Samsung’12] Y. Kim, “Full dimension MIMO and beamforming technologies for B4G,” Samsung, Oct. 2012 • [Caire’03] G. Caire and S. Shamai (Shitz), “On the achievable throughput of a mulAantenna Gaussian broadcast channel,” IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory, vol. 49, pp. 1691–
1706, July 2003. • [Viswanath’03] S. Vishwanath, N. Jindal, and A. Goldsmith, “Duality, achievable rates, and sum-‐rate capacity of Gaussian MIMO broadcast channels,” IEEE Trans. on Inform.
Theory, vol. 49, pp. 2658–2668, Oct. 2003. • [Yu’04] W. Yu and J.M. Cioffi, “Sum capacity of Gaussian vector broadcast channels,” IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory, vol. 50, pp. 1875–1892, Sept. 2004. • [Foschini’06] G. J. Foschini, M. K. Karakayali, and R. A. Valenzuela, “CoordinaAng mulAple antenna cellular networks to achieve enormous spectral efficiency,” Proceedings
of the IEEE, vol. 153, no. 4, pp. 548–555, Aug. 2006 • [Artemis’15] A. Forenza, S.G. Perlman, F. Saibi, M. Di Dio, R. van der Laan, G. Caire, “Achieving large mulAplexing gain in distributed antenna systems via cooperaAon with
pCell technology,” IEEE Asilomar Conference, Pacific Grove, CA, Nov. 8-‐11, 2015 • [Svantesson’00] T. Svantesson, “A study of polarizaAon diversity using an electromagneAc spaAo-‐temporal channel model,” Proc. IEEE Veh. Tech. Conf., vol. 1, Sep. 2000. • [Poon’05] A.S.Y. Poon, R.W. Brodersen, and D.N.C. Tse, “Degrees of freedom in mulAple-‐antenna channels: A signal space approach,” IEEE Trans. Info. Th., Feb. 2005.
Thank you
Patents, Patents Pending May 16, 2016 Page 31