Post on 11-Apr-2015
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Although the performance of single processors has been steadily
increasing over the years, the only way to build the next generation teraflop
architecture supercomputers seems to be through parallel processing technology.
Even with today's workstation-class high performance processors exceeding 100
megaflops, thousands of processors are required to build a teraflop architecture
machine. Further, the fastest special purpose vector processors have a few
Gigaflop peak performance, and thus they too need to be utilized in parallel to
achieve Teraflop levels of performance.
In 1987, India decided to launch a national initiative in supercomputing in
the form of a time-bound mission to design, develop and deliver a supercomputer
in the gigaflops range. The major motivation came from delays (political) in getting
a CRAY XMP for weather forecasting. A decision was made to support the
development of indigenous parallel processing technology. The Center for
Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) was set up in August 1988 with 3-
year budget of Rs. 375 million (approximately US$ 12 million).
C-DAC's First Mission was directed to deliver 1000 MFlops parallel
supercomputer (1GF) by 1991. Simultaneously, several other complementary
projects were initiated to develop high-performance parallel computers at the
National Aerospace Laboratory of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR), the Center for Development of Telematics (C-DOT), Advanced Numerical
Research & Analysis Group (ANURAG) of Defense Research and Development
Organization (DRDO) and Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC). India's first
generation parallel computers were delivered starting from 1991.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
PARAPARAPARAPARALLEL PROCESSINGLLEL PROCESSINGLLEL PROCESSINGLLEL PROCESSING
We all know that the silicon based chips are reaching a physical limit in
processing speed, as they are constrained by the speed of electricity, light and
certain thermodynamic laws. A viable solution to overcome this limitation is to
connect multiple processors working in coordination with each other to solve grand
challenge problems. Hence, high performance computing requires the use of
Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) systems containing thousands of power full
CPUs.
Processing of multiple tasks simultaneously on multiple processors is
called Parallel Processing. The parallel program consists of multiple active
processes simultaneously solving a given problem. A given task is divided into
multiple sub tasks using divide-and-conquer technique and each one of them are
processed on different CPUs. Programming on multiprocessor system using
divide-and-conquer technique is called Parallel Processing.
The development of parallel processing is being influenced by many factors. The
prominent among them include the following:
� Computational requirements are ever increasing, both in the area of
scientific and business computing. The technical computing problems, which
require high-speed computational power, are related to life sciences,
aerospace, geographical information systems, mechanical design and
analysis, etc.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
� Sequential architectures reaching physical limitation, as they are constrained
by the speed of light and thermodynamics laws. Speed with which sequential
CPUs can operate is reaching saturation point ( no more vertical growth ),
and hence an alternative way to get high computational speed is to connect
multiple CPUs ( opportunity for horizontal growth ).
� Hardware improvements in pipelining, super scalar, etc, are non scalable
and requires sophisticated compiler technology. Developing such compiler
technology is difficult task.
� Vector processing works well for certain kind of problems. It is suitable for
only scientific problems ( involving lots of matrix operations). It is not useful
to other areas such as database.
� The technology of parallel processing is mature and can be exploited
commercially, there is already significant research and development work on
development tools and environment is achieved.
� Significant development in networking technology is paving a way for
heterogeneous computing.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
PROJECTS IN INDIAPROJECTS IN INDIAPROJECTS IN INDIAPROJECTS IN INDIA
India launched a major initiative in parallel computing in 1988. There are
five or six independent projects to construct parallel processing systems. This was
motivated by the need for advanced computing, a vision of developing its own
technology, and difficulties (political and economic) obtaining commercial
products.
The creation of the Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) and
concurrently other efforts at National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL), Bangalore,
Advanced Numerical Research & Analysis Group (ANURAG), Hyderabad, Bhabha
Atomic Research Center (BARC), Bombay, Center for Development of Telematics
(C-DOT), Bangalore, marked the beginning of high performance computing in
India. Today, India has designed its own high performance computers in the form
of
� PARAM by C-DAC
� ANUPAM by BARC
� PACE by ANURAG
� FLOSOLVER by NAL
� CHIPPS by C-DOT
� MTPPS by BARC
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
PARAM SERIESPARAM SERIESPARAM SERIESPARAM SERIES
First Mission
C-DAC formally launched its first mission in August 1988 to deliver a
1GF parallel machine. This effort started almost from scratch, but came out with its
first 64 node prototype in two years. C-DAC's computers have been name
PARAM, meaning in Sanskrit "Supreme". It also made a nice acronym for a
PARAllel Machine. The programming environment is called PARAS (the mythical
stone which can turn iron into gold by mere touch) which gave a golden touch to
the underlying machine and made the job of programmer or user considerably
easier.
The first PARAMs were based on INMOS Transputers 800/805 as
computing nodes, and the first PARAM models were called PARAM 8000 series
systems. Although the theoretical peak-performance of 256 node PARAM machine
was 1 gigaflops (single node T805 claiming 4.25 MFlops), its sustained
performance in actual application turned out to be between 100 to 200 MFlops.
Early in 1992, it was acknowledged that the basic compute node of
PARAM 8000 was underpowered, and C-DAC decided to integrate i860 into the
PARAM architecture.The objective was to preserve the same application
programming environment and provide straightforward hardware upgradability by
just replacing the compute node boards of PARAM 8000. This resulted in the next
architecture with i860 as a main processor with 4 transputers acting as
communication processors, each with 4 built-in links. The PARAS programming
environment was extended to PARAM 8600 to give an identical user view as in
PARAM 8000; this new system was created during 1992 and 1993. The sustained
performance of 16 node PARAM 8600 was claimed to be in the range of 100-200
MFlops, depending on the application.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
Second Mission PARAM 9000
Both C-DAC and the Indian Government considered that the First
Mission was accomplished and embarked on the Second Mission, to deliver
teraflops range parallel system, capable of addressing grand challenge problems.
This machine, called PARAM 9000 was announced in 1994.
System Architecture:
The multistage interconnect network of PARAM 9000 uses a packet
switching wormhole router as the basic switching element. Each switch is capable
of establishing 32 simultaneous non-blocking connections to provide a sustainable
bandwidth of 320 MBytes/sec. The PARAM 9000 architecture emphasizes
flexibility. It is hoped that as new technologies in processors, memory and
communication links advance and become available, these can be upgraded in the
field. The first system is PARAM 9000SS, which is based on SuperSparc
processors. The complete node is realized using the SuperSparc II processor with
1 MB of external cache, 16 to 128 MB of memory, one to four communication links
and related I/O devices. The current operating speed of the processor is 75 Mhz.
When new MBus modules with higher frequencies become available, they can be
field-upgraded.
Applications on PARAM:
Application kernels are said to have been developed on PARAM in the
areas of computation fluid dynamics, finite element analysis, oil reservoir
modeling, seismic data processing, image processing, remote sensing, medical
imaging, signal processing, radio astronomy, molecular modeling, biotechnology,
quantum molecular dynamics, quantum chemical calculations, semiconductor
physics, composites and special materials, power systems analysis and energy
management, and discrete optimization.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
BARC'S ANUPAMBARC'S ANUPAMBARC'S ANUPAMBARC'S ANUPAM
ANUPAM Pentium Supercomputer placed at BARC
Bhabha Atomic Research Center, founded by Dr Homi Bhabha, is
India's major national center for nuclear science and at the forefront of India's
Atomic Energy Program. Through 1991 and 1992, BARC computer facility
members started interacting with C-DAC to have a high-performance computing
facility. It was estimated that a machine of 200 MFlops of sustained computing
power would be needed to solve their current problems. Because of the
importance of their program, BARC decided to build their own parallel computer.
Initially, Computer Division, BARC, developed ANUPAM 860 series of
supercomputers which used processor boards based on Intel i860
microprocessors as compute nodes. Since 1997, ANUPAM Alpha and ANUPAM
Pentium series of supercomputers are being developed based on industry
standard high-speed network switches and either Alpha Server/Workstations or
Pentium Servers/ PCs as compute nodes. Very high-speed inter-node
communication is provided by one of the high-speed switches like ATM, fast
Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
ANUPAM-860
First ANUPAM-860/4 was developed in December 1991. It made use of
Intel i860 microprocessor @ 40 MHz, based mini computers as master nodes and
4 Intel i860 based processor boards with on-board memory as compute nodes all
in one chassis. Each compute node had a peak speed of 80 Mega Flops. The
overall sustained speed of the system for user jobs was 30 Mega Flops. The
system was later on upgraded to 8 nodes in August 1992 giving a sustained
computational speed of 52 Mega Flops. This involved redesigning of the processor
boards so that 8 slave compute nodes could be accommodated in the same single
860 mini computer multibus-II chassis. The system was further upgraded to 16-
node ANUPAM-860 in November 1992, giving a sustained speed of 110 Mega
Flops. This involved coupling of two 860 mini computer chassis. Subsequently,
ANUPAM 860/32, a 32-node system was developed in February 1994 by
interconnecting 4 mini computers Multibus chassis. The system was further
upgraded to 64 nodes in November 1995 by adding 32 more slave compute nodes
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
which were designed using the latest Intel 860 microprocessor @ 50 MHz and
providing up to 256 MB on board memory. The 64-node ANUPAM-860, gave a
sustained computational speed of 400 Mega Flops, which was equivalent to the
speed of CRAY Y/MP Vector Supercomputer.
ANUPAM-Alpha
First of ANUPAM-Alpha series of supercomputers was developed in July 1997
giving a sustained speed of 1000 Mega Flops on 6 compute nodes. This system
made use of six Alpha servers, based on Alpha 21164 microprocessor @ 400
MHz as node processors and Asynchronous Transmission Mode (ATM) switch
operating at a peak speed of 155 Mbps and sustained speed of 134 Mbps as
interconnecting network. The design of the system differed significantly from the
earlier ANUPAM-860 design. This system used complete servers/ workstations
with memory, disk, other I/O and operating systems as compute nodes instead of
processor boards with only memory as compute nodes in the earlier ANUPAM-860
series of systems. The system was further upgraded to ANUPAM-Alpha/10 in
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
March 1998 by adding 4 compute nodes, thus giving a sustained speed of 1.5
Giga Flops on 10 nodes. ANUPAM-Alpha series of supercomputer can be easily
upgraded to 128 nodes, thus giving a sustained speed of about 50 Giga Flops
using currently available Alpha 21264 microprocessors @ 700 MHz.
ANUPAM-Pentium
The computing speed available on personal computers based on the
latest Pentium Microprocessors have increased to a level almost matching the
speed of workstations based on RISC microprocessors and they also support
large RAM memories required for large compute-bound jobs. Being commodity
items, these personal computers are readily available at much lower prices from
multiple vendors.The development work on ANUPAM-Pentium series of super-
omputers based on Pentium PCs was initiated in January 1998, the main focus of
development being minimization of cost. The first ANUPAM- Pentium II/4 using 4
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
Pentium II PCs operating @ 266 MHz as compute nodes and a fast 100 Mbps
Ethernet switch for interconnection was ready in July 1998. This gave a sustained
speed of 248 MFlops.
Subsequently ANUPAM-Pentium II was expanded in March 1999
to 16 nodes using Pentium II personal computers @ 330 MHz giving a sustained
speed of 1.3 Giga Flops. In April 2000, the system was further upgraded to
Pentium III/16 using 16 Pentium III personal computers @ 550 MHz as compute
nodes and a Gigabit Ethernet switch for interconnection, giving a sustained speed
of 3.5 Giga Flops. ANUPAM Supercomputer developed by BARC is being
continuously upgraded, the latest being an 84-node system based on Pentium-III,
which has demonstrated a sustained speed of 15 giga flops. It is expected that a
sustained speed of 50 giga flops will be reached by the end of the IX Plan.
ANUPAM-Pentium series of supercomputers can be easily upgraded to 128 nodes
for meeting any desired speed requirement up to 25 Giga Flops.
A new super computer that solves computation problems faster
has been developed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).As a result
problems in a range of fields including scientific research and simulation of nuclear
explosions are now amenable to faster solutions. The computer division of BARC
has developed the ANUPAM-PIV 64-node supercomputer with a sustained speed
of 43 GIGA FLOPS (floating point instructions per second). Its works three times
faster than that of last year's version and 1000 times faster than BARC's first 4-
node version of 1991.The ANUPAM-PIV is 30 to 40 times faster than the parallel
computer developed indigenously by other institutes in the country and more than
10 times faster than the fastest supercomputers imported from abroad for various
computing applications. ANUPAM-PIV is designed using Pentium IV personal
computers operating at 1.7 GHz with 256 MB memory each.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
APPLICATIONS
All the three series of supercomputers - ANUPAM-860, ANUPAM-Alpha and
ANUPAM-Pentium - have been extensively used for solving some of the very large
computational problems for BARC. ANUPAM systems have also been used by
many other R&D organizations in the country.
Applications at BARC:
BARC has used ANUPAM series of super-computers for the past ten years for
solving large computational problems in various frontier fields of science and
engineering. Some of the major applications implemented on ANUPAM super-
computers are as follows: -
� Molecular Dynamics Simulation : This simulation is carried out by setting up
a box consisting of a number of particles. Then, assuming certain starting
values of positions and velocities of atoms, the equations of motion are
solved iteratively with a small time step, with the new iteration utilizing the
results of the previous cycle. The parallelization is done on calculating the
net forces on the atom at each time step and the values of atomic
coordinates are passed between processors for each iteration.
� Neutron Transport Calculations : This problem involves solving of neutron
transport problems, involving complicated geometry and large flux gradients
using Monte Carlo method. A large amount of computations is needed for
reducing uncertainties associated with this method
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
� Gamma Ray Simulation by Monte Carlo Method: This simulates the
development of the electromagnetic cascade, initiated by Cosmic Gamma
ray, in the earth’s atmosphere. This simulation enables one to device and
tune the performance of the detector for the detection of Cosmic Gamma
Rays from extra-terrestrial source.
� Crystal Structure Analysis : In this problem, computations are required for
the processing and analysis of huge experimental data, optimising
thousands of structural parameters and visualisation of 3 dimensional
structures of biological macromolecule like Proteins. It has been parallelized
using data domain partitioning technique. Data partitions are totally
independent leading to very little inter process message passing.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
� Laser-Atom Interaction Computation : Computation of intense field Laser-
Atom interaction is a very complex problem. In recent years, there is an
intense activity in the direct solutions of Schrodinger equation (SE) involving
time dependent (TD) interactions. This necessitates high performance
computing solutions. This program has been successfully on ANUPAM
parallel system.
� Three Dimensional Electromagnetic Plasma Simulation : This simulation
demands high performance computers and are used for studying plasmas of
various types such as those occurring in high power microwave cavities, and
in earth’s magnetic sphere. Parallelization has considerably reduced the time
taken to analyze and display various time frames of electromagnetic plasma.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
Applications in Outside Organizations
� Weather Forecasting at National Centre for Medium Range Weather
Forecasting (NCMRWF), Delhi : Dual CRAY X/MP Supercomputer,
procured in 1988, was being used for Medium Range Weather Forecasting
at NCMRWF, Delhi. The search for the replacement of this supercomputer
was started by Department of Science and Technology in 1994.
So far, out of all the indigenously developed supercomputers, only
ANUPAM-Alpha with (1+4) one master and four slave node configuration,
has been able to meet both the conditions of matching accuracy and
execution time on CRAY. An ANUPAM-Alpha system was fully
commissioned at NCMRWF, Delhi, in December 1999, thus providing a
solution to a long-standing problem of finding an alternative to obsolete Dual
CRAY X/MP supercomputer.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
� Computational Fluid Dynamics, Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA),
Solving Computational Fluid Dynamics problem for studying airflow through
air-intake ducts of an aircraft is one of the very large computational problem
demanding huge amount of computations. This problem became one of the
major challenges to the indigenously developed supercomputers. this
challenging problem was solved using the ANUPAM-860 system for a
dedicated period of 2-3 months. Recently ADA had another problem of
Computational Fluid Dynamics involving 4 million grid points. This problem
could not even be loaded on any of the supercomputers available in the
country. It was implemented on a 16-node ANUPAM-Pentium II developed
last year using 16 Pentium-II PCs with 760 MB memory each.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
ANURAG'S PACE
The Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis group (ANURAG) is
located in Hyderabad. It is a recently created Laboratory of the Defense Research
Development Organization (DRDO) focused on R&D in parallel computing, VLSIs,
and applications of High Performance Computing in CFD, medical imaging, and
other areas. ANURAG has developed PACE, a loosely-coupled, message-
passing parallel processing system. PACE is an acronym for Processor for
Aerodynamic Computations and Evaluation. ANURAG's PACE program began in
August 1988.
The initial prototypes of PACE were based on the Motorola MC 68020
processor. The first prototype had 4 nodes (16.67 MHz). Later, an 8-node
prototype based on MC 68030 processor (25 MHz) was developed. This 8-node
Cluster forms the backbone of the PACE architecture. The 128 node prototype is
based on the MC 68030 processor (33 MHz). The latest offering of PACE is called
PACE+ and is based on the HyperSPARC node running at 66 MHz. The memory
per node is expandable up to 256 MB.
The PACE 128 system based on the Motorola 68030 processor and
MC 68882 co-processor delivered over 30 MFlops for large problems. The speed
per processor node was 0.33 MFlops. Later, this was enhanced to 0.75 MFlops
per node. With the SPARC II processors, the speed is 4.5 MFlops per node. The
latest SPARC processors should offer higher performance. The 128 node
configuration is supposed to provide a Linpack (1000x1000) rating of 375 MFlops
(single precision).
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
NAL'S FLOSOLVER
The National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) located at Bangalore is
a major national laboratory of the Council for Scientific & Industrial Research of the
Govt. of India. In 1986, NAL started a project to design, develop and fabricate
suitable parallel processing systems to solve fluid dynamics and aerodynamics
problems. The project was motivated by the need for a powerful computer in the
laboratory and was influenced by similar developments internationally.
NAL's parallel computer is called Flosolver, and was the first Indian
parallel computer to become operational (1986). Since then, a series of updated
versions have been built, which include Flosolver Mk1 and Mk1A, which were four
processor systems based on 16-bit Intel 8086/8087 processors, Flosolver Mk1B,
an eight processor system in this series, Flosolver Mk2, based on 32-bit Intel
80386/80387 processors and the latest version, Flosolver Mk3, based on the RISC
processor i860 from Intel.
The application of NAL's Flosolver is dominantly focused on the
weather forecasting code T80 under a project from the Department of Science and
Technology of the Govt. of India. Flosolver has also been used by the scientists of
NAL for solving their computational fluid dynamics problems.The current system is
used to compute aerodynamic loads on aircraft wing-body combinations and in
light combat aircraft design.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
C-DOT'S CHIPPS
The Center for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) was launched
by the Government of India as a mission project to develop indigenous Digital
Switching technology. In February 1988, a development contract was signed by
the Department of Science and Technology and C-DOT under which C-DOT was
to design and build a 640 Mflops, 1000 MIPS peak parallel computer. C-DOT set a
target of 200 MFlops for sustained performance.
The CHIPPS, C-DOT's High Performance Parallel Processing
System is based on the single algorithm multiple data architecture. Such an
architecture provides coarse grain parallelism with barrier synchronization. The
CHIPPS is designed to support large, medium and small applications. The range
includes a large 192-node machine, a 64-node machine and a compact 16-node
machine.
The CHIPPS was originally designed primarily for weather
forecasting and radio astronomy applications. One notable application of CHIPPS
has been at the National Center for Radio Astrophysics in Pune in their search for
pulsars using a 64 node system. In similar high compute intensive applications
CHIPPS is reported to have achieved a speed up of 8-10 relative to a SUN
SPARC II.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
BARC’S MTPPS
MTPPS (Multi Transputer Parallel Processing System) is a 16 node
T800 transputer based system designed and built by the Electronics Division of
the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (this is a clear example of the friendly
competition in the field of parallel processing in India!! ANUPAM is the other
product of BARC). MTPPS is intended to be extensively used in the design of
large detector nuclear acquisition systems in nuclear power plants. However
concludes that with its modest performance of about 6 MFLOPs, the applications
that could be run on MTPPS will probably be limited.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
PAR ANU PACE FLO MTT
Megaflops
6000
43000 375 50 6
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
CONCLUSION
India has made significant strides in developing high-
performance parallel computers. The technological developments in parallel
computing in India have been considerable. They show that the general evolution
of society in India is at such a stage that if appropriate financial resources are
available, computer systems can be designed and built around available
microprocessor chips along with systems software, and many application
packages can be ported onto these machines using message passing
architecture. The fact that nearly half a dozen such efforts in varied organizations
and cities have borne fruit suggests that there is no shortage of leadership,
technical and organizational skills. Furthermore these successes have not only
enhanced self-confidence of concerned groups and organizations but also help
relieve some bottlenecks in scientific research and technological development.
India is now capable, with enough funding and effort, to develop its own teraflops
supercomputers, perhaps in the next few years.
PARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIAPARALLEL COMPUTING IN INDIA
BIBLIOGRAPHY
� www.barc.ernet.in � www.dae.gov.in
� www.cs.mu.oz.au
� www.cs.arizona.edu