PA-31 Procedures Trainer

Document: MAP810_IH_100322 26 March 2010 - Version 1.0 A Page 1 of 100

www.montrealaeroplus.com

MAP810

Instructors Handbook

This simulator has been constructed by integrating a number of electronic parts from various

manufacturers whose manuals have been integrated into this manual as part of a two part

manual set.

Instructors Handbook – Document MAP810_IH_100322

Maintenance Manual – Document MAP810_MM_100322

For additional bound copies please contact support@montrealaeroplus.com

Please report any errors in this manual to support@montrealaeroplus.com

This manual includes extracts from the following purchased products:

1) X-Plane operating instructions that can be found in their entirety on Computer #1 in

directory C;\X-Plane 9.00\Instructions.

2) Simkits Radio Stack Controller and Radio information has been extracted from the

Simkits documentation available from the simkits website at the URL:

http://www.simkits.com/brochures.php

3) Garmin GNS 430 and GPS 296 Manuals to be placed in Appendix 5 thro 7 in this

manual have been downloaded from the Gamin website www.garmin.com

Document Changes:

Date Rev Change Description

25 March 2010 1.0 Original Release

26 March 2010 1.0A Additional corrections from PH Comments

Contents:

Known Deficiencies........................................................................................................................ 8

Section 1 – MAP810F Overview.................................................................................................... 9

Section 2 – MAP810F Major Components................................................................................... 10

Section 3 - Simulator Start Up , Shut Down Procedures .............................................................. 13

Simulator Start Up Procedure ................................................................................................... 13

Shut down Procedure ................................................................................................................ 14

Section 4 – Simulator Operation................................................................................................... 15

Section 5 - Instructor station operation......................................................................................... 16 Top of Page .......................................................................................................................16

Local Maps ........................................................................................................................16

IOS: ...................................................................................................................................17

EDIT: .................................................................................................................................17

REPLAY:............................................................................................................................17

SLOPE:..............................................................................................................................17

INST: .................................................................................................................................18

3D: .....................................................................................................................................18

Top Right Controls .............................................................................................................18

Bottom right Controls .........................................................................................................18

Load Airport ............................................................................................................................. 19 Load Aircraft ......................................................................................................................19

Load Situation....................................................................................................................20

Save Situation....................................................................................................................20

Load Replay.......................................................................................................................21

Save Replay ......................................................................................................................21

Set Time ............................................................................................................................22

Set Weather.......................................................................................................................23

Quick Tune Buttons ...........................................................................................................23

Sliders :..............................................................................................................................24

Weight Balance and Fuel ...................................................................................................27

Fail Equipment...................................................................................................................28

Pause ................................................................................................................................43

Freeze Location .................................................................................................................43

Double Speed Track ..........................................................................................................43

Quadruple Speed Track .....................................................................................................43

Reset path .........................................................................................................................43

Quit All ...............................................................................................................................43

Shut Down All ....................................................................................................................43

“X” at Top of Page..............................................................................................................43

Section 6 – Cockpit Controls, Switches, Indicators and Gauges.................................................. 44

Clock......................................................................................................................................... 45

Flight Instruments and Auto Pilot Indicator ............................................................................. 45

Whiskey Compass..................................................................................................................... 45

GPS's......................................................................................................................................... 46

GNS 430 ................................................................................................................................... 46

GPS 296 .................................................................................................................................... 47

Radios ....................................................................................................................................... 48

Engine Instruments ................................................................................................................... 48

Annunciators ............................................................................................................................. 48

Ammeter ................................................................................................................................... 49

Fuel Quantity Gauges ............................................................................................................... 49

Vacuum Gauge ......................................................................................................................... 49

Fuel Pressure Gauge ................................................................................................................. 50

Engine Temp and Press Gauge ................................................................................................. 50

Flaps Control and Indicator ...................................................................................................... 50

Hobbs Meter ............................................................................................................................. 50

Key Switch................................................................................................................................ 50

Engine Controls ........................................................................................................................ 51

Autopilot Panel ......................................................................................................................... 51

Trim Controls............................................................................................................................ 52

Cowl Flaps Controls and Indicators.......................................................................................... 52

Fuel Panel ................................................................................................................................. 53

Emergency Landing Gear Pump............................................................................................... 53

Miscellaneous Switches ............................................................................................................ 56

Landing Gear Lever and Indicators .......................................................................................... 56

Avionics Switch........................................................................................................................ 56

Parking Brake ........................................................................................................................... 57

Trim On/ Off ............................................................................................................................. 57

Circuit Breakers ........................................................................................................................ 57

Engine Start Panel..................................................................................................................... 57

Exterior Light Switches ............................................................................................................ 57

Yoke Switches .......................................................................................................................... 57

Panel Light Dimmer.................................................................................................................. 57

Intercom Volume ...................................................................................................................... 58

Intercom Sockets....................................................................................................................... 58

Anti Icing Controls ................................................................................................................... 58

Section 4 – Simulator Abnormal Operation.................................................................................. 59

Appendix 1 - MAP810F Radios Description................................................................................ 62

Simulated KMA 28 Audio Panel .............................................................................................. 63 Operation...........................................................................................................................64

NAV Receiver ....................................................................................................................66

Simulated KN 62A/KN 64 TSO’d Digital DMEs .................................................................... 67 Operation...........................................................................................................................67

Distance/Groundspeed/TTS GS/T Mode............................................................................68

Distance/Groundspeed/TTS RMT Mode. ...........................................................................68

Prior to Lock On. ................................................................................................................68

Operational Notes ..............................................................................................................69

Simulated KR 87 ADF System................................................................................................. 70 Operation...........................................................................................................................70

Frequency Selection ..........................................................................................................70

Operating Modes ...............................................................................................................70

Operating the Timers .........................................................................................................71

Simulated KT 76C Panel-Mounted Transponder ..................................................................... 72 General..............................................................................................................................72

Operating the KT 76C ........................................................................................................72

Altitude Display ..................................................................................................................72

CLR Button ........................................................................................................................73

VFR Button ........................................................................................................................73

Reply Indicator ...................................................................................................................73

Important Codes ................................................................................................................73

Appendix 2 - X-Plane’s Menus..................................................................................................... 74

The About Menu....................................................................................................................... 75 About X-Plane....................................................................................................................75

Versions & Updates ...........................................................................................................75

Instructions ........................................................................................................................75

Artificial Intelligence (AI).....................................................................................................76

File Menu.................................................................................................................................. 76 Save/Load Situation...........................................................................................................76

Save/Load Situation Movie ................................................................................................76

Make QuickTime Movie Specs...........................................................................................77

Load Flight Data Recorder File ..........................................................................................77

Take Screen Shots ............................................................................................................78

Toggle Movie .....................................................................................................................78

Quit ....................................................................................................................................78

Aircraft Menu ........................................................................................................................... 79 Open Aircraft......................................................................................................................79

Open Livery .......................................................................................................................79

Weight & Fuel ....................................................................................................................79

Equipment and Failures .....................................................................................................79

Aircraft & Situations ...........................................................................................................79

Show Mouse-Click Regions / Instrument Descriptions .......................................................79

Toggle Puff Smoke ............................................................................................................79

Cycle 3-D Flight-Path.........................................................................................................79

Reset 3-D Flight-path.........................................................................................................80

Logbook.............................................................................................................................80

Location Menu.......................................................................................................................... 81 Select Global Airport ..........................................................................................................81

Local Maps ........................................................................................................................82

Environment Menu ................................................................................................................... 83 Weather .............................................................................................................................83

Date and Time ...................................................................................................................83

Settings Menu ........................................................................................................................... 84 Data Input & Output ...........................................................................................................84

Network Connections.........................................................................................................87

Joystick & Equipment.........................................................................................................89

Sound ................................................................................................................................89

Quick Flight Setup..............................................................................................................90

Operations & Warnings......................................................................................................90

View Menu ............................................................................................................................... 92 Special Menu .....................................................................................................................93

Plug-in Admin........................................................................................................................... 94

Appendix 3 - Aircraft Baseline ..................................................................................................... 95

Baseline General Cockpit Arrangement ................................................................................... 95

Baseline Flight Instrument Arrangement.................................................................................. 96

Baseline Autopilot Indicator Panel ........................................................................................... 96

Appendix 4 – Garmin GNS 430 Quick Reference Guide............................................................. 97

Appendix 5 – Garmin GNS 430 Pilot Manual.............................................................................. 98

Appendix 6 – Garmin GPS 296 Quick reference Guide............................................................... 99

Appendix 7 – Garmin GPS 296 Pilot Manual ............................................................................ 100

Known Deficiencies

1 – Autopilot Test does illuminate Auto Pilot indicators for 5 seconds during test.

2 – GNS 430 and Flight director/ Auto Pilot steering commands do not navigate aircraft to

selected destination or way point. Work Around – Using heading mode in auto pilot.

3 – HIS Heading bug indicates North during movement.

4 – HIS Course indicates North during movement.

5 – Parking Brake Logic not quite the same as the Aircraft.

6- EGT Read approx 150 degrees higher than aircraft temperatures.

7 – Ammeter reading Battery charge versus Generator Charge.

8 – Vacuum Meter only reading Left Engine Vacuum Pressure.

9 – Fuel Panel Cross Over does not function like aircraft

Section 1 – MAP810F Overview

The MAP810 is a conversion of the ATC810 Procedures Trainer that was developed in the early

1980s – more than a thousand of them were delivered and many are still in operation. The

changes to the ATC810 are to replace aging components and systems, and to bring it nearer in

layout and function to the PA-31 operated by Frontier Flying. The following list identifies the

most significant changes:

• Replacement of the hybrid analog and digital Motorola 68000 based control system with

a powerful X-Plane flight model based on blade element theory running on Powerful

Personal Computers with High Performance Graphics Cards. The flight characteristics

are tuneable to provide accurate flight characteristics.

• Addition of 150º visuals to permit training of visual navigation and approaches and

display of the Navajo Propellers.

• Replacement of the analog “6-Pack”flying instruments by an LCD panel to allow more

realistic presentation and adjustments.

• Addition of functional GPS’ for procedural practice.

• Enhanced Radio panel more closely replicates the A/c

• Addition of an Autopilot panel and relocation of the Cowl Flaps Panel to the power

quadrant to allow realistic practice of their use.

• Addition of Autopilot disconnects on the controls, and pitch trim driven by the Autopilot.

• Retention of the analog engine instruments (now driven by X-Plane through digital-to-

analog converters) with their relocation to be nearer the Navajo a/c layout.

• More realistic sound.

• Addition of an Instructor station to control training scenario including failures, weather,

Time of day and the ability to save training scenarios.

Several items are retained either because they were already sufficiently realistic or have

minimal negative effect on training:

• The control column is retained as it is already modelled on the Navajo Aircraft.

• The rudder system is retained to provide valuable cues during an engine failure on the

twin Navajo model.

• Flaps remain as a slider but a flap position indicator has been provided along with the

Flap warning push to test switch.

• The fuel controls sufficiently represent the a/c and were retained.

• The width of the trainer had to be increased to enable the visuals displays to be

positioned 37.5 inches from the pilot eye point to support accurate geometry providing a

continuous horizon in all attitudes of the aircraft. The overhang created by the visuals is

utilised to place the computers. The overall length of the trainer enclosure remains the

Section 2 – MAP810F Major Components

Figure 1 MAP810F without Visual Enclosures showing 150 degree visual image

The simulator main components are shown in Figure 1 above consisting of:

Simulator Enclosure: This is the original ATC 810 enclosure modified for the MAP810F. The

enclosure is fitted to meet FAA certification requirements to have a “cockpit-like” environment

for the simulator.

5 Channel 150 Degree Visual: The out the window view is displayed on 5 monitors that are

centered on the Pilots centerline in the simulator. This provides a horizon that is consistently

displayed in all modes of flight. The visual view includes the interior cockpit structure and

Propellers to aid pilot situation awareness and transfer of training. The visual monitors are

connected to the following computers:

Far Left – Computer #4

Middle Left – Computer #3

Center – Computer #1

Middle Right – Computer #5

Far Right – Computer #6

Instrument Panel : The Instrument panel replicates a Piper Navaho Chieftain Aircraft layout .

The switches and indicators located on the aircraft overhead panel have been repositioned to fit

on the instrument panel. Upgrade options are available to provide an overhead panel should

high fidelity cockpit be required. The instrument panel is connected to Computer #2.

Center Console: The center console replicates the aircraft controls. A throttle friction device is

not fitted. The controls include throttle, pitch and Mixture controls including Auto Pilot Go

around switch, Auto Pilot panel, Trim panel, Cowl Flaps and Fuel Management Controls.

Pilot Chair : The pilot chair is re used from the ATC Simulator. Adjustments can be made in the

fore aft direction by using the control lever located on the left hand side of the chair.

Active Rudder Pedals and Base: The Rudder pedals are driven to provide out of center cues

when the Rudder trim is applied or an engine failure. This provides the pilot with realistic

feedback in this twin engine simulator.

Emergency Landing Gear Lever Pump: This is a an actual aircraft unit mounted in the rudder

base to enable landing gear manual reversion operations to be carried out. By selecting a

landing gear failure from the instructor station the procedures for lowering the landing gear can

be trained. The Landing Gear lever will back drive to the neutral position when the landing gear

pump is activated for 20 cycles. The number of cycles has been reduced for training purposes.

Instructor Station: The Monitor, Keyboard and Mouse provide the input devices for the

instructor to control the training session. Controls include Position, Weather conditions, Aircraft

Fuel load, Cargo Load and Balance, System Failure control. The Instructor station includes a

MAP display in various formats to provide situation awareness for the instructor. The instructor

station monitor is driven by Computer #1.

Uninterruptible Power supply: is located on the right hand side of the device. This provides a

power source to the instrument panel, Instructor Station Monitor, Computer #1 and #2, the KVM

Switch, Network Switch and Audio System. This will allow a training session to continue on

instruments should power be interrupted during a training session.

Computers : Six computers are used to drive the simulator. Computer #1 runs the main X-

Plane simulation model, the Interface system for all Controls, Switches, Indicators and Gauges ,

the Radio System interface, interfaces to the real GNS430 and GPS296, and drives the Center

visual channel ahead of the pilot and the Instructor Display, Computer #2 drives the Instrument

Panel monitor located behind the Instrument panel, Computers #3 ,#4, #5 and #6 drive the

remaining visual monitors.

KVM switch: The KVM Switch is used to connect the Instructor Keyboard and Mouse to all the

computers. The default connection is to Computer #1which is determined by the sequence that

the KVM switch detects the computers being powered up. It is recommended that Computer #1

is always powered up first to ensure the Instructor Station works as expected.

Network Switch: The network switch is a 1GigaBit per second unit that enables the computers

to be able to communicate the state of the aircraft and correctly display the out of the window

view to the trainee.

Audio Power and Volume Controller: The unit has a switch and rotary control that controls

the simulated audio cues generated by X-Plane and output through a woofer located behind the

simulator instrument panel and a left and right speaker located behind the visual monitors. It is

recommended that the sound system by left switched on and the volume set high. The volume

can also be controlled by Computer #1’s Windows volume control accessible on the instructor

station monitor. (Switch is on right side of unit looking from the front).

Section 3 - Simulator Start Up , Shut Down Procedures

Simulator Start Up Procedure

This section describes the steps to start the simulator.

1) On front of UPS press and hold silver “on” button until a “beep” is heard.

2) On Simulator Instrument panel turn key-switch to on when lights will illuminate..

Note When turned on the following will occur:

i. Rudder Pedals will be motored to full right foot forward position.

ii. The Light posts will illuminate.

iii. The Ammeter will swing to full left deflection.

3) Press Computer #1 Front Panel Switch to turn on Computer – See Figure 2 below.

Verify that “101” is seen on KVM Indicator display.

4) In turn switch all computers on (2,3,4,5,6)

5) On Instructor station keyboard enter KVM password “00000000”.

6) Press “Esc” on keyboard to remove legend on Instructor station Monitor.

7) On Garmin 296 press:

a. “enter” to acknowledge screen text.

b. “Menu”

c. “Enter” to start simulator mode.

8) Wait for all Computers to complete Boot sequence.

Simulator is now ready to be used.

Computer On Button

Figure 2 Computer On, Off Button

Shut down Procedure

To shut down the device at the end of the day the following procedure is recommended.

1) On Instructor Station Monitor Select “Shut Down All”

2) Turn Instrument Panel Key Switch to off

3) On UPS front Panel press and Hold Silver “on” button.

The simulator is now shut down.

Figure 3 Simulator Start and (Stop) Sequence

Key: Start in Green, (Stop in Black)

Section 4 – Simulator Operation

The default start for the simulator is all engines running. This will occur if the fuel selection is

correct to support engines running e.g. Mixtures in operating range, Fuel tank selectors in

correct position.

The simulator should be flown the same way as the aircraft and will perform in a similar way.

The simulator can be changed to start with all engines shutdown by changing the options under

the Settings Menu -> Quick Flight Set Up described in Appendix 2

Additional information on the Trainee Cockpit is provided in section 6.

Figure 4 Simulator Overview

Section 5 - Instructor station operation

The Instructional features on the simulator are all accessed through the page presented on the

Instructor station monitor.

Figure 5 Instructor Station Page (local Map)

Top of Page

At the top of the page and you will see a number of checkboxes to put the map in various

modes.

Local Maps

There are five different local map types:

High-Speed

This map gives maximum speed. It is useful if you want to be able to scroll around the

map really fast, or change NAVAIDS really fast. This MAP provides the minimum load on

the simulation ensuring the fatest update rate on the Visual Monitor directly ahead of the

Pilot.

Low Enroute

The 'Low Enroute' map view displays your general area along with airports, airport and

beacon frequencies, ILS indicators, and low level airways.

High Enroute

The 'High Enroute' map view is essentially the same as the 'Low Enroute' map view, but

it displays the medium and high level airways instead of low level ones.

Sectional

The 'Sectional' map view is designed to be a VFR sectional chart. It shows airports,

airport/beacon frequencies, ILS indicators, roads, rivers and railway lines. It also uses a

terrain shader to depict the ground types and elevations.

Textured

The textured map view displays airports, roads, rivers and railway lines. In addition, the

terrain shader used on this map gives an overview of the landscape as would be seen

from the cockpit in X-Plane. This view uses the actual scenery installed in X-Plane as its

basis.

This is set on the MAP810F and puts the map in Instructor Operator’s Station mode and

provides the functionality to run this copy of X-Plane as an Instructor's Console. With this

checked on the left side of the Map window is a space where you may enter any airport ID.

Enter the ID there to place the aircraft at that airport, or give you the options to place the craft at

or near that airport. The other buttons on the left side are fairly straight forward. When a button

is selected the corresponding page is display allowing options to be chosen. These buttons

allow the instructor to fail aircraft and airport systems, set date and time, change the aircraft

location, etc., for maximum training benefit. The buttons along the bottom left of this dialog

allow the instructor to perform all these tasks from one location, while maintaining a watch on

the X-Plane pilot on the map view above.

This starts an EDITOR mode in which allows the EDIT the various NAVAIDS. Just click on a

NAVAID to modify it, or add a new one.

REPLAY:

This brings up a replay slider to go thru your flight while looking at the map.

SLOPE:

This shows a vertical profile of your flight if you are flying an ILS.

This shows a few flight instruments to see what the plane is doing.

The instructor screen on the IOS monitor is provided because the 'draw cockpit on second

monitor' option in the 'Rendering Options' screen is checked.

You can toggle between 2D and 3D views here. When in 3D view mode, you can use the arrow

keys to rotate the view, or the + and - keys to zoom in and out.

Top Right Controls

At the top right are controls to adjust the heading, altitude, speed and power setting of the

simulated aircraft.

Bottom right Controls

Controls to pan and zoom the map display as you like.

Load Airport

This option lets the instructor select any airport in our database world-wide. Select this option

then use the slider to find the desired airport or enter the airport name in the Apt. field. Then

click on "Go to this Airport" . The airport ID in the Apt. Field to find the airport may also be

entered. Click in the LOWER-LEFT FIELD to enter the airport NAME, or the airport ID that you

wish to go to.

Figure 6 Select Global Airport Page

Load Aircraft

This will allow the instructor to select an aircraft. On the MAP810F only one is delivered that has

been tuned to work with the MAP810F hardware. It is not recommended that another aircraft be

loaded on this simulator.

Load Situation

This will allow a saved situation to be re-loaded into the simulator. This feature with “Save

Situation” will support storage of Lesson plans that are associated with a training curriculum.

The situation is the scenario in which the lesson will be conducted. Any pre-saved Situations

can be recalled using this feature.

Figure 7 Load Situation Page

Save Situation

The Save Situation page enables the current conditions set up in X-Plane to be saved for later

retrieval. This feature with “Load Situation” will support storage of Lesson plans (situations) that

are associated with a training curriculum. The situation is the scenario in which the lesson will

be conducted. Any pre-saved Situations can be recalled using this feature. Enter the name of

the Situation or Lesson Plan in the File: Edit box and press Save. Press Cancel to Cancel.

Figure 8 Save Situation Page

Load Replay

This will allow a saved flight replay to be re-loaded into the simulator. This feature with “Save

Reply ” will support storage of pre-flown flights as an instructional feature. Examples may be an

ILS approach in bad weather, An Engine Failure recovery.

Save Replay

This function will allow you to create a movie of your flight that you can play back in X-Plane

later.

X-Plane will saves a huge amount of data on your flight in a special X-Plane file format in a

situation movie file (.smo).

You can then save, email, share, etc your .smo files with anyone else, or re-load them later

yourself, to evaluate or share your flight.

Because the .smo file records a ton of info on the flight, you can change views, look at

instruments, stop and rewind, etc, while viewing the recorded movie. The raw data for the flight

is what is recorded, so the viewing options are unlimited.

To Save a Situation Movie:

1. Select 'Save Replay ' from the Map Page. A dialog window will appear.

2. Type a name for your movie.

3. Select the location to which you would like to save your movie.

4. Hit the 'Enter' key on your keyboard to complete the process.

This feature with “Load Replay ” may support demonstration flights or replay for the debrief of

Students e.g. Engine Failure or ILS approach. Type in the name that the Replay will be called

then press Save. Press “Cancel” to cancel.

Set Time

Set the date and time as required, and check the box to track the real time if required as well.

The offset in hours can be set if your time-zone is not QUITE what X-Plane thinks it is based on

your longitude.

Figure 9 Set Date and Time Page

Set Weather

X-Plane has excellent weather simulation compared to other flight simulators.

Choose the left-most tab (Atmosphere) . The following describes the features available.

Cloud types and top and base levels for three different layers can be set.

Figure 10 Set Weather Page

Quick Tune Buttons

There are buttons labeled "Cat-III", etc. that will quickly set some general weather.

Cat-III sets the weather up for a Category-III ILS approach. These are extremely low instrument

conditions, basically zero ceiling and visibility.

Cat-II sets the weather up for a Category-II ILS approach with terribly poor ceiling and visibility.

Cat-I sets the weather up for a Category-I ILS approach with poor ceiling and visibility.

N-Prec sets the weather for a non-precision approach... 3-mile visibility and 400 foot ceiling.

MVFR sets the weather marginal VFR flying conditions... about four miles visibility and a 1,500

foot ceiling.

VFR sets the weather to good visual flight rules conditions. That is; clear, sunny skies.

CAVOK sets the weather to clear and visibility OK. Typically pilots refer to this as "CAVU -

Clear and Visibility Unlimited"

Sliders :

The visibility slider is fairly straight forward.

The precipitation slider sets the type of condition: Rain, hail, or snow depending on the

temperature around the airplane, and the temperature in the clouds where the precip was

formed.

The icing slider is pretty clear with one exception: It sets a probability that you will encounter

icing conditions. Ice can form on the craft when the aircraft skin temperature is between about -

15 and 0 degrees Celsius. For this to happen, you have to be in visible moisture (clouds, fog,

rain), at a temperature somewhat below -15 and 0 degrees ambient. Now, why does the

ambient temperature have to be BELOW -15 to 0 degrees to have the AIRCRAFT SKIN

TEMPERATURE is to be -15 to 0 degrees? Because the aircraft itself is always somewhat

WARMER than ambient due simply to the compression of air on the aircraft. At the speed light

planes travel, effect may only be 5 or 10 degrees, but it does exist! Go to the Settings > DATA

OUTPUT screen and output the ATMOSPHERE:AIRCRAFT line number to see the LEADING

EDGE TEMPERATURE (l.e. temp)... THAT is the value that should be between -15 and 0 C for

ice to form! Once you are in visible moisture (clouds or rain) in freezing conditions, ice MAY

form on the plane and you can control the probability of that happening here. When ice forms

on the aircraft in X-Plane, a number of things happen: The weight of the plane increases as you

start carrying all that water, the drag on the airplane increases as the ice ruins the airfoil-shape

of your wing, thus adding lots of drag, and the lift from your wings decreases as the airfoil-shape

of your wing is ruined by the ice building up on it.

As well, with a propeller, the ice build up on the propeller blades will decrease the thrust from

the prop because it will mess up the shape of the airfoil of your propeller. Also, the ice will get

into the air inlet for the engine and begin to starve the engine of air, reducing engine power and

also engine cooling.

Additionally, the ice will form a coating on the aircraft including the windshield, limiting the

forward visibility. Before long your visibility thorough the front windscreen will resemble the view

you would see if you were inside an ice cube, which you are. All of these things happen to real

aircraft when they are carrying a load of ice and so all of this is simulated in X-Plane.

The thunderstorms slider. Drag this slider to the right to increase the propensity for

convective activity and look at the weather radar map on the lower-right of the window to see

where the cells are forming. Flying into them results in heavy precip and extreme turbulence.

The turbulence is great enough that in reality, airplanes can fly into thunderstorms in one piece

and come out in many smaller pieces.

Wind and Turbulence slider: This slider auto-sets all the sliders in the center of the screen that

control the wind and turbulence. Drag this slider down to the left and HOLD IT THERE FOR A

FEW MOMENTS to set all of the wind and turbulence to zero if you'd like a smooth flight. You

do have to DRAG AND HOLD the "Wind and Turbulence" slider to the left to do this though.

The turbulence in X-Plane is simulated very realistically. To see how incredible the turbulence

in X-Plane is, drag the "Wind and Turbulence" slider up to a pretty high setting and then close

the "Set Weather" window. Now hit "Shift \" (the "|" key) to go to an external view. Now hit the

"/" key twice to see the wind vectors. The green arrows you see are the actual wind vectors

acting on the airplane. Each of those vectors represents a wind speed and direction in the flow

field around the pane, and that flow field will interact with each of the elements of each of the

wings (and propellers!) of the plane. You may occasionally see little green lines sprout out of

the top surface of the wings; these lines show the lift vector for each segment of the wing.

When the aircraft is flying the lift vectors will be very prominent but even with the airplane just

sitting stationary at the end of the runway, the wing can indeed be producing some measurable

lift. The air may be blowing UP on part of the left wing and DOWN on part of the right wing,

causing the craft to roll to the right. Or maybe up on the wings and down on the tail, causing a

pitch-up. Or, as actually happens in real life all the time, multiples of these situations all at once.

Only after you think about the fact that the flow field is continuous and variable, covers the entire

aircraft for any scenario that can be simulated, and that all different parts of each airfoil surface

see different relative directions and speeds does it become apparent how much math is going

on in the background within X-Plane. Use the arrows keys and +/- keys to move around and

zoom out. See how the wind vectors are changing kind of slowly? That’s because you are not

moving through new air velocity regions at all, but are instead sitting there motionless, waiting

for new regions of air to come blowing over you.

Start your plane moving with throttle, and you will notice that the changes in air vector become

more and more rapid as you race though the different regions of air velocity more and more

quickly. This effect results in large, slow, wallowing displacements of the aircraft due to

turbulence when flying at only 50 knots in a Cessna, but sudden, sharp, JOLTS of turbulence

when going 400 knots in an airliner. This, of course, is what happens in the real world.

Microburst Probability: A Microburst is a rapid downward movement of a column of air. This

downward-moving column of air smacks the ground and then spreads out in every direction like

pouring water out of a cup onto the ground, OK - think of a really large cup, like a five gallon

bucket. If this column of air hits the ground in front of you, then you will get a big headwind from

the air spreading out as it hits the ground.

If you are taking off or landing, then you will see your indicated airspeed suddenly come UP as

you fly into this sudden headwind. Many pilots, at this point, will pull back the power to try to

slow down > Bad move. This sudden headwind will end momentarily, or worse yet turn into a

tailwind as you fly to the other side of the microburst. Then what happens? Well, you are out of

airspeed because you have slowed your plane, and then the wind suddenly alters to come from

behind, traveling in the same direction you are. Now your airspeed is greatly reduced which

reduces your lift and you will likely have to work pretty hard to avoid crashing. So, if you turn on

microbursts in X-Plane, or encounter one in reality, be prepared to go to FULL POWER if your

speed suddenly comes up, so that you can build enough speed, and momentum, to carry you

through the drop in indicated airspeed you are about to encounter.

The bottom slider is the rate of change, which you can set at will, of course.

On the very bottom left you can set your temperature and barometric pressure (air pressure)

within X-Plane, both conditions that will take effect at the closest airport. Keep in mind that the

'standard atmosphere' is 59 F (19 C) and 29.92" mercury (1013 millibars).

The middle column of this window should be self-explanatory: You get three wind layers. Set

the wind in each layer and X-Plane will use these and interpolate between the layers.

Enter the thermal coverage, climb rate, and maximum altitude in the upper-right. This is

where thermal characteristics would be entered if glider-flying. As well as thermals, X-Plane

also runs air up and down the terrain as wind blows into mountains, just like the effects that real

glider pilots have to keep in mind and try to take advantage of. Set the wind at 30 knots or

better at a right-angle to a mountain range and run along the upwind side of the mountain range

in a glider and you should be able to stay aloft on the climbing air if you stay pretty low. Drift to

the downwind side of the mountain, though, and an unstoppable descent is assured!

Setting the runway conditions is fun. Set the temperature to below freezing, add some

precipitation, and then set the runway conditions to wet or icy, and then select patchy from the

popup menu at right. This will now set the friction of the runway to be just fine for the dry

sections, but near-zero for the icy parts of the runway. Get your plane going to about 90 knots

and then put on full brakes... you will see that the plane is encountering icy and clear areas of

pavement at random intervals, often with some wheels being on icy sections, some on dry,

causing the plane to pull left and right as each wheel encounters different runway conditions,

just as happens in real life.

Below the Runway Conditions is the "Real Weather" section. Note: This is not active on the

MAP810F as there is no internet connection with no training benefit.

Just below this option is a "Periodically scan real-weather" check box. The MAP810F is not

connected to the internet and therefore this feature is not available.

Weight Balance and Fuel

This where to set the weights on board your airplane.

The fuel and payload can be set and since fuel is burned in real time in X-Plane, the weight and

mass-distribution of the fuel is considered by the simulation, the fuel you put on board does

have an effect.

The weight, mass-distribution on aircraft-inertia and moment of inertia, and aerodynamic forces

of stores are all considered by X-Plane's flight model.

Figure 11 Weight and Balance Page

The MAP 810F Aircaft model has been adjusted for 7380lbs maximum take off weight.

Fail Equipment

X-Plane simulates countless aircraft systems failures. The System Failures window lets you set

the frequency of such failures, or command specific failures, for hundreds of different aircraft

systems.

At the top of the dialog page that appears all failures can be cancelled by clicking on button

“Reset All Systems to operational”

Note that in the first tab of this window, you can set a Mean Time Between Failures. If you set a

MTBF of 1000 hours, then X-Plane will decide that each piece of hardware in your plane has

about a one-in-a-thousand chance of breaking each hour. Since your airplane has a few

hundred pieces of hardware, that means you might get a failure maybe every 5 or 20 hours or

Each failure can be set from 7 conditions as shown in Figure 12 below.

Figure 12 Failure Conditions

The general failure categories are:

- World/ MTBF

- Equipment 1 (General Instruments, Hydraulic Systems, Radio Instruments)

- Equipment 2 ( Controls, Flaps, Brakes, Gear, Tires, Autopilot, Props, Throttle)

- Equipment 3 (Pressurisation, Gear Warning System, Lights, De-Icing)

- Inst Types ( Engine Instruments)

- G430

- G1000 – Not fitted to MAP810F

- Engines - Has 5 sub pages as follows:

o Engines 1 –( Mags, Fuel Pump, Fail)

o Engines 2 – (Fuel Fluctuation, Engine Fire)

o Engines 3 – (Throttle Governor , Starter, FADEC, Generator, Engine driven Oil

o Engines 4 – (Prop Governor, Engine Seize)

o Engines 5 – (Engine Separation)

- Flying Surfaces – (Wings, Engine Pylons)

- Nav Aids – Allows Navaids in the vicinity of the aircraft to be failed.

The following pages show each of the pages available in X-Plane 9.45 with the exception of the

G1000 which is not fitted to the MAP810F.

Figure 13 Fail equipment – World / MTBF

Figure 14 Equipment Failures - Equipment 1

Figure 17 Equipment Failures - Inst Types

Figure 18 Equipment Failures - GNS 430

Figure 19 Equipment Failures - Engines - Engines 1

Figure 24 Flying Surfaces

Figure 25 Equipment Failures - Navaids

The Pause button will freeze the simulation and stop the audio cues. Press Pause again to

release the simulation..

Freeze Location

The Freeze location is the equivalent of a position freeze. The simulation continues to run but

the aircraft does not move. Press Freeze Location again to release Freeze location.

Double Speed Track

This feature will maintain the normal aircraft dynamics but its position across the ground will

increase by two.

Quadruple Speed Track

This feature is the same as Double speed Track but will move across the ground at four times

the speed being indicated on the flight instruments.

Reset path

The function clears the tracks on the MAP and Glide path displays.

Quit All

Use this function to close down all the X-Plane applications running on computers on the

MAP810F. When this function is selected X-Plane will send a signal across the network to stop

all running copies of X-Plane on Computers 1 thru 6. This option is not recommended as

each computer will return to Windows and the KVM will need to be used to control the

next application on each of the computers.

Shut Down All

Use this function to shut down all the computers on the MAP810F. X-Plane sends a

signal across the network to stop all copies of X-Plane and shut each computer down.

This option is recommended as the shut down command for the simulator. See Section

titles Simulator Stop Procedure.

“X” at Top of Page

By selecting the “X” on the Top left of the IOS page the X-Plane Selection Menu will appear. To

return to the IOS Page Select “Location” -> “Local Map”

Section 6 – Cockpit Controls, Switches, Indicators and

Gauges

Figure 26 Cockpit Equipment

Note : The flight instruments are displayed behind a mask on a Monitor driven by X-plane

running in computer #2. The adjustment controls are connected through the Simulator Input

Output Subsystem connected to Computer #1 that runs the main flight simulation application.

The state of the aircraft and its systems are transmitted to Computer #2 that in turns displays

the conditions on the instrument monitor. Computer #2 does not drive any other display or

instrument. The baseline aircraft cockpit modelled in the MAP810F is contained in Appendix 3.

Equipment List Description

Clock The clock is a standard aviation Clock with moveable pointers and a setting knob. The Clock is powered at all times when power is available to the simulator instrument panel.

Flight Instruments

and Auto Pilot

Indicator

The instruments best represent the fitted instruments in the Frontier Flying Services fleet now operating as ERA Alaska's fleet of Aircraft. The Altimeter sub scale is controlled by the front panel control. When the simulator starts up the Altimeter Setting is 29.92 mb. The ASI speeds are displayed in Nautical Miles per Hour (Kts) The OMNI indicates the output from the Radio Stack Nav2 radio selection. The HSI heading bug and Course indicator are controlled by the respective rotary controls. The Course indicator is driven by either the GPS or Nav 1 radio selection as selected on the GNS430 front panel. The course indicator has a separate heading for Nav 2 and GPS outputs.

Note 1: The Heading and Course pointers are calculated in the IO system and not X-Plane. This creates a situation after the simulator starts where X-Plane will set the Course and Heading pointers to align with the Runway or tuned Navigation station.

Note 2: When the Heading or Course indicator are adjusted the pointers will jump to the initialized position at 020 degrees before moving. This is due to the IO System logic not being able to read the headings calculated by X-Plane.

The delivered Auto Pilot display panel delivered with the MAP810F is the best replication of the aircraft unit available.

Note 3: When the simulator was delivered the autopilot test function required additional work. This may be improved in a future upgrade.

Whiskey Compass The Whiskey compass modeled by X-Plane is displayed in the visual. Note: The simulation does not include compass dip causing lead and lag effects during turns. This may be fixed in future upgrades.

GPS's The Garmin GNS 430 and GPS 296 fitted to the MAP810F are both real units. Both GPS's are powered from an on-board power supply and through separate relay controlled by the IOS system connected to the X-Plane simulation. This enables the power state on the simulated aircraft to be modeled and also allows a GPS failure malfunction to control the GPS power. The simulated Aircraft power state feeding the GPS units replicates the Piper Navajo wiring - The power is controlled by the position of the Avionics Switch, the position of the two Battery Switches, the state of the engine generators charging the aircraft battery, and simulated aircraft battery. E.g. if all switches are on, both generators are failed or turned off using the Alternator Switches, after the Battery voltage dips below 10Volts the GNS 430 and GPS 296 power will be switched off as it would in this condition on the aircraft.

GNS 430 The GNS 430 is a real avionics unit from Garmin fitted with a simulation application that enables it to work within the MAP810F without having a GPS antenna.

Figure 27 Garmin GNS430 with Simulation

The unit is connected to the Computer #1 via serial interface that enables communication between the X-Plane Application and the Garmin unit. The satellite constellation in view is calculated by X-Plane and sent to the GNS 430. The GNS 430 is also connected to the GPS 296 via its serial port B and configured to send Aviation data to the GPS 296. This enables the routes selected to be displayed on ths GPS 296 moving map. The GNS 430 Nav receiver and Comm Channel selections are used to control simulated Nav/Com Receiver #1. For detailed operational instructions on the GNS 430 refer to the Garmin 430 Manual.

GPS 296 The GPS 296 is a real hand held GPS 296 connected to Computer #1 running X-Plane via an RS232 interface.

Figure 28 Garmin GPS 296

The GPS 296 contains a battery and is powered form the simulator power supplies through a power cable connected to the units rear. The GPS 296 is also connected via its second serial interface to the GNS 430. This allows the GPS 296 to display the routes selected on the GNS430 on the Moving Map etc. This mode is selected via the Garmin 296 set up Menu's on the unit. Because the GPS 296 is a real unit when the simulator is powered up it has to be set to Simulated Mode to allow the current simulated aircraft position to be displayed. This is described in the simulator start procedure in section 3. To set the GPS 296 in simulated mode after power up on the GPS 296 unit: - Press "Enter" button to accept statement on screen. - Press "Menu" - Press "Enter" to select Simulated Mode. For detailed operation of the GPS 296 refer to the GPS 296 owners manual.

Radios

The simulated radios consisting of the Audio Pane, Com/Nav 2, DME, ADF and Transponder are described in Appendix 1.

Engine Instruments The Engine instruments replicate the Navajo Aircraft instruments. The Fuel Flow Gauge needles point in the opposite direction to the instrument fitted on the Navajo Aircraft. Note: The EGT gauges are reported to read approximately 150 degrees F. high compared to the aircraft. This will be investigated and updated in a future upgrade.

Annunciators The Annunciators are a simulation of the Aircraft Indicators as described below. The Push to Test switch next to the annunciator panel will illuminate all indicators except the FLAP as per the aircraft operation. The annunicators work as follows in the X-Plane Navaho Model:

- "FLAP" illuminates if the Flaps are in transit and the Push to Test switch is pressed. The Annunciator is calculated when the demanded position is great than 1% difference in actual position and indicated position.

- "L PNEU INOP" illuminates when the BOTH engine vacuum pumps are failed through the failure page.

- "L FUEL BOOST INOP" -- Is not controlled by simulation at this time.

Figure 29 Simulated Radio Stack

- "L LOW FUEL FlOW" illuminates when the low Fuel Pressure is sensed going to the Left Engine. This will occur when the engine is stopped or the left engine mechanical pump is failed through the failures page and the left engine electric fuel booster pump is not switched on.

- "LEFT ALT INOP" warns that the Left Alternator is not charging the battery. This will occur when the left engine is not running or a Left Alternator Failure is set on the Failures page.

- "R ALT INOP" warns that the Right Alternator is not charging the battery. This will occur when the Right engine is not running or a Right Alternator Failure is set on the Failures page.

- "R LOW FUEL FLOW" - illuminates Low Fuel Pressure is sensed going to the Right Engine. This will occur when the engine is stopped or the right engine mechanical pump is failed through the failures page and the right engine electric fuel booster pump is not switched on.

- "R FUEL BOOST INOP" - - Is not controlled by simulation at this time.

- "R PNEU INOP" is not controlled by simulation at this time.

- "CABIN DR UNSAFE" - Is not controlled by simulation at this time.

- "NOSE/BAG DR AJAR" - - Is not controlled by simulation at this time.

Ammeter The Ammeter includes two Press to Indicate buttons. Due to the simplifications the left button will display Battery amps.

Note: ** This will be modified in a future upgrade to indicate engine generator amps.**

Fuel Quantity

Gauges

The fuel quantity gauges indicate the fuel tank contents in US Gals. The Fuel quantity is coupled with the position of the Left and Right Engine Fuel selectors located on the inter-seat console Fuel Panel.

Note 1: The Fuel selectors have to be turned very quickly to not stop fuel flow to the engine which will lead to the engine stopping.

Note 2: The current fuel usage simulation is not representative of a Piper Navajo cross over selector valve. A future upgrade will attempt to more accurately reflect the Navajo fuel system in X-Plane. Use in training with caution.

Vacuum Gauge The Vacuum gauge indicates the vacuum pressure from the Left Engine.

Note: A future upgrade will correct this by displaying the highest of the two engine sources of Vacuum.

Fuel Pressure

The Fuel pressure gauges indicated the simulated fuel pressure feeding the engine.

Note: When the Electric Boost pumps are switched on the pressure does not rise. This is fault registered with the maker of X-Plane. At this time the author does not agree that the fuel pressure rises when the pumps are active. A future upgrade may correct this simulation.

Engine Temp and

Press Gauge

The Engine Temperature and Pressure gauges indicate the simulated Engine Oil Pressure and Temperature and Cylinder Head Temperature.

Flaps Control and

Indicator

The Flap Lever is representative of the Piper Navajo Flap control lever. At delivered the flap lever moves freely from Flaps up to Flaps Fully down. Graduations for 15 degrees, 25 degrees and 40 degrees are provided on the instrument panel. The Flap Position indicator is representative of the Navajo Flap indicator with graduations for Flap 15, 25 and 40 as per the aircraft. The Flap PTT is provided to support the testing of the Flap warning light during ground checks prior to flight. When the Flap are in motion due to a Flap position demand and the PTT switch is pressed the FLAP Warning light will illuminate after a short period. When the flaps PTT is released the FLAP Warning Light will clear and the indicator will move to the demanded flap position.

Hobbs Meter The HOBBS meter indicates simulator usage in hours. The HOBBS meter is running at all times when the key switch is in the "ON" Position and power is available.

Key Switch The Key Switch with three keys provided turns the power to the Simulator on and Off. All simulator power is controlled by this key switch with the exception of Computer # 3 through #6 and Monitors #3 through #6.

Engine Controls The Dual Engine controls for Throttle, Pitch and Mixture represent the Navajo controls. A Friction locking device is not fitted to the simulator. The Left Engine Throttle includes a Push button switch that is the Autopilot Go Around Switch. Pressing this push button with the Flight Director and Autopilot engaged will activate the Go Around mode in the simulated autopilot causing the director bars to fly a constant pitch climb on heading the aircraft is flying when the GO Around button is pressed. .

Autopilot Panel The Autopilot panel is a replica of the KC290 Mode Controller. The Off On switch is a center biased Rocker switch that does not latch in the on Position. The switch provides the same functionality as the aircraft. The test mode is designed to illuminate the Mode Annunciator Panel above the Flight Command Indicator.

Note: At the time of the MAP810F delivery the Test Mode does not work per the aircraft. The Annunciator panel will only illuminate for a very short period. This is being investigated and will be updated in a future upgrade.

Trim Controls The Aileron and Rudder trim controls and indicators work in the same way as the aircraft. The rudder trim drives the position of the Rudder pedals in the simulator when the Aircraft is in the air or on the ground. The Pitch trim is fitted with an actual Piper Navajo Pitch trim wheel to provide realistic tactile feedback. The Pitch trim has an electric drive motor that is controlled by the Trim switch on the Yoke or by the simulated autopilot. The electric trim motor will work when the Trim switch under the pilot yoke is set in the "On" position, the Circuit Breaker labeled "Pitch Trim" under the flight instruments is closed, and the Instrument Panel Key Switch is on and the aircraft power is available. The Simulated Autopilot controls the electric motor through a relay control board located inside the instrument panel. The Trim Switch on the Yoke is an actual aircraft unit mated with the simulated Piper Yoke. The Autopilot trim control will stop driving the Trim wheel near the trim up and trim down mechanical limits. The trim can be disconnected or stopped by setting the trim switch below the pilot yoke to the "Off" Position, or pulling the right most circuit breaker under the main flight instruments. Either of these actions will prevent the electric trim from working.

Cowl Flaps

Controls and

Indicators

The Cowl flaps Panel replicates the cowl flaps on the aircraft. By operating the switches to the UP or Down position will move the Cowl Flaps position. The Cowl Flaps position effects the simulated engine oil temperature and Cylinder head temperature as it would on the aircraft.

Note: At this time the Battery does not affect he control of the Cowl Flaps. The Cowl Flap position will be changed when the power is switched off. A future upgrade will rectify this situation.

Fuel Panel The Fuel panel on the MAP810F is a reused ATC810 fuel panel to replicate the control levers on the Navajo fuel panel. The following is included: Fuel Cut Off Levers - These levers will cut off fuel to the engines and cause the engines to stop.Fuel Cut Off Light - When either of the Fuel Cut off Levers is activated and Battery Power is available this light will illuminate. Left and RIght Fuel Control Levers - These levers control the Fuel Selected for each engine. The lever position is Inboard, Off and Outboard. In the Off Position Fuel is cut off to the simulated engine and it will stop. Cross Over - This switch is intended to replicate the cross over valve in the Piper Navajo.

Note1: When the mixture lever is fully retracted it activates a fuel cut off switch that causes the same function as the Fuel Cut Off lever being pulled. This will cause the Fuel Cut off light to illuminate. This condition is removed when the mixture lever is moved away from Idle Cut Off.

Note 2: At the time of Delivery the Cross Over functionality does not correctly replicate the fuel feed in the Navajo. E.g. the left Engine Drawing from the right tank. The Engines will continue to drain their respective wing tanks due to the limitations of the Fuel simulation in X-Plane. This may be rectified in a future X-Plane upgrade. MAP are looking into a solution

Emergency

Landing Gear

The lever mounted in the floor replicates the function of the Emergency Landing Gear Hydraulic Pump.

Figure 30 Emergency Landing Gear Lever - Stowed Position

With the Landing gear failure set and the Landing Gear Lever set to the Down position, when the lever is extended and the lever operated 20 times the gear will lower and the Gear lever handle on the instrument panel will return to the neutral position.

Figure 31 Emergency Landing Gear Pump in Extended Position

Note: A useful method for viewing this operation is to set the Visual view point behind the simulated aircraft when in flight by entering the following: - On the instructor station move the mouse pointer over the Center visual screen in front of the Pilot. - On the key board press the "A" key . The view will now be behind the aircraft. Press the "-" key to zoom way, use the arrow keys to adjust the view point either to the side and below the aircraft. Then watch the operation of the gear as the Emergency Pump is operated. To return to normal operation, remove the failure and return the Emergency lever to the stowed position. Press the “W” key to return to Cockpit view.

This procedure can be carried out in flight with no damage to the simulator.

Miscellaneous

Switches

The Miscellaneous Switches control the simulated Single Pitot Heat for the Pilots Air Speed Indicator, the Bleed Air and the Left and Right Electric Fuel Pumps. Failures for these functional units are available from the Failures pages. Note: The current X-Plane simulation model for the electric fuel pump will raise the fuel flow with no increase in indicated fuel pressures. This model may be upgraded in the future.

Landing Gear

Lever and

Indicators

The Landing Gear Lever is an actual Aircraft handle with a motor back drive to replicate the Hydraulic actuation valve on the actual aircraft. The lever friction is lighter than the aircraft. The back drive simulation will only work when simulated hydraulic pressure is being generated by either engine. The Landing Gear Indicator Lights replicate the operation in the aircraft. The simulated aircraft electric system will control the state of the lights. When a Landing Gear Actuator Failure is activated the corresponding Gear Lock indicator will not illuminate and the Warning Indicator will remain illuminated. The indicator dimmer functions as per the aircraft.

The landing gear actuation can be failed using the “Gear actuator System” on the “Aircraft Failures” page, Equipment 2 tab,. When the Landing Gear Lever is set to the down position, the gear will not extend. Using Emergency Landing Gear Pump extended and the lever operated 20 times the gear will lower. Continuing to pump the emergency gear lever will make the Gear lever handle on the instrument panel return to the neutral position.

Note: At the time of delivery no Landing Gear indicator failure malfunctions were available in X-Plane.

Avionics Switch The Avionics switch controls the simulated power bus supplying the Radios and Avionics. When the Avionics Power is switched off the Radio displays will go blank, Power will be removed from the GNS 430 and GPS 296, the autopilot will disconnect.

Parking Brake The Parking brake lever replicates the function of the parking brake on the Aircraft. Currently the simulated parking brake requires that the Toe Brakes are not touched when setting the parking brake. When the handle is returned to the in position the Brakes will be released. When the parking brake is pulled on and the toe brakes are operated the parking brakes will release as per the aircraft operation.

Trim On/ Off The Trim On/Off switch controls the power to the control circuit for the Pitch Trim Motor.

Circuit Breakers Only one circuit breaker is wired on the MAP810F which is labeled Pitch Trim. This controls the power to the control circuit of the Pitch Trim Motor. The CB is normally in the IN Position.

Engine Start Panel The engine Start panel replicate the switches found in the overhead panel on the Navajo and also the Alternator CB Switches found on the left side panel in the aircraft.

Exterior Light

Switches

The Exterior Light switches control the aircraft lights as listed on the panel. The Landing lights are easily visible at night when taxing and landing on the runway. The Strobe and position lights will be reflected off the clouds when operating in cloud at night. The Position light will not be seen in the visual.

Yoke Switches The Yoke includes switches for : - Pitch Trim Nose Up and Nose Down- When this switch is operated the Autopilot will disconnect. - Auto Pilot Disconnect - Pitch Synch (when in Flight Director or Autopilot coupled Mode) Note: When the Auto Pilot disconnect is pressed and held for 5 seconds this does not mute the autopilot disconnect audio warning. This may be fixed in a future upgrade.

Panel Light

Dimmer

The Panel Light Dimmer control varies the light intensity of the light posts. The Intensity of the flight instruments can be controlled by a variable control on the left side of the Trim On/off switch under the instrument panel below the pilots Yoke.

Intercom Volume The Volume and Squelch controls operate on the Instructor , Pilot intercom. The intercom is powered by a power supply in the instrument panel. The power is switched off when the simulator key is turned off. The Volume does not need to be turned to the off position when the simulator is not in use.

Intercom Sockets The Intercom sockets take a standard aviation headset and permit communication between the student and the instructor who may be acting as the air traffic controller.

Anti Icing Controls Two switches below the clock have been re-assigned to control the Boots on the Wing and the Windshield Heat. In Icing conditions (moist cold air) these switches will have the effect on the ice being carried by the aircraft.

Section 4 – Simulator Abnormal Operation

This section contains information useful to rectifying abnormal operation of the simulator when

the Simulator Start and Stop Procedures do not work successfully.

Condition Rectification

Radio’s do not display

digits

This is caused by the Radio Controller Card USB not initialising

correctly. With the simulator running go to the rear of the Computer #1

and unplug and re-plug USB Cable labelled “Simkits” next to the grey

network cable.

A “bong” sound should be heard three times as the computer looses

communication with the Radio Stack Controller, The Radio Stack is

reconnected and finally when the RSC Link Application starts

communicating with the Radios.

IOS Keyboard does

not work correctly

This is likely because the KVM password has not been entered

correctly. The Password is “00000000” ( 8x “0”) .

Blue legend is

covering the top of

instructor Screen

This is the KVM legend showing which computer the KVM is

connected. Press “esc” on the keyboard to remove this legend. Note

the legend will return each time the KVM is used to switch computers.

GARMIN 296 does not

show correct position

The Garmin 296 must be in simulator mode to work correctly in the

MAP810. To verify it is in simulator press the “menu” key on the

Set System Mode to “Simulator”

Garmin 296 until the Main Menu is displayed and select the System

Set Up Tab. Change the System Mode to Simulator if it is not already.

Rudder Pedals are not

aligned in Neutral

position as X-Plane

starts on Computer

Monitor.

First verify that the Rudder Trim is in the neutral position – Trim

indicator pointer in the middle. If not adjust trim wheel until trim

indicator is centered.

If rudder pedals are still not centered – verify that the simulator

switches are working correctly and all other engine instruments are

working.

If all switches are working correctly and the engine instruments are

working then it is likely a fault with either the interface drive card or the

Rudder pedal electronics. This is a maintenance issue and will require

specialist assistance to correct.

Ammeter is not

centered as X-Plane

starts on Computer

Monitor.

If all cockpit switches and gauges are working correctly and controlling

the simulated aircraft, it is likely a fault with Driver card for the

instrument. This is a maintenance item and will require specialist

assistance to correct.

If the cockpit switches and gauges are not working correctly it is likely

that the Interface subsystem has not started correctly.

Recovery Procedure:

Shut down Computer #1 by hitting the “X” at the top of the instructor

screen,, from the File Menu at the top of the screen select “Quit”.

When X-plane closes select –Windows -> Shut Down. And allow

computer to shut down.

Turn off Simulator Key Switch

Wait 20 seconds for power supplies to de-energise.

Turn on Simulator Key switch

Restart Computer Number 1 by pressing power button on Computer

#1 front panel.

When the interface system is loaded all the annunicators will illuminate

for a short period, the Rudder pedals should center and the ammeter

moves to the center position.

Wait for Applications to start and recommunicate with computers 2 to

The unit should now be back in operation.

If it is not operating correctly then specialist assistance will be required.

One or more of the

Visual Monitors is not

displaying an image

This can be due to either the computer has not been powered up or

the monitor power is off. Verify the computer is powered and the blue

led is illuminated on the front of the computer case.

If the computer is powered then the Visual monitor may not be

powered on. The Monitor control buttons at the bottom left of the

monitors are covered by black tape to reduce the distraction to the pilot

using the device. The power button is located on the far left of the

buttons that are covered by tape. Feel for the first button on the right

and press it once. Wait a few seconds and the image should appear. If

it does not try one more time to switch on monitor.

If the monitor doesnot power up then the either the power cord is

umplugged or the monitor power bars are not switched on.

Power On Button behind

Appendix 1 - MAP810F Radios Description

Figure 32 MAP810F Radio Section

Simulated KMA 28 Audio Panel

Figure 33 Audio Panel

The Simulated KMA28 Audio Panel’s functions supported from X-Plane are described in red and the

Marker functions. Support of the other functions may be possible in the future by updating the X-Plane

Plugin.

Receiver audio is selected through two momentary and six latched, pushbutton, backlit switches. Com 1

and Com 2 are the momentary switches. The latched function is simulated by the LED which is lighted in

the IN position and not lighted in the OUT position.

The users can identify which receivers are selected by noting which of the green switch LEDs is

illuminated.

Push buttons labeled Nav 1, Nav 2, DME, MKR (Marker), ADF, AUX (auxiliary), and SPR

(Speaker) are "latched" type switches. When one of these buttons is pressed, it will stay in the

"in" position, illustrated by a LED. Press the switch again and it be in the "out" position and

remove that receiver from the audio.

Simulated KX 155A, VHF Com/Nav Transceiver

Figure 34 NAV/ COM Unit

Operation

The Simulated KX155A COM/NAV Transceiver’s functions supported from X-Plane are described in red.

Support of the other functions may be possible in the future by updating the X-Plane Plugin.

Rotate the VOL knob clockwise from the OFF position. Select the desired operating frequency in the

standby display by rotating the Frequency Select Knobs either clockwise or counterclockwise. A

clockwise rotation will increment the previous frequency while a counterclockwise rotation will decrement

the previous frequency.

The outer knob will change the MHz portion of the standby display. At one band-edge (118 or 136 MHz)

the following 1 MHz change will wrap around to the other band-edge.

The inner knob will change the kHz portion of the standby display. It will change in increments of 50 kHz

when the knob is pushed in and 25 kHz when the knob is pulled out. The frequency wrap around at the

edge of the band is also utilized when incrementing or decrementing the kHz portion of the standby

display.

To tune the radio to the desired operating frequency, the desired frequency must be entered into the

standby display (Figure 5) and then the transfer button must be pushed.

Figure 35 Frequency Entered In Standby Display

This will trade the contents of the active and standby displays.

Figure 36 Active Stand by Frequency Toggle

The operating frequency can also be entered by accessing the ACTIVE ENTRY (direct tune) mode which

is done by pushing and holding the COMM TRANSFER button for 2 or more seconds. In the direct tune

mode, only the active part of the display is visible.

Figure 37 Frequency entered in active entry mode

The desired frequency can be directly entered into the display.

Push the COMM TRANSFER button again to return to the active/standby display.

The transceiver is always tuned to the frequency appearing in the ACTIVE display. It is therefore possible

to have two different frequencies stored in the ACTIVE and STANDBY displays and to change back and

forth between them at the simple push of the transfer button.

The KX 155A also has provisions to program 32 channels. Pressing the CHAN button for 2 or more

seconds will cause the unit to enter the channel program mode. Upon entering the channel program

mode, “PG” is displayed next to the channel number and the channel number will flash indicating that it

can be programmed.

The desired channel can be selected by turning the comm kHz knob. The channel frequency

can be entered by pushing the COMM TRANSFER button which will cause the standby

frequency to flash. The comm frequency knobs are then used to enter the desired frequency.

Additional channels may be programmed by pressing the COMM TRANSFER button and using

the same procedure. To exit the program mode and save the channel information, momentarily

push the CHAN button. This will cause the unit to return to the previous frequency entry mode.

The channel selection mode can then be entered by momentarily pushing the CHAN button.

“CH” is displayed next to the last used channel number. The comm frequency knobs can be

used to select the desired channel. The unit will automatically exit the channel mode, with the

channel frequency remaining in the STANDBY window, if no channel is selected within 5

seconds after entering the channel selection mode. The channel frequency is then made the

ACTIVE frequency in the normal manner by pressing the COMM TRANSFER button.

NAV Receiver

The right portion of the display is allocated to NAV receiver information. The frequency

channeling is similar to the COMM when operating in the frequency mode (Figure 7). The NAV

increment/ decrement knobs are located on the right hand side of the front panel. The outer

knob operates in 1 MHz steps and increments/decrements the STANDBY frequency display.

The inner knob operates in 50 kHz steps. The NAV receiver’s lower and upper frequency limits

are 108.00 MHz and 117.95 MHz. Exceeding the upper limit of frequency band will

automatically return to the lower limit and vice versa.

Depressing the NAV frequency transfer button for 2 seconds or more will cause the display to

go in to the ACTIVE ENTRY mode. Only the ACTIVE frequency will be displayed and it can be

directly changed by using the NAV inc/dec knobs.

The display will return to the ACTIVE/STANDBY mode when the NAV frequency transfer button

is pushed.

Depressing the mode button will cause the NAV display to go from the ACTIVE/STANDBY

format to the ACTIVE/CDI (Course Deviation Indicator) format. The vertical “needle” moves side

to side similar to a mechanical CDI. When the needle is centered, the aircraft is on the selected

OBS course. When the active frequency is tuned to a VOR frequency, the center of the CDI

scale displays the “TO” or “FROM” indicator.

In the CDI mode, the increment/decrement knob (pushed in) channels the ACTIVE frequency

window and depressing the frequency transfer button will cause the ACTIVE frequency to be

placed in blind storage and the STANDBY frequency (in blind storage) to be displayed in the

ACTIVE window display. When the ACTIVE window is tuned to a VOR frequency, the standby

frequency area is replaced by a three digit OBS (Omni Bearing Selector) display. The desired

OBS course can be selected by pulling out the inner NAV frequency knob and turning it. This

OBS display changes the OBS course on the associated VOR indicator. An “OBS” in the middle

of the NAV display will flash while the inner NAV frequency knob is pulled out. The CDI is

displayed on the line below the frequency/OBS.

When the received signal is too weak to ensure accuracy the display will indicate “FLAG”.

Another push of the mode button will return to the ACTIVE/STANDBY format.

When the smaller increment/decrement knob is pushed in, depressing the NAV TRANSFER

button will interchange the ACTIVE and STANDBY frequencies.

Simulated KN 62A/KN 64 TSO’d Digital DMEs

Figure 38

Operation

The Simulated KN62A/KN64’s functions supported from X_Plane are described in red. Support

of the other functions may be possible in the future by updating the X-Plane Plugin.

The 3-position function switch determines both the information displayed and the channeling

source. Place the function switch on Frequency (FREQ). The unit is channeled internally with its

own two concentric frequency selection knobs. The smaller of the two knobs has an “in” and an

“out” position. When in the “in” position, this smaller knob changes the 0.1 MHz digit (0.0, 0.1,

0.2, etc.). When pulled “out”, it changes in 0.05 MHz steps, wrapping around at 0.00 and 0.95

MHz. The outer, larger knob changes the larger digits (1 MHz, 10 MHz). In FREQ mode, the unit

will display distance and the selected frequency.

Figure 39 Distance / Frequency mode

Now move the function switch to the Groundspeed/Time-to-Station (GS/T) position. The unit will hold the

internally selected frequency and will display distance, groundspeed and time-to-station.

Distance/Groundspeed/TTS GS/T Mode.

Rotating the frequency selector will have no effect on the display, because the DME is in “Frequency

Hold”. This frequency hold feature in the GS/T mode prevents accidental rechanneling of the DME when

the frequency is not displayed.

Figure 40 Distance/ Groundspeed/ TTS GS/T Mode

Place the function switch in the Remote (RMT) position, and your DME will be channeled when you select

your NAV frequency on the NAV receiver. Search time is usually about one second. When the unit locks

on a ground station, it will display distance, groundspeed and time-to-station.

Distance/Groundspeed/TTS RMT Mode.

Prior to lock on, “dashes” will be displayed.

Figure 41 Prior to Lock On

Prior to Lock On.

Note that you may have two frequencies available at all times (one remotely selected on the NAV receiver

and one internally selected with the unit’s controls).

Figure 42 Distance/Groundspeed/TTS RMT Mode

Operational Notes

The unit electronically converts to distance the elapsed time required for signals to travel to and from the

ground station. This distance is then indicated in nautical miles on the Distance/ Speed/Time-to-Station

display. This distance, commonly referred to as slant range distance, should not be confused with actual

along-the-ground distance.

The difference between actual ground distance and slant range is least at low altitude and/or long range.

If the range is three times the altitude or greater, error is negligible.

The effective range of DME depends on many factors, most important being the altitude of the aircraft.

Other contributing factors are the location and elevation of the station, DME transmitter power output, and

receiver sensitivity.

The groundspeed feature incorporated in the unit measures the rate of change in DME slant range

distance with time. This speed is then read from 0 to 999 knots in 1 knot increments. To obtain accurate

groundspeed, the aircraft must be tracking directly to or from the station. To obtain accurate time to

station, the aircraft must be tracking directly to the station.

Simulated KR 87 ADF System

Figure 43

Operation

The Simulated KR87 ADF System’s functions supported from X-Plane are described in red. Support of

the other functions may be possible in the future by updating the X-Plane Plugin.

Rotate the ON/OFF/VOL knob clockwise from the detented “OFF” position. The unit will be activated and

will be ready to operate.

Frequency Selection

The active frequency (to which the ADF is tuned) is displayed in the left side of the window at all times. A

standby frequency is displayed in the right side when “FRQ” is annunciated.

With “FRQ” annunciated, the standby frequency is selected using the frequency select knobs which may

be rotated either clockwise or counterclockwise.

Pull the small inner knob out to tune 1’s. Push the smaller inner knob in to tune 10’s. The outer knob

tunes the 100’s and the 1000’s up to 1699.

The standby frequency selected may then be put into the active window by pressing the “FRQ” button.

The standby and active frequencies will be exchanged (flip-flopped), the new frequency will become

active, and the former active frequency will go into standby.

Note: X_Plane allows setting the frequency in 0.5 kHz steps, and requires the exact frequency to be

used. The Simulated KR 87 ADF System, like the real thing, sets the frequency in 1 kHz steps, and

automatically scans for a signal within 0.5 kHz from the selected frequency. E.g., a frequency of 323.5

can be picked up by setting the frequency on the Simulated KR 87 ADF System to either 323.0 kHz or

324 kHz.

Operating Modes

Antenna (ANT) mode is selected and annunciated when the “ADF” button is in the “out” position.

Figure 44 ANT Mode Selected

The ADF mode is selected and annunciated when the “ADF” button is in the depressed position.

Figure 45 ADF Mode selected

Outside of the United States some stations are unmodulated and use an interrupted carrier for

identification purposes. The BFO mode, activated and annunciated when the “BFO” button is

depressed, permits the carrier wave and the associated Morse code identifier broadcast on the

carrier wave to be heard.

Operating the Timers

The flight timer will always be automatically reset to :00 whenever power is interrupted either by

the avionics master switch or the units ON/OFF switch. Always read flight time prior to power

shutdown.

Flight time or elapsed time are displayed and annunciated alternatively by depressing the

FLT/ET button. The flight timer continues to count up until the unit is turned off. The elapsed

timer may be reset back to :00 by pressing the SET/RST button. It will then start counting up

again. (NOTE: pressing the SET/RST button will reset the elapsed timer whether it is being

displayed or not.) NOTE: The standby frequency which is in memory while flight time or elapsed

time modes are being displayed may be called back by pressing the FRQ button, then

transferred to active use by pressing the FRQ button again.

While FLT or ET is displayed the in use frequency on the left side of the window may be

changed, by using the frequency select knobs, without any effect on the stored standby

frequency or the other modes. This feature is especially useful when searching for stations with

unknown frequencies.

Simulated KT 76C Panel-Mounted Transponder

Figure 46 Transponder Front Panel

General

The Simulated KT76C Transponder’s functions supported from X-Plane are described in red.

In real life, your simulated transponder is a radio transmitter and receiver which operates on

radar frequencies. Receiving ground radar interrogations at 1030 MHz, it returns a coded

response of pulses to ground based radar on a frequency of 1090 MHz. As with other Mode

A/Mode C transponders, the KT 76C replies with any one of 4,096 codes, which differ in the

position and number of pulses transmitted. By “replying” to ground transmissions, your KT 76C

enables ATC computers to display aircraft identification, altitude and ground speed on En-route,

Approach or Departure Control radar screens.

Operating the KT 76C

Select the proper reply code by pressing the desired code entry buttons. The reply code will be displayed

in the code window.

Altitude Display

The KT 76C displays Flight Level Altitude, marked by the letters “FL” and a number in hundreds of feet,

on the left side of the display. For example, the reading “FL 065” corresponds to the altitude of 6,500 feet,

referenced to 29.92 inches of mercury (or 1013 hP) at sea level. Flight Level Altitude represents

“pressure altitude,” and should not be confused with true altitude. Flight Level Altitude is displayed only

when altitude reporting is enabled. If the altitude window is blank or shows a series of dashes (as in the

case of an invalid altimeter code being reported), altitude reporting will be disabled.

CLR Button

Code entry mistakes are corrected, one digit at a time, by pressing the CLR button and re-entering the

correct code. The last active code will be displayed if a complete four-digit code has not been entered and

there is no activity on any of the code entry buttons, the VFR button, or the CLR button for four seconds.

VFR Button

Momentarily pressing the VFR button will enter a pre-programmed VFR code, typically 1200, in the code

window. Pressing and holding the VFR button for two seconds will cause the last active code to be

displayed.

Reply Indicator

The reply indicator blinks to indicate that the KT 76C is functioning properly and replying to interrogations.

Important Codes

7700 - Emergency

7600 - Communication Failure

7500 - Hijacking

0000 - Military - DO NOT USE!

See the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) for detailed explanation of these codes and their use.

Appendix 2 - X-Plane’s Menus

X-Plane has a very flexible and powerful interface. Typically you just have to learn to poke

around the various menus and windows to see all the various options you can change. This is a

tour of the features available:

. The following Menu Sections are covered:

• About Menu

• File Menu

• Aircraft Menu

• Location menu

• Environment menu

• Settings Menu

• View Menu

• Special Menu

• Plugins Menu

The About Menu

About X-Plane

Versions & Updates

Three notes:

1. When speaking to X-Plane about why this copy of X-Plane is not doing what is

expected, the first thing asked by X-Plane is: "What version of X-Plane are you using?"

2. X-Plane is constantly being upgraded to new versions, which are always announced

at www.X-Plane.com.

3. It is quite difficult to upgrade X-Plane on the MAP810F as all the interfaces are set up

to communicate with specific data references in X-Plane. These have changed if previous

versions of X-Plane and will likely cause large problems getting the Radios and Interfaces to

work with the new versions of X-Plane.

The "Versions and Updates" window, will inform which version of X-Plane is runing, what

that LATEST version is (it checks the internet to figure that out!) and has a single button that

can be pressed to upgrade X-Plane to the latest version!

So, if you want to always have the latest version of X-Plane, just go here from time to

time to see what the latest version is and upgrade as desired.

It is not recommended that this feature is used without assistance from Montreal

AeroPlus.

Instructions

This displays a summary of the basic keystrokes and functions available. It is useful for

quick reference during a flight.

Selecting this menu option will take you to the instructions window

which will give you basic information on:

Flight Controls

Cockpit Control

Keyboard

ATC (Air Traffic Control)

Tech Support

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

A.I. Selects, Flies and controls Views of your Aircraft

With these options selected, Artificial Intelligence (AI) will decide which aircraft you should fly by

randomly selecting an aircraft from the many you have available in your 'Aircraft' folder on hard

disk. As well, the computer can fly your plane, and even select views for you. These are nice

options if you want to let X-Plane run in some sort of demo in the background while you talk to

people, or if you want to let X-Plane randomly go through many different airplane and flight

situations, perhaps outputting data to some hardware or software that you have developed that

you want X-Plane to drive.

Here you have three options. When you select the "A.I. Selects Your Aircraft", the A.I.

function comes to life and randomly selects a plane to be activated.

Selecting "A.I. Flies Your Aircraft" lets the A.I. act as a pilot and get the plane into the air.

When you select "A.I. Controls Your Views" the system will show you different views of

the plane as it is in the air.

Refer to Section X and the discussion on Artificial Intelligence (AI) Demo Flight.

File Menu

Save/Load Situation

The "Save" option allows the current setting and situation of X-Plane to be saved. This

means the Controls, Weather, Map, View function. etc. Everything is saved as it was at the time

of the save operation. If you where in Pause mode when saving, you will be there at load time.

You may save multiple situations by naming the file to be saved followed by the file type .sit .

The "Load" option allows the user to reload any saved situation and continue the

situation as if nothing had happened in the meantime.

Save/Load Situation Movie

This function will allow you to create a movie of your flight that you can play back in X-Plane

later.

Here is how it works: X-Plane saves a huge amount of data on your flight in a special X-Plane

file format in a situation movie file (.smo).

You can then save, email, share, etc your .smo files with anyone else, or re-load them later

yourself, to evaluate or share your flight.

Because the .smo file records a ton of info on the flight, you can change views, look at

instruments, stop and rewind, etc, while viewing the recorded movie. The raw data for the flight

is what is recorded, so the viewing options are unlimited.

To Save a Situation Movie:

1. Select 'Save Situation Movie' from the 'File' menu. A dialog window will appear.

2. Type a name for your movie.

3. Select the location to which you would like to save your movie.

4. Hit the 'Enter' key on your keyboard to complete the process.

To Load a Situation Movie:

1. Select 'Load Situation Movie' from the 'File' menu. A dialog window will appear.

2. Browse for, and open the folder that contains the movies you have previously saved by using

the drop down menu at the top of the window. (By default, X-Plane will have saved your

situation files to the following folder: X-System/Output/Movies.)

3. To open your movie, simply click on the movie file that you would like to load.

Make QuickTime Movie Specs

A QuickTime movie is not the same as a Situation Movie. A Situation Movie stores all

the raw data that defines the flight, only to be used in X-Plane, but a QuickTime movie simply

stores what is seen on the screen during flight. These movies may be viewed by anyone with

QuickTime, whether they are in X-Plane or not.

QuickTime is an Apple Macintosh movie format that is now widely supported by almost

every operating system, including Microsoft Windows, but Windows users may need to install a

suitable QuickTime package in order to use these features! See

http://www.apple.com/quicktime/download for more information.

Load Flight Data Recorder File

X-Plane is sometimes used in accident investigation or re-creation, and in that case

people need to be able to take the data from a black box and put it in a format that X-Plane can

read. That format is the Flight Data Recorder (or .fdr) format. Unlike the SMO files, which are

compressed binary, and the MOV files, which are for showing movies only, the FDR file is text

so that anyone may make their own FDR files as easily as possible from whatever data they

have and then re-create these flights in X-Plane. Look in the 'Instructions' folder in X-Plane for

the file 'FDR_reference.fdr'. This is a sample FDR file.

In Summary:

The SMO file is for Situation Movies, which anyone may use INSIDE X-PLANE to view

your flight from any view or angle.

The MOV file is a QuickTime Movie, which anyone may view outside of X-Plane.

The FDR file is a text format, made to be easy to create, so that anyone may make a file

to view a flight in X-Plane.

Take Screen Shots

This creates an image of the entire screen when selected. You can also press (CTRL -)

to do this without the menu getting in the way!

Each screenshot is saved in the X-Plane folder as a PNG file named 'screenshot_x.png' where

x is a sequential number starting at 0. You can take as many screenshots as you like.

Toggle Movie

This toggles the QUICKTIME movie recording on and off. Those QuickTime movies get

really big, really fast, so don't record for too long!

This will terminate X-Plane and the current status of the simulator is saved. The next

time X-Plane starts it will remember your settings, but your plane will be in the same position

where it was the last time you started the simulator. This function does not stop the other

computers (2 thro 6).

Aircraft Menu

Open Aircraft

Refer to Open Aircraft in IOS section of Manual.

Open Livery

Not used on MAP810F.

Weight & Fuel

See Section on Weight and Fuel in IOS Section of Manual.

Equipment and Failures

See section on Equipment Failures in IOS Section of Manual.

Aircraft & Situations

How many other airplanes are there?

Are they trying to chase you down, or are they flying around minding their own business?

All of these things are easily controlled in this window.

One important option that you can control here is the number of aircraft. The value set

in this option will determine the number of aircraft that X-Plane will simulate at once. A value of

1 will only simulate your own airplane. Higher values will simulate your aircraft and a number of

other aircraft in the region. As in reality, these airplanes will wander hither and yon,

manoeuvring in some way that makes sense to them. You might have fun intercepting them

and flying formation with them, and stuff like that.

Hold your mouse motionless for a few moments over the four TEAM checkboxes to get a pretty

decent description of how the teams work in X-Plane to keep things interesting if you want to

have some mock-combat fun.

Show Mouse-Click Regions / Instrument Descriptions

This is not recommended on the MAP810F.

Toggle Puff Smoke

Selecting this Toggle will cause Puff Smoke to appear on your as part of your plane such

as engine smoke, jet contrails, tire touchdown puffs, etc.

Cycle 3-D Flight-Path

When you select this option X-Plane will trace the flight path of the airplane showing a

line following the tail of the plane supported by elevation posts. This way you will be able to see

you flight direction and the ascending or descending motion of the airplane.

Reset 3-D Flight-path

This option will delete the 3-d flight path shown on you screen.

Logbook

Each time you fly in X-Plane, X-Plane logs your flight time in an electronic 'Logbook'. By

default, X-Plane creates a plain text file called 'X-Plane Pilot.txt' in the 'X-

System:Output:logbooks' folder. Inside this text file are details of your flights, including:

- Date of flights

- Aircraft types and tail numbers

- Departure and Arrival Airports

- Duration of flights including cross-country, IFR, night, and total flight time.

The 'Choose Pilot Logbook' and 'New Pilot Logbook' buttons allow you to select a previously

created logbook file, or create a new one.

Location Menu

Select Global Airport

This option lets you go to any airport in our database world-wide. Just select this option

then use the slider to find the desired airport or enter the airport name in the Apt. field. Then

click on "Go to this Airport" . You may also enter the airport ID in the Apt. Field to find the

airport. Click in the LOWER-LEFT FIELD to enter the airport NAME, or the airport ID that you

wish to go to.

VFR Final/ILS Final

If you're looking to practice your landings, this is a useful option.

Selecting a VFR (Visual Flight Rules) or ILS (Instrument Landing System) approach will position

your aircraft some distance away from the airport you have selected, on the perfect flight path to

make your landing on the runway you have chosen. All you need to do is bring the aircraft in to

land. To select an approach from the 'VFR Final' / 'ILS Final' menu:

1. Select 'VFR Final' or 'ILS Final' from the 'Location' option on the menu bar.

2. The respective menu will appear to present you with a list of all the airports in the local area

(about 100 mile radius).

3. Click on the airport that you would like to fly from and a list of runways (with respective

numbers orheadings) at that airport will appear. Select the runway you would like to set up your

approach into.

4. You will find yourself aligned perfectly for your approach into the airport that you have

chosen.

Special Take Off, Special In-Flight, and Special Approach

The various 'Special' menus are provided to allow you to jump straight to other situations that

have been created.

A ramp is effectively a parking space for aircraft. If you would like to begin your flight from the

terminal and taxi the distance to the runway as a real pilot would, choose to begin from a ramp.

Use this option like this:

1. Choose 'Select Global Airport' from the 'Location' menu. The Find Airport screen will

provide you with a list of airports in the local area (about 100 mile radius) where ramps are

available.

2. Click on the airport that you would like to fly from and a list of ramps at that airport will

appear. Note: Due to the large number of airports provided with X-Plane, you will find that many

will have a standard 'default' ramps for you to fly from.

3. You will find yourself parked at the ramp you have chosen, ready to begin your taxi to the

runway.

Take Off

The 'Take Off' option in the 'Select Global Airport' screen available through the Location menu is

a quick way of choosing an airport in the local area to fly from (again about a 100 mile radius).

This option also lets you select which runway you would like to fly from. To choose an airport

from the 'Take Off' menu:

1. Choose 'Select Global Airport' from the 'Location' option on the menu bar.

2. The 'Find Airport' screen will present you with a list of all the airports in the local area (about

100 mile radius), which are included in X-Plane.

3. Click on the airport that you would like to fly from and a list of runways (with respective

numbers or headings) at that airport will appear. Select the runway you would like to fly from.

4. You will find yourself parked at the end of the runway at the airport that you have chosen,

ready to begin your flight.

Local Maps

See Section on Instructor Operator Station. This is the selection that is made to return to the

Instructor Operator Station Map if X-Plane IOS screen leads to the menu only view.

Environment Menu

Weather

See section on Weather in IOS Section.

Date and Time

Section on Date and Time in IOS Section

Settings Menu

The settings menu is the biggest menu in X-Plane, and where everything is set. This is a very

specialist menu setting and may cause the simulator to stop functioning correctly. This menu

systems is typically used for trouble shooting under MAP guidance.

Data Input & Output

This is where you output what the simulator is doing, and tell various different copies of X-Plane

to talk to each other.

Figure 47 Data Input and Output Page

You can use this window to output frame-rate (a very common choice) or any of hundreds of

other parameters as well.

By far, one of the most powerful tools in X-Plane is the data input and output screen. This can

be used to diagnose a variety of problems because it allows you to see what X-Plane is

'thinking' and determine why it may be doing something unexpected. This screen can also

output a host of engineering conditions, controlled by this screen as well.

Let’s take a look. Go to the 'Settings' menu, 'Data Input & Output' screen.

In here you will see 100+ different data sets that can be output as well as four data sets, called

Detail. These detail screens can only be output to the screen, in flight, and provide a host of

engineering data for the flying surfaces of the aircraft you’re operating. Next to each of the lines

you will find a series of four boxes that you can check. The last line, number 130, shows what

each of the boxes do. The first box (moving from the left to the right) outputs the selected data

to the internet, the second to a disk file (be careful with this one - you can quickly fill up your

entire hard drive), the third to a graphing function with in X-Plane and the fourth to the cockpit

during flight.

Why is this so powerful? Because it lets you peer into the inner workings of X-Plane to see

what the software is thinking and why it may be acting unexpectedly. For example, let’s assume

for a moment that your “BRAKE” light is illuminated on the instrument panel, but you don't know

why. You've tried to turn it off by clicking on it with the mouse and you've also tried to use the 'b'

key (for 2/3 braking force) and the 'v' key (for maximum braking effort) but it is still illuminated.

You have previously set up a set of rudder pedals to control the rudder and brakes but can not

find anything wrong with the way you've set them up and you are not pressing the brake pedals.

What could be causing X-Plane to engage the brakes? A hint can be found by checking the

right-most box on line 14 in the Settings > Data In/Out screen. Then close that screen down

and go back to your previous view and note that a line of green text appears in the upper left

corner of the screen. There are four data fields in it, showing a value from 0 to 1 for the landing

gear status (1 is gear down, 0 is gear up if your aircraft is equipped with retractable landing

gear), wheel brakes (on both main gear evenly) and left and right brakes (if you're using a set of

pedals or have programmed the brakes to be activated by some other control.

For this example these suppose that the right brake was showing a value of 1.0. This indicates

that that brake is locked, but why. You remember that you had mapped individual brake

controls to your rudder pedals. Perhaps the problem is there. Apparently, X-Plane thinks that

you are commanding the right brake to be on. Perhaps theirs a problem with the calibration of

your equipment so you go to the 'Settings' menu, 'Joystick and Equipment' page, then click on

the 'Calibrate Joystick Hardware' button. Then, as directed, you move all of your control inputs

through their full range of motion. This teaches X-Plane what your rudder pedals are sending

out for the full range of brake applications. Presto, problem solved.

This is a good example of the importance of the Data Input & Output screen in diagnosing

problems that you may run into. In other sections of this chapter I'll list the areas that may be

applicable to this screen and what to look for.

Now that you understand the value of the data output window, let's look at each bit of it in detail.

The window is split into four sections:

1: Data Set

This is where you can tell X-Plane what data you want to output. As you can see, you can

output all manner of flight data, and many other things as well. For example, if your joystick is

not working, you should output the joystick deflections to see if X-Plane is getting your joystick

input. Now, you will see four checkboxes next to each data output option. What does each of

those four checkboxes mean? Well, there is a label for them in the lower-right of the screen, but

here they are:

Internet (1st check box): The selected data is sent via the UDP network protocol to the

address assigned in the Inet2 tab. This is useful if another copy of X-Plane is running on a

computer with that IP address, and you want to send data from one copy of X-Plane to another,

if, for example, one copy of X-Plane is a pilot's machine, and one is a copilot's. You may also

write your own program to read X-Plane UDP data. The format is very easy, and explained in

the UDP reference.html file in the instructions folder of X-Plane.

Disk file 'Data.txt' (2nd check box): The selected data goes to a file on your hard disk called

'Data.txt' for observation with a spreadsheet or any word processor. It is just columns of text.

Graphical Display (3rd check box): The selected data displayed in the 'Data See' tab as a

graphical display.

Cockpit During Flight (4th check box): The selected data is displayed on the simulator screen

while flying.

Using these options, you can output X-Plane flight performance in spreadsheets, text files,

graphical displays, other copies of X-Plane, or the screen during flight! This really lets you see

what the simulator, and the simulated airplane, is doing.

2: Data See

This tab displays a graphical representation of the data that you selected in the 'Data Set' tab.

You can look at graphical depictions of the flight here to see trends and stuff.

Figure 48 Flight Test Page

Network Connections

Warning : The network settings menu is a very specialist menu setting and may cause

the simulator to stop functioning correctly. This menu is typically used for trouble

shooting under MAP guidance.

Figure 49 Network Page

This allows the simulator to be reconfigured. This should not be needed to be changed on

the MAP810F. It is very important for correct simulator operation. The functionality

available from this page will allow multiple training devices to be connected together and

operate in the same training scenario.

Use this tab to setup a multiplayer session. Up to ten X-Plane systems can be connected

together in this way simply by assigning each system a unique Internet Protocol (IP) address.

These addresses can be Local Area Network (LAN), or true Internet IP addresses. Note that IP

addresses need to be on the same subnet. This makes it easy to set up a multiplayer gaming

session on a LAN.

This tab allows you to configure a multi-computer X-Plane system. If you have multiple

computers, you can select which Internet Protocol (IP) addresses each computer lives on in the

network. You might, for example, have a master machine (the plane with the joysticks

connected to it, which is always the one that runs the flight model and has the most detail on the

instrument panel), a few external visuals (the machines that show the scenery out the window) a

copilot's machine (more instruments and stuff, possibly on different pitot-static and electrical

systems) and maybe an IOS (Instructor Operator’s Station) where an instructor can set weather,

set locations, fail systems, and stuff like that. Each of these stations would be one computer,

one monitor, one copy of X-Plane, and have its own IP address. BUT REMEMBER, they should

all have IP addresses that are the same for the first three numbers... only the last number

should be different on each computer. For example, a nice setup with six computers and six

copies of X-Plane could wisely be set up like this:

Warning : This has been set up in the MAP810F and should not need changing.

Changing these values will change the performance of the MAP810F.

Computer #1 is the Master Machine (Front View)– IP Address 192.168.1.201

Computer #2 is an Instrument Panel – IP Address 192.168.1.202

Computer #3 is an External Visual Channel (Left Middle) – IP Address 192.168.1.203

Computer #4 is an External Visual Channel (Left End) – IP Address 192.168.1.204

Computer #5 is an External Visual Channel (Right Middle) – IP Address 192.168.1.205

Computer #6 is an External Visual Channel (Right End) – IP Address 192.168.1.206

In the this screen you define the IP addresses for sending

Data Output - to a computer on a network

EFIS applications - which is a program which draws high accuracy displays.

Camera Display - if this box is checked, X-Plan will send an image of the screen at the frame

rate and resolution specified in the Quick time setting, compressed with S3TC compression..

Joystick & Equipment

Warning This should not need changing and is described more fully in the MAP810F

maintenance Manual.

Rendering Options

Warning This should not need changing and is described more fully in the MAP810F

maintenance Manual.

Sound This is for setting the sounds.

Quick Flight Setup The 'Quick Flight Setup' dialog offers one convenient location to change a number of basic flight

options. Here, you can set the basics of the weather, time, starting airport, and your selection of

aircraft.

Once you've created your quick flight, you might like to use the Save Situation menu item to

make it available for future use.

Figure 50 Quick Flight Set Up Page

Operations & Warnings

This window simply lets you specify a few little tidbits about where your plane starts, whether

the sim breaks the airplane if you over-stress it, what warnings the simulator gives you if things

are going wrong, and various little things like that. Each is described below.

Figure 51 Operations and Warnings Page

Start each flight on the ramp

This option allows you to have the aircraft placed on a ramp (near a taxiway or hangar), rather

than at the end of a runway when you change airports. If you select this option, you will have to

taxi to an active runway before you can take off.

Start each flight with engines and systems running

When X-Plane is started or when a new aircraft is loaded, this option will ensure that all engines

and associated battery and control systems are running and ready to go. If this option is not

selected, you will have to perform manual system and engine starts using the correct

procedures for that particular aircraft before you can begin to taxi or take off. The MAP810F as

delivered had this option checked.

Remove flying surfaces in over-speed, over-G

If you fly too fast, or pull too many G's, then X-Plane will remove flying surfaces (i.e. wings). As

in real life, this is likely to have disastrous results.

Remove flaps over Vfe, gear doors over Vle

Check this box and if you exceed Vfe (Velocity Flap Extended) with the

flaps down, then X-Plane will rip them off! Ditto that on the gear doors if you exceed Vle

(Velocity Landing gear Extended)

Reset on hard crash

If you check this option then X-Plane will reposition you at the nearest airport if you crash hard.

Warn if incomplete scenery installations

This warning will appear when scenery is installed improperly.

Give various in-cockpit text warnings

With this option enabled, X-Plane will give various text warnings on screen. Such warnings

include airframe ice, carburetor ice, landing gear tire blown, and others.

Warn of low frame rate

With this option enabled, X-Plane will warn you if your frame-rate gets too low. Appendix C lists

common trouble-shooting tips if X-Plane is running too slow, and Chapter 4 has a section on the

Rendering Options screen that should tell you how to configure it for maximum speed.

Dump net data to error.out

This function is usually used for diagnostics.

When this is enabled, X-Plane will dump data to a text file for each bit of data it gets over the

Ethernet port in the UPD format. It will also dump data to a text file for each bit of data it sends.

Why would this happen? Well, look in the Data Input and Output screens and you will see that

you can send data by UDP to other copies of X-Plane, and this option will give you a log of all

sent and received data. THIS IS USEFUL BECAUSE IF YOU ARE SENDING DATA TO X-

PLANE AND X-PLANE DOES NOT SEEM TO BE GETTING THAT DATA AND YOU CANNOT

FIGURE OUT WHY, THEN OUTPUTTING THIS DIAGNOSTIC DATA CAN LET X-PLANE

TELL YOU WHAT MESSAGES IT IS SENDING, AND WHY ANY INCOMING MESSAGES

MIGHT BE REJECTED.

Dump timer data to error.out

When enabled, X-Plane will dump data to the 'error.out' file detailing the amount of time X-Plane

is spending on each of its critical processes. It allows you to see which processes within X-

Plane are consuming the most CPU time and may be useful to determine which settings to

reduce to attain better performance.

View Menu

The view menu change different aspects of the views in X-Plane.

Experiment by trying them all. The characters in brackets on the far right are the keyboard

shortcuts for each view.

Special Menu

The 'Special' menu lets you do various odd-ball things in the sim.

Show Flight Model

With X-Plane breaking the plane down into a series of little pieces, and it calculates the force

on each piece? Hit the '/' key a few times, or select this menu item a few times, and hit maybe

the '|' key and use the arrow keys to get a nice external view of the plane to see all those forces.

Turn on some wind and turbulence in the weather screen and you will even be able to see the

pseudo-random velocity-vector flow-field around the airplane. The velocity vectors you see are

the actual vectors interacting with the plane, and the force-vectors you see are the actual forces

on the plane, so nothing is just for show here: you are seeing the actual work that X-Plane is

doing. Turn OFF the wind and turbulence and fly up close behind another airplane (use the

'Other Aircraft and Situations' window and the 'Map' window as needed to help here) and watch

the flow-field around your airplane become chaotic as you enter the wake of the plane in front of

In the extreme a test can be set up by selecting about 10 other planes in the 'Aircraft and

Situations' window of all equal performance (all airliners or all light planes) and set them all to

be on the RED team, and put the MAP810F plane on the BLUE team. Then, put the MAP810F

plane on autopilot in flight and walk away from X-Plane for 30 minutes or so. Come back in half

an hour and all the other planes should be on your tail, each one in the wake turbulence of all

the planes in front it! This is the type of flight-model math that X-Plane does.

Output Flight Model

This will dump the next cycle of calculations of the flight model directly to a disk file 'X-

Plane.out'. You can then view this file with any text editor.

Open/Toggle Text File for Viewing

This option allows you to open and display any text file that you have previously created and

saved onto disk within your X-Plane folder. This is useful for notes and information about your

aircraft, airports, or procedures. Think of it as an in-flight notepad.

Open/Toggle Checklist for Use

This option allows you to open any text file that you have previously created and saved onto

disk within your X-Plane file folder. It will display each line in the text file one by one, allowing

you to scroll forward and backwards using the buttons on the top left of the popup window. This

is not considered usable in the MAP810F unless being used for testing.

Find Pitch/Yaw Stability Derivative

This is considered a maintenance function. Use this setting to displace the aircraft nose by one

degree in pitch or yaw for X-Plane to measure the acceleration back to level flight. This

information can then be used to calculate the Pitch and Yaw Stability Derivatives. The results

are placed in the text file 'X-Plane.out' in the X-Plane folder on your hard disk. The quicker the

nose pops back to level flight, the greater the static stability of the airplane. The quicker the

resulting oscillations damp out, the greater the dynamic stability of the airplane.

Set Environment Properties

This setting allows you to change the virtual world's environmental, atmospheric, and

gravitational properties. You can use this to experiment with some of the environmental factors

that affect an aircraft in flight, including temperature, pressure, density, viscosity and gravity.

You can simulate flight on other planets this way.

Set Artificial Stability, Autopilot, and FADEC constants

Warning : This menu should not be used on the MAP810F. These constants are normally

set in Plane-Maker, and their workings are explained in the Plane-Maker manual.

Show Control Deflections

Developed for the National Test Pilot School, this option lets you see a little running graph of

your control deflections as you fly.

See Weapon Guidance

This is not used on the MAP810F. This function was developed for a Military Simulation

Contract, this option lets you see what your guided-missile flight-control deflections are, and

should be used to tune your guided missile guidance algorithms. (The guided missile guidance

algorithms are set in the 'Weapons' screen in Plane-Maker).

Show Sky Colors

Developed for Chief Artist Sergio Santagada, this option lets you see what images X-Plane is

currently using to generate its sky colors.

Show Projector Test

Show what the projector sees when pictures or movies are to be taken and recorded.

Plug-in Admin

The X-Plane Plug-In Software Developers Kit is a combination of code, DLLs, and

documentation that allow programmers to write additions that work inside X-Plane, without

modifying X-Plane or having a copy of X-Plane's source code. 'Plug-in Admin' provides a set of

features to administer any plug-in software, which is installed. The MAP810F has plug-ins to

drive the interface sub system and the Radios.

Appendix 3 - Aircraft Baseline

This section provides the baseline aircraft images that were used as a reference during the

design of the MAP810F.

Baseline General Cockpit Arrangement

Figure 52 Baseline Aircraft Cockpit

Baseline Flight Instrument Arrangement

Figure 53 Baseline Flight Instruments

Baseline Autopilot Indicator Panel

Figure 54 Baseline Aircraft AP indicator Panel

Appendix 4 – Garmin GNS 430 Quick Reference Guide

Insert Garmin GNS 430 Quick Reference Guide from Garmin Site here

http://www.garmin.com/manuals/GNS430_QuickReferenceGuide.pdf

Appendix 5 – Garmin GNS 430 Pilot Manual

Insert Garmin GNS 430 Pilots Manual from Garmin Site here

http://www.garmin.com/manuals/GNS430_PilotsGuide.pdf

Appendix 6 – Garmin GPS 296 Quick reference Guide

Insert Garmin GPS 296 Quick Reference Guide from Garmin Site here

http://www.garmin.com/manuals/GPSMAP296_QuickReferenceGuide.pdf

Appendix 7 – Garmin GPS 296 Pilot Manual

Insert Garmin GPS 296 Pilots Manual from Garmin Site here

http://www.garmin.com/manuals/GPSMAP296_PilotsGuide.pdf

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