Transcript of Part III STATUTORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, JAILS, JUVENILES, PRIVATIZATION, AND OTHER SPECIAL ISSUES...
- Slide 1
- Part III STATUTORY AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, JAILS, JUVENILES,
PRIVATIZATION, AND OTHER SPECIAL ISSUES IN CORRECTIONS
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- Chapter 18 Statutory and Administrative Law Introduction: This
chapter looks at other sources of law, outside the Constitution,
that will be of most concern to corrections workers and to
offenders in the correctional system
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- Chapter Outline The Hierarchy of Laws in the United States
Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws State and Local Laws,
Regulations, and Policies The Federal Bureau of Prisons State and
Local Corrections Accreditation
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- The Hierarchy of Laws in the United States U.S. Constitution
supreme law of the country Constitution, federal laws, and treaties
supreme law of the land Take precedence over state laws when there
is a conflict
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- The Hierarchy of Laws in the United States: contd Congress only
has authority provided to it by Constitution All other matters are
left to state authority (Tenth Amendment)
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws States may not enter
agreements or compacts with other states without Congressional
consent (U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 10)
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd Congress has given
its consent for states to form Cooperative efforts in crime
prevention and Criminal law enforcement and procedures
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd The Interstate
Agreement on Detainers (IAD) is an example One state wants custody
of person being held in another state State files detainer with the
custodian holding that person, requesting to be notified before the
offender is released
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd Once the detainer
is filed, The holding state (custodian) is obliged to notify the
requesting state prior to the inmates release An inmate may request
prompt production for disposition of the charges If such a request
is made, requesting state takes the inmate to the charging
jurisdiction
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd Inmate remains in
custody of sending state during this time (sentence continues to
run) Inmate must be brought to trial by requesting state within 180
days of the inmates request Charges are dismissed if there is no
trial by that time Inmate is returned to sending state where he was
serving his sentence
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd IAD has benefits
for both government and inmate Easier process for requesting state
to obtain defendant for prosecution Provides inmate opportunity to
get rid of detainers, the presence of which could affect current
confinement status
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd Alabama v. Bozeman
(2001) example of benefit to the inmate Bozeman in federal prison,
and had state charge State officials sought custody of him for
arraignment and appointment of counsel Bozeman sent to Alabama,
spent day in court, and sent back to Federal custody Following
month back to Alabama for trial
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd Inmates counsel
filed for dismissal under IAD, article IV(e) Section provides for
dismissal if trial is not held on any indictment, information, or
complaint prior to the inmates return to the original place of
confinement (here, federal custody) Bozeman was convicted in state
even though the IAD provision had not been met U.S. Supreme Court
held that the literal language of the statute was absolute the
conviction did not stand
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd In New York v. Hill
(2000), the Court approved a waiver of the absolute language In
this case, Hills counsel agreed, at a court hearing to set the
trial date, to a date outside the 180-day period Inmate filed for
dismissal of the charges prior to trial, but after the 180-day
period
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd Court held this
wasnt an issue that Hill must personally make an informed waiver
adding that his lawyer has, and must have full authority to manage
the conduct of the trial Hills conviction was upheld
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd Uniform Criminal
Extradition Act Article IV, Section 2 extradition clause provides A
person who is charged with a crime in one state And who flees to
another state Must on demand of the executive authority of the
state from which he has fled
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd Be delivered to the
state with jurisdiction over the alleged crime Federal rules are in
18 USC 3181-3196 Federal government handles requests for returns of
a person who has fled to a foreign country A treaty between the two
nations is needed for transfer
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd In Cuyler v. Adams
(1981) the Court looked at the somewhat competing aspects of the
IAD and the Extradition Act New Jersey prosecutor, under the IAD,
moved to bring Adams who was confined in Pennsylvania, to New
Jersey for trial Adams objected, claiming he was entitled to a
hearing under the Extradition Act
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd Court held rights
and protections of the Extradition Act, specifically the right to a
hearing before transfer, were reserved for the prisoner
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd If inmate requested
transfer under IAD, that inmate is deemed to have waived transfer,
and no hearing is needed If prosecutor requests and inmate does not
waive, Article IV of IAD provides that the prisoner retains any
right he may have to contest legality of transfer to the requesting
state Thus, inmate had right given in the Extradition Act to
contest transfer
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd New Mexico v. Reed
(1998) involved interstate extradition of a parole violator In 1993
Ortiz, after being told by Ohio officials that his 1992 parole was
going to be revoked, fled to New Mexico Ohio sought his
extradition. Ortiz opposed, filing a writ of habeas corpus Inmate
claimed he was not a fugitive for purpose of extradition, but fled
under duress Claimed he would be subject to physical harm if
returned to an Ohio prison
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd Lower court granted
the writ, holding Ortiz was not a fugitive, but was a refugee from
injustice Lower court held that his duress over fear of bodily harm
negated his fugitive status U.S. Supreme Court disagreed held that
New Mexico had made determinations it was not entitled to make on
an extradition matter Ortiz had to be returned to Ohio
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd The Interstate
Compact for Transfer of Prisoners (Interstate Corrections Compact)
provides the procedures for transfers of inmates between
jurisdictions
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd The Uniform Act for
Out-of-State Parolee Supervision all states have enacted By the
Acts terms, parolees may go to another state to live (with prior
permission) Once transfer is approved, receiving state assumes
supervision, under conditions set by the sending state Officers of
the sending state may enter the receiving state to retake custody
when appropriate No requirement for formal extradition
proceedings
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- Interstate Compacts and Uniform Laws: contd The Uniform
Juvenile Court Act provides procedures for cooperation between
juvenile courts & juvenile agencies in different states The
Uniform Victims of Crime Act concerns victims rights in criminal
justice proceedings Authorizes compensation of victims injured
during the commission of crimes Provides for monetary restitution
for victims losses by criminal defendants convicted of committing
crimes
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- State and Local Laws, Regulations and Policies: All levels of
government have an executive authority to enforce laws May include,
depending on jurisdiction, sheriffs, mayors, elected county
executives and others The various types of government overlap and
interact in a variety of complex ways
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- State and Local Laws, Regulations and Policies: contd Focus in
this section is generalities there is no one system of state and
local government in the United States There are laws, usually
called ordinances in localities enacted by legislature There are
also regulations, rules, and policies adopted by various government
levels At the federal level, agencies may be given authority to
adopt rules and regulations
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- State and Local Laws, Regulations and Policies: contd Rules are
the detailed laws of most agencies are considered to have authority
and effect of the statutory law that authorized the agency to issue
them Can be either broad or limited Federal rules are found in the
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
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- State and Local Laws, Regulations and Policies: contd Most
agencies also have internal policies governing day-to-day
operations Distinction between rules and policies - rules should be
issued when they Affect the conduct of private citizens When they
require certain actions to be taken, or When they incorporate
penalties and other enforcement procedures for citizen actions or
inactions
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- State and Local Laws, Regulations and Policies: contd Rules may
be issued for public comment if federal, the rules are published in
the Federal Register Following a period of consideration, final
rules are adopted and published, and Codified in the CFR Policies
also needed to cover such matters as personnel, business operations
and other internal guidance to staff
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- The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) Created by Congress it is
part of the Department of Justice BOP is charged with safekeeping
and care of federal inmates (18 USC 4042) Over 100 federal
facilities, and 155,000 inmates
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- The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP): contd Facilities include
Detention centers to primarily hold pretrial inmates, one houses
immigration detainees Minimum, including prison camps, to high
security (penitentiaries) Administrative facilities, such as
medical centers and a super-max
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- The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP): contd BOP legal authority
is set forth in 18 USC - statutes legislate such matters as
Good-time allowances Parole eligibility Establishment of prison
industries Providing medical care Providing other programs such as
education, vocational training, and rehabilitative services
Congress provides funding for BOP
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- The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP): contd BOP rules are
published in the Federal Register and codified in Title 28 CFR
Rules cover the core policies and procedures, such as inmate
classification, programs, discipline, contact with the community,
and medical care Public, including inmates and other interested
persons and organizations, are invited to comment After
consideration of the comments, final rules are published and
codified
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- The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP): contd BOP also publishes
Program Statements, which provide implementing policies Program
statements govern the affairs of the agency nationwide Institutions
may issue Institution Supplements sets local procedures
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- State and Local Corrections Same sort of legal framework,
similar to BOP Authorizing statute establishing agency Other
statutes authorize programs, activities, and services State
legislature provides funds for operations of corrections agency As
corrections agencies get smaller, down to city, county, and town
level, complexity of rules diminish, and there are fewer of
them
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- State and Local Corrections At all levels, good to invite local
and nearby judges, and members of their staff, to tour the facility
Provides opportunity to see what the facility is like, and not to
rely on newspaper or other sources Good means to educate, could
counter other information (such as those from media stories, inmate
complaints)
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- Accreditation American Correctional Association (ACA) leading
professional association in the corrections field; established in
1870
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- Accreditation: contd Serves as umbrella organization for entire
corrections professions many affiliations Jails Community
corrections Probation and parole authorities Adult corrections
administrators Juvenile and youth agencies State corrections
associations International affiliations
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- Accreditation: contd ACA issued the first set of accreditation
standards in 1977 for adult correctional institutions Were, and
still are, administered by the Commission on Accreditation for
Corrections (CAC) CAC is independent offshoot of the ACA
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- Accreditation: contd Factors pushing ACA to accreditation
process: There was a need for agreed-upon standards Corrections was
best place for standards to be set, as opposed to outside efforts
for reforms of all kinds Recognition of the growing involvement of
courts in correctional matters, with a recognition that it was best
for corrections to set its own house in order
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- Accreditation: contd Belief that most courts would appreciate
and might even defer to the standards Standards and auditing
process would provide corrections professionals with comprehensive
reports and guidelines to inform governmental authorities about
agency needs
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- Accreditation: contd Process was set to establish and, just as
important, to modify standards ACA Standards Committee reviews
along with CAC Review is based on changing practices, case law, and
agency experiences
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- Accreditation: contd Approved standards reflect views of
correctional practitioners, architects, medical and legal experts
Input and recommendations are sought from the involved parties and
other interested persons or organizations
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- Accreditation: contd Various sets of standards, covering both
adults and juveniles Administration of correctional agencies and
institutions Community residential services Boot camp programs
Detention facilities Probation and parole Health care
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- Accreditation: contd Correctional industries Training
Electronic monitoring Day treatment Aftercare services and Food
service programs
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- Accreditation: contd For many years there were 3 levels of
standards: Essential 100% had to be met to achieve accreditation -
dealing with conditions that could affect life, health, or safety
of offenders, staff, or the public Important 90% had to be met
Desirable 80% had to be met
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- Accreditation: contd Currently, there are two levels: Mandatory
requires 100% compliance Nonmandatory requires at least 90%
compliance
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- Accreditation: contd Examples: 4-4206 (Mandatory) Written
policy, procedure, and practice restrict the use of physical force
to instances of justifiable self-defense, protection of others,
protection of property, prevention of escapes, and to maintain or
regain control, and then only as a last resort and in accordance
with appropriate statutory authority. In no event is physical force
justifiable as punishment. A written report is prepared following
all uses of force and is submitted to administrative staff for
review
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- Accreditation: contd 4-4457 (Nonmandatory) Written policy,
procedure, and practice provide that the security and program
determinations necessary for any individual to be eligible for
industries work are made by the classification committee
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- Accreditation: contd Steps for the accreditation process:
Agency manager wishes to become accredited (program is voluntary)
and contacts CAC CAC conducts initial review, sends papers to begin
process Agency may request pre-audit assessment process helps
agency staff determine level of compliance prior to actual audit,
and identifies possible problem areas
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- Accreditation: contd Institution does its own self-evaluation
to determine compliance, attaches documents in support of this, and
drafts plans to correct any deficiencies Once required levels of
compliance achieved, agency can request an audit to verify
compliance Audit team visits facility team consists of persons
trained for that type facility
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- Accreditation: contd Team reviews records, does first-hand
observations, and interviews staff and inmates At close of audit,
team meets with Warden and goes over findings Each member of team
prepares an audit report team chair coordinates and summarizes CAC
has regular meetings to publicly review audit results
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- Accreditation: contd Certificates of accreditation are given to
those agencies meeting standards Those with deficiencies may work
to correct them, and apply for reconsideration
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- Accreditation: contd Accreditation lasts for three years -
during this period, agencies submit Annual certification
statements, confirming compliance Progress on completing plans of
action Events which may affect accreditation, and Written responses
to public criticism, notoriety or complaints about agency activity
that suggest a failure to maintain compliance
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- Accreditation: contd More than 1,500 correctional facilities
and programs are involved in accreditation Approximately 80% of all
state correctional agencies and youth services are active
participants, as well as the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and The
private sector in corrections
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- Accreditation: contd CAC standards are not the same as legal
standards, especially constitutional requirements Courts review
prison conditions to see whether constitutional standards are met
If constitutional standards have not been established, the court
can then address that particular constitutional provision and how
it should be applied in a prison situation
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- Accreditation: contd Professional standards, by contrast, are
based on commonly accepted levels of performance in every area of
prison management and operation They are not tied to specific
constitutional language Professional standards must never fall
below the court standards In most areas, professional standards go
beyond court requirements
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- Accreditation: contd Professional standards do have benefits:
If done right, will incorporate at least the minimums set by court
rulings Can assist in convincing a court that the particular
program or activity is run professionally The courts have
frequently looked at the standards in order to learn the current
expectations for managing particular areas of corrections
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- Accreditation: contd Less frequently, courts will incorporate
these professional standards as guidance for what the courts will
require Or will adopt ACA standards as part of a court order or
consent decree to correct specific violations after the court has
found certain conditions or programs to be independently deficient
under legal standards of review