Post on 08-Feb-2022
LeslieKorn,PhD,MPHLMHC,ACS,RPP,NTP,NCBTMB
CopyrightDr.LeslieKorn,2018
Entheogens
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Definitions: History
• Hallucinogens,psychedelics,psychotomimetics
• Greek:• entheos=thegodwithin,• gen,actionofbecoming’
Ruck,Wasson,Staples,Bigwood,andOtt(1979)
• Entheogen—generatingtheexperienceofthegod
• “PlantSacraments/shamanicinebriantsevokingreligiousecstasy/visions
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Definitions: Psychedelic
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• “Psyche=mindDelos=manifesting
• CoinedbyHumphryOsmondinhis1957
• "AReviewoftheClinicalEffectsofPsychotomimeticAgents"
• “Psychedelic"developedincontextofLSD
• Referstoextraordinaryconceptual(“mind-manifesting")impactuponhumanexperience&understanding”
(Winkelman,2003)
• PsychedelicassistedPsychotherapy
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Definitions
• Psychoactive• “ProducingInebriation/alterationsinthestateofconsciousness;whetherstimulation,sedation,Euphoria,etc.”
(Ott,1995,p.129)
• Hallucinogen“allthosesubstancesthatproducedistinctalterationsinperception,sensationsofspace&time,&emotionalstates”
(Rätsch,C.1998.TheEncyclopediaofPsychoactivePlants,p.9)
• Psychointegrator• Thestimulationofmind,emotions,soul&spirittointegrativedevelopmentStimulatesmental&emotionalcatalyzingprocess
• Encourageaholisticdevelopmentalintegrationofthemind,spiritandsoul(Winkelman,2003)
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Religion & Spirituality
•UsedinthearchaicworldinDivination&forshamanichealing
• Evidenceforentheogens&HolyCommunion:theEucharist
• InitiationtoEleusinianMysteries
• “Becomingdivinewithin”
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The Garden of Eden
• WastheappleofEvewasactuallyapsychoactivemushroomcalledamanita?
CarlRuck..TheApplesofApollo:PaganandChristianMysteriesoftheEucharist,withClark
HeinrichandBlaiseDanielStaplesVideoPPT
http://www.psychedelic-library.org/video/HVS.mp4
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Demeter with Barley, Opium, & Snakes
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• AbductionofPersephone
• TheHarvest
• AStoryoftrauma
• Thenarcissus:descentintotheunderworldofthemind&returntranscendent
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Mayan Dieties & Mushrooms
• WhentheSpanisharrivedinMexicotheysuppressed:
• Sacramentaluseofmushroom,TeonanacatlbytheNahua—“FleshoftheGods”—
• RitualfoodssuchasAmaranth
• Weresafeguardedbyindigenouspeoplesforthefuture
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Psychoactive Plants & Religion
• Historically,indigenous&traditionalsocietiesusepsychoactiveplantsinthecontextofacommunity-basedritual
• ThesuppressionofmindalteringdrugsbeganwiththeInquisitionintheNewWorld
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Inquisitionconfiscatedpsychoactiveherbsin
Theoldworld:
Witcheswho“flew”wereusingpsychoactiveherbs
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Traditional Spiritual Practices
• NativeAmericanchurchpeyoteceremonypracticesintheUnitedStates’southwest
• WixárikasofcentralMéxico
• AyahuascaceremoniespracticedbyUrarinashamanofinteriorAmazonriverregions,Peru
• Mushroomcults(Amanitamuscaria)ofSiberia
• MazatecofnorthwesternOaxaca,Méxicorefertotheirpreferred,trance-inducingmushroomasnti-si-tho
• Commonthemes:SpiritualSacredTherapeutic
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“I’m personally biased in favor of these type of studies, if it proves useful to people who are really suffering, we should look at it”
―ThomasR.Insel,
DirectoroftheNational
InstituteofMentalHealth
(N.I.M.H.)
Psychedelic Medicine
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LSD/ D-lysergic acid diethylamide
• LSD,acid,(D-lysergicaciddiethylamide)
• Hallucinogenicchemicalderivedfromtheergot(Clavicepspurpurea)fungusthatgrowsonrye(SecalecerealeL.)
• AlbertHoffmanaccidentallysynthesizedLSDin1938
• LSDwasusedtotreatDutchWorldWarIIsurvivorsofconcentrationcamps
• BillWilson(founderofAlcoholicsAnonymous)tookLSDundertheguidanceofapsychiatrist&hadanintensespiritualexperienceleadinghimtoconcludethatLSDcouldhelpotherswithalcoholism
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LSD
• Theeffectslastfor6-8hours&experienceisusuallyfollowedbyacomedownperiodof2-6hours
• LSDisnon-addictive&nowithdrawaleffectshavebeenreported
•Currentuseiscalledmicrodosing
•Currentresearch:PsilocybinatNYCfortreatmentofalcoholdependency
ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier:NCT02061293
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LSD Studies
• Double-blind,randomized,activeplacebo-controlledpilotstudyto
examinesafetyandefficacy
• (LSD)-assistedpsychotherapyin12patientswithanxietyassociatedwithlifethreateningdiseases
• Treatmentincludeddrug-freepsychotherapysessions
• TwoLSD-assistedpsychotherapysessions2to3weeksapart
• Outcomes:Safe&anxietyreducedGasseretal.TheJournalofNervousandMentalDisease&Volume202,Number7,July2014
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Mushrooms/Psilocybin/Psilocin
• Hundredsofhallucinogenicmushrooms,includingPsilocybeaztecorum,P.mexicanaandP.caerulescans,Panaeolussphinctrinus,P.foenisecii,&Strophariacubensis
• A.K.A.mushrooms,magicmushrooms,shrooms,andboomers,psilocybinmushroomsgrowthroughoutthetheworld
• Psilocybeaztecorum,P.mexicanamostparticularlyinMexico,CentralAmerica,wheretheyareusedinreligiousceremoniesbyAztec,Mazatec,Chinantec,Mije,Zapotec,Mixtec&Mayan
(Spinella,2001)
• Mostpsychoactivemushroomscontainpsilocybin(4-phosphoryl-DMT)orpsilocin(4-hydroxyDMT)
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Mushrooms/Psilocybin/Psilocin
• Psilocybemushroomslesspotent&shorter-acting
• Bothpsilocybin&psilocinactontheserotonergicsystem,likeLSD.Effectsofpsilocybemushroomsbegin30-60minutesafteringestion&lastfrom4-6hours
• PsychologistTimothyLearyusedpsilocybintotreatprisonerstheorizingthatalteredstatesengenderedbythedrugwouldleadtoreducedlevelsofrecidivismamongprisoners
• Psilocybinuseisassociatedwithprofoundspiritualexperiencesthathavelastingeffects
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Mushrooms/Psilocybin/Psilocin
• Psychologicaleffects• Shiftsinmood,perception(visual),perceivedchangesintime&space
(Hasler,Grimberg,Benz,Huber,&Vollenweider,2004)
• Psilocybingiventohealthysubjectsissafe• Adviseagainstuseofpsilocybinforthosewithcardiovascularconditions/hypertension
• Psilocybin/LSDtopreventortreatclusterheadaches• Reportefficacy&remission
(Sewell,Halpern,&Pope,2006)
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Peyote
• Peyote(Lophophorawilliamsii)
• CactusthatgrowsinthedesertsofCentralMexico&asfarnorthasTexas
• Péyotl,Nahuawordmeans‘furrything’referringtothetopsofthecactus
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“Peyote is the crossing of the souls, it is everything that is. Without peyote nothing would exist”
―AWixaritariman
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The Huichol Trinity of Deer, Maize & Peyote
Annualpilgrimage
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Visionary art following the Peyote pilgrimage
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Peyote
• Thefreshordriedheadsofthecactus,“peyotebuttons”• Eaten,madeintoatea,orpowdered
• Over55alkaloidsinpeyote,• Mainpsychoactivealkaloid,mescaline
• UseofpeyotespreadtoNorthAmericanIndiansbytheMescaleroApache&theLipanApacheofMexico
• AmericanIndiansusepeyoteto
• Dispelbadspiritsbelievedtobecausingillness• Diabetes,pain,colds,bites,alcoholism,headache,blindness,menstrualdisorders&brokenbones
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The Native American Church
• TheNativeAmericanChurch,(NAC)pan-IndianreligiondiffuseddirectlyfromtheolderMexicanforms:transcendscurrentborders
• BasedontheuseofthePeyotecactusasasacramentalmedicine
• Developedinthelate19thcenturyinresponsetothecommunitytrauma
• Requiresabstinencefromalcohol&drugs
• Offersanimportantresourcetoparticipantswhoaredetoxifyingfromalcohol
• Aholistic,communalceremonyduringwhichthepeyotespiritmayilluminateananswerorknowledgeaboutproblem
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Peyote & the NAC
• Peyote&NativeAmericanChurchofferamodelofatraditionalentheogenritual
• Ahealingcontextusedtoprovidealternativestodrugs&alcohol
• Indigenous-centricalternativetoAlcoholicsAnonymous(AA)
• Fosterspositiveculturalpractices• Supportsindividual&groupidentity• Mitigatestheongoingeffectsofcolonization
• Promoteshealthinareasbeyondaddiction
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Spirit MoleculeAyahuasca and DMT
• “Vineofthesouls”(aya=spirit,waska=vine)• Ayahuasca(combination:B.caapiandPsychotriaviridis)
• Santodaimereligiouspractice:Brazil&global
• MainhallucinogenicalkaloidsareDMT(N,N-dimethyltryptamine)&β-carbolines(monoamineoxidaseinhibitingharmalaalkaloids)
• Serotoninanalogue• Near-death&mysticalexperiencesarearesultofDMTproducