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Papal StatesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
States of the Church
Stato della ChiesaStatus Pontificius
7541870Interregnums (1798
1799,1809-1814an
1849!
Flag in 1870Coat of arms until 19th
century
"nthem
Noi vogliam Dio, Vergine Maria( 18!7"(#talian"
$We %ant &od, 'irgin ary$
Marcia trionfale(18!71870"
(#talian"
$&reat )riumphal arch$
)he *apal +tates in 181! after theapoleonic Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#before-afterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church#Papal_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church#Papal_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#before-afterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_Seehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_Seehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noi_vogliam_Dio,_Vergine_Mariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noi_vogliam_Dio,_Vergine_Mariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_trionfale_(Hallmayer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_trionfale_(Hallmayer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papal_States_1815.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoA_Pontifical_States_02.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Papal_States_%281825-1870%29.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church#Papal_stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#before-afterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_Cityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_Seehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_Seehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noi_vogliam_Dio,_Vergine_Mariahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_trionfale_(Hallmayer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#before-after7/25/2019 Papal States
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ap of the *apal +tates (green" in 1700,
including its e-cla.es of /ene.entoand
*ontecor.oin +outhern #taly, and theComtat
'enaissinand .ignonin +outhern France
Cap#tal 2ome
$anguages 3atin, #talian, 4ccitan%el#g#on 2oman Catholic
&o'ernment)heocratica5solute
electi.e monarchy
Pope
6 7!7!7 +tephen ##(first"
6 181870 *ius #(last"
Car#nal Secretar
of State
6 1!!11!!!&irolamo :andini
(first"
6 1881870&iacomo ntonelli(last"
Pr#me )#n#ster
6 188 &a5riele Ferretti(first"
6 188&iuseppe &alletti(last"
*#stor
6 ;sta5lishment 7!
6 Codification 781
6)reaty of 'enice(#ndependence
from the
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(until 18"
*apal +tates lira(181870"
Precee + Succeee +
/y?antine
;mpire@ingdom of #taly
(medie.al"
2oman 2epu5lic
(18th century"
First French
;mpire
2oman 2epu5lic
(19th century"
@ingdom of #taly
(apoleonic"
2oman
2epu5lic(18th
century"
First French
;mpire
2oman
2epu5lic
(19th
century"
@ingdom of
#taly*risoner in
the 'atican
oa part of
France
#taly
'atican City
)he Papal States%ere territories in the#talian *eninsulaunder the so.ereign direct rule of
thepope, from the 8th century until 1870 )hey %ere among the maAor states of #talyfrom
roughly the 8th century until the #talian *eninsula %as unified in 181 5y the @ingdom of
*iedmontB+ardinia t their ?enith, they co.ered most of the modern #talian regions of 3a?io
(%hich includes 2ome", arche,m5riaand2omagna, and portions of ;milia)heseholdings %ere considered to 5e a manifestation of thetemporal po%er of the pope,as opposed
to his ecclesiastical primacy
/y 181, much of the *apal +tatesD territory had 5een conEuered 5y the @ingdom of #taly
4nly 3a?io, including 2ome, remained under the *opeDs temporal control #n 1870, the pope
lost 3a?io and 2ome and had no physical territory at all, not e.en the 'atican #talianFascist
leader /enito ussolinisol.ed the crisis 5et%een unified #taly and the 'atican5y signing the
3ateran )reatygranting the 'atican City +tateso.ereignty
Contents
1 ame
> 4rigins
:onation of *epin
2elationship %ith the
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o ! French 2e.olution and apoleonic era
o ! #talian nationalism and the end of the *apal +tates
2egional go.ernors
7 *apal army
8 +ee also
9 2eferences
10 +ources
11 ;-ternal links
ame
)he *apal +tates %ere also kno%n as the PapalState(although the plural is usually preferred,
the singular is eEually correct as the polity %as more than a mere personal union" )he
territories %ere also referred to .ariously as the State(s! of the Church, the Pont#f#cal
States, the .ccles#ast#cal States, or the %oman States(#talianG Stato Pontificio, also Stato
della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa, Stati Pontifici, and Stato EcclesiasticoH3atinG Status
Pontificius, alsoDicio Pontificia"I1J
/r#g#ns
ain articlesG :uchy of 2omeand *atrimonium +ancti *etri
For its first 00 years the Catholic Church%as persecuted and unrecogni?ed, una5le to hold
or transfer propertyI>J;arly congregations met in rooms set aside for that purpose in the
homes of %ellBtoBdo indi.iduals, and a num5er of early churches, kno%n as titular churches
and located on the outskirts of ncient 2ome, %ere held as property 5y indi.iduals, rather
than 5y the Church itself )his system 5egan to change during the reign of the emperor
Constantine #,%ho made Christianity legal %ithin the 2oman ;mpireI>J)he 3ateran *alace
%as the first significant donation to the Church, most pro5a5ly a gift from Constantine
himselfI>J
4ther donations follo%ed, primarily in mainland #taly 5ut also in the pro.inces of the 2oman;mpire /ut the Church held all of these lands as a pri.ate lando%ner, not as a so.ereign
entity When in the !th century the #talian peninsula passed under the control of4doacerand,
later, the4strogoths, the church organi?ation in #taly, %ith thepopeat its head, su5mitted to
their so.ereign authority %hile asserting their spiritual primacy o.er the %hole ChurchIcitation
neededJ
)he seeds of the *apal +tates as a so.ereign political entity %ere planted in the th century
)he /y?antine ;mpire5ased in Constantinoplelaunched areconEuestof #taly that took
decades and de.astated #talyDs political and economic structures Kust as these %ars %ound
do%n, the 3om5ardsentered the peninsula from the north and conEuered much of the
countryside /y the 7th century, /y?antine authority %as largely limited to a diagonal 5and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_nationalism_and_the_end_of_the_Papal_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Regional_governorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Papal_armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Sourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-mitchell368-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrimonium_Sancti_Petrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Greathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Greathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#Reconquest_of_the_western_provinceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#Reconquest_of_the_western_provinceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Italian_nationalism_and_the_end_of_the_Papal_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Regional_governorshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Papal_armyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#See_alsohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#Sourceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#External_linkshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-mitchell368-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrimonium_Sancti_Petrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churches_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Greathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-schnurer-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogothshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire#Reconquest_of_the_western_provinceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards7/25/2019 Papal States
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running roughly from 2a.enna, %here the ;mperorDs representati.e, or ;-arch, %as located,
to 2ome and south to aples (the $2omeB2a.enna corridor$IJIJI!J", plus coastal encla.esIJ
With effecti.e /y?antine po%er %eighted at the northeast end of this territory, the pope, as
the largest lando%ner and most prestigious figure in #taly, 5egan 5y default to take on much
of the ruling authority that /y?antines %ere una5le to proAect to the area around the city of2omeIcitation neededJWhile the popes remained /y?antine su5Aects, in practice the:uchy of
2ome, an area roughly eEui.alent tomodernBday 3atium,5ecame an independent state ruled
5y the popeI7J
)he ChurchDs independence, com5ined %ith popular support for the papacy in #taly, ena5led
.arious popes to defy the %ill of the /y?antine emperorH *ope ®ory ##e.en
e-communicated;mperor 3eo ###during the#conoclastic Contro.ersyIcitation neededJ
e.ertheless, the pope and the e-arch still %orked together to control the rising po%er of the
3om5ards in #taly s /y?antine po%er %eakened, though, the papacy took an e.er larger role
in defending 2ome from the 3om5ards, usually throughdiplomacyIcitation neededJ#n practice, the
papal efforts ser.ed to focus 3om5ard aggrandi?ement on the e-arch and 2a.enna climactic moment in the founding of the *apal +tates %as the agreement o.er 5oundaries
em5odied in the 3om5ardking 3iutprandDsDonation of Sutri(7>8" to *ope ®ory ##I8J
onat#on of Pep#n
ain articleG :onation of *epin
)he Luirinal *alace, papal residence and home to the ci.il offices of the *apal +tates from
the 2enaissanceuntil their anne-ation
When the ;-archate of 2a.ennafinally fell to the 3om5ards in 7!1,I9Jthe :uchy of 2ome
%as completely cut off from the /y?antine ;mpire, of %hich it %as theoretically still a part
)he popes rene%ed earlier attempts to secure the support of the Franks #n 7!1,*ope Macharyhad *epin the Noungercro%ned king in place of the po%erless ero.ingianfigurehead king
Childeric ### MacharyDs successor, *ope +tephen ##, later granted *epin the titlePatricianof
the Romans *epin led a Frankish army into #taly in 7! and 7! *epin defeated the
3om5ards taking control of northern #taly and made a gift (called the :onation of *epin"
of the properties formerly constituting the ;-archate of 2a.enna to the pope
#n 781, Charlemagnecodified the regions o.er %hich the pope %ould 5e temporal so.ereignG
the :uchy of 2ome %as key, 5ut the territory %as e-panded to include 2a.enna, the :uchy
of the *entapolis, parts of the :uchy of /ene.ento, )uscany,Corsica, 3om5ardyand a
num5er of #talian cities )he cooperation 5et%een the papacy and the Carolingian dynasty
clima-ed in 800, %hen *ope 3eo ###cro%ned Charlemagne ;mperor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997378-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997378-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laziohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laziohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laziohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz20041060-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclastic_Controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclastic_Controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liutprand_the_Lombardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Sutrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinal_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz2004324-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz2004324-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zacharyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zacharyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childeric_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagnehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Beneventohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RomaPalazzoQuirinale.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarch_of_Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1997378-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Romehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laziohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz20041060-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclastic_Controversyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liutprand_the_Lombardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Sutrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinal_Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinhenz2004324-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Empirehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zacharyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Shorthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childeric_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagnehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_the_Pentapolishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Beneventohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_III7/25/2019 Papal States
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%elat#onsh#p #th the *ol %oman .mp#re
*art ofa ser#eson the
*#stor of 2at#can C#t
*#stor of the papac
:uchy of 2ome !7!1
:onation of *epin 7!0s
Papal States 7!1870
Capture of 2ome 1870
$*risoner in the 'atican$ 187019>9
3ateran )reaty 19>9
'atican City 19>9present
2at#can C#t portal
Cathol#c#sm portal
.
t
e
)he precise nature of the relationship 5et%een the popes and emperors and 5et%een the
*apal +tates and the ;mpire is disputed #t %as unclear %hether the *apal +tates %ere a
separate realm %ith the pope as their so.ereign ruler, merely a part of the Frankish ;mpire
o.er %hich the popes had administrati.e control, as suggested in the late 9th century treatise
Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma, or %hether the
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#n practice, the popes %ere una5le to e-ercise effecti.e so.ereignty o.er the e-tensi.e and
mountainous territories of the *apal +tates, and the region preser.ed its old system of
go.ernment, %ith many small countships and marEuisates, each centred upon a fortified
rocca
4.er se.eral campaigns in the midB10th century, the &erman ruler4tto #conEuered northern#talyH *ope Kohn ##cro%ned him emperor (the first so cro%ned in more than forty years" and
the t%o of them ratified the :iploma 4ttonianum,5y %hich the emperor 5ecame the
guarantor of the independence of the *apal +tatesI11JNet o.er the ne-t t%o centuries, popes
and emperors sEua55led o.er a .ariety of issues, and the &erman rulers routinely treated the
*apal +tates as part of their realms on those occasions %hen they proAected po%er into #taly
s the ®orian 2eform%orked to free the administration of the church from imperial
interference, the independence of the *apal +tates increased in importance fter the
e-tinction of the
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5y supporters of the Colonna familyI>>J)o many, rather than an ancient 2oman tri5une
re5orn, he had 5ecome Aust another tyrant using the rhetoric of 2oman rene%al and re5irth to
mask his gra5 for po%erI>>Js *rof &uido 2uggierostates, $e.en %ith the support of
*etrarch, his return to first times and the re5irth of ancient 2ome %as one that %ould not
pre.ail$I>>J
)he 2ien?o episode engendered rene%ed attempts from the a5sentee papacy to reBesta5lish
order in the dissol.ing *apal +tates, resulting in the military progress ofCardinal ;gidio
l5orno?, %ho %as appointed papal legate, and his condottieriheading a small mercenary
army J
!ntichristus(1!>1" 5y 3ucas Cranach the ;lderis a %oodcut of the *apal +tates at %ar
during the 2enaissance
%ena#ssance
:uring the 2enaissance, the papal territory e-panded greatly, nota5ly under the popes
le-ander '#and Kulius ## )he pope 5ecame one of #talyDs most important secular rulers as
%ell as the head of the Church, signing treaties %ith other so.ereigns and fighting %ars #n
practice, though, most of the *apal +tates %as still only nominally controlled 5y the pope, and
much of the territory %as ruled 5y minor princes Control %as al%ays contestedH indeed it
took until the 1th century for the pope to ha.e any genuine control o.er all his territories
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Ruggierohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornozhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornozhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornozhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottierihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop_of_Milan)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop_of_Milan)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Vicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeotto_Malatestahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordelaffihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montefeltrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senigalliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anconahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Manfredihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Manfredihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_II_Ordelaffihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_II_Ordelaffihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutiones_Sanct%C3%A6_Matris_Ecclesi%C3%A6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_Vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatanabe201319-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PapalPolitics.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Ruggierohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuggiero2014227-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornozhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_%C3%81lvarez_Carrillo_de_Albornozhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottierihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop_of_Milan)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_di_Vicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeotto_Malatestahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordelaffihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montefeltrohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senigalliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anconahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Manfredihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_II_Ordelaffihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutiones_Sanct%C3%A6_Matris_Ecclesi%C3%A6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_Vhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatanabe201319-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_II7/25/2019 Papal States
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*apal responsi5ilities %ere often (as in the early 1th century" in conflict )he *apal +tates
%ere in.ol.ed in at least %ars in the first > decades I>J*ope Kulius ##, the $Warrior *ope$,
fought on their 5ehalf
)he 2eformation5egan in 1!17 /efore the the state of the church
anne-ed *arma and *iacen?a, %hich in 1!! 5ecame an independent ducate under an
illegitimate son of *ope *aul ### )his process culminated in the reclaiming of the :uchy of
Ferrarain 1!98,I>7JI>8Jand the :uchy of r5inoin 11I>9J
t its greatest e-tent, in the 18th century, the *apal +tates included most of Central #taly Q3atium, m5ria,archeand the 3egationsof 2a.enna,Ferraraand /olognae-tending north
into the 2omagna #t also included the small encla.es of /ene.entoand *ontecor.oin
southern #taly and the larger Comtat 'enaissinaround.ignonin southern France
3rench %e'olut#on an apoleon#c era
ap of the #talian *eninsula in 179, sho%ing the *apal +tates 5efore theapoleonic %ars
changed the face of the peninsula
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-Durant1-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-Durant1-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-Durant2-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2008134-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomenico200285-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomenico200285-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200440-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200440-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Legationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Legationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romagnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneventohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontecorvohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italy_1796.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Julius_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-Durant1-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-Durant2-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanlon2008134-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomenico200285-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbinohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross200440-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Legationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravennahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrarahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolognahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romagnahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beneventohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontecorvohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comtat_Venaissinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_wars7/25/2019 Papal States
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)he French 2e.olutionpro.ed as disastrous for the temporal territories of the *apacy as it
%as for the 2oman Church in general #n 1791 theComtat 'enaissinand .ignon %ere
anne-ed 5y FranceI0J3ater, %ith the French in.asion of #taly in 179, the 3egations (the
*apal +tatesD northern territoriesI0J" %ere sei?ed and 5ecame part of the Cisalpine 2epu5licI0J
)%o years later, the *apal +tates as a %hole %ere in.aded 5y French forces, %ho declared a2oman 2epu5licI0J*ope *ius '#fled to +iena, and died in e-ile in 'alence (France" in 1799I0J)he *apal +tates %ere restored in Kune 1800 and *ope *ius '##took up residency once
again, 5ut the French underapoleonagain in.aded in 1808, and this time the remainder of
the +tates of the Church %ere anne-ed to France,I0Jforming thed"partementsof #ibreand
#rasim$ne
With the fall of the apoleonic system in 181, the *apal +tates %ere restored once more I0J
From 181 until the death of *ope ®ory '#in 18, the popes follo%ed a reactionary
policy in the *apal +tates For instance, the city of 2ome maintained the last Ke%ish ghettoin
Western ;urope )here %ere hopes that this %ould change %hen *ope *ius #%as elected to
succeed ®ory and 5egan to introduce li5eral reforms
Ital#an nat#onal#sm an the en of the Papal States
ain articleG *apal +tates under *ope *ius #
#talian nationalismhad 5een stoked during the apoleonic period 5ut dashed 5y the
settlement of the Congress of 'ienna(1811!", %hich sought to restore the preBapoleonic
conditionsG most of northern #taly %as under the rule of Aunior 5ranches of the
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)he /reach of *orta *ia, on the right, in 1870
)he *apal +tates, 1801870
unified @ingdom of #taly%as declared and in arch 181, the first #talian parliament,
%hich met in )urin, the old capital of *iedmont, declared 2ome the capital of the ne%
@ingdom
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maintained a num5er of features pertaining to so.ereignty, such as diplomatic relations, since
in canon la% these %ere inherent in the papacy #n the 19>0s, the papacy then under *ius #
Qrenounced the 5ulk of the *apal +tates and the 3ateran )reaty%ith#taly(then ruled 5y the
ational Fascist *artyunder /enito ussoliniIJ" %as signed on Fe5ruary 11 19>9,IJ
creating the +tate of the 'atican City, forming the so.ereign territory of the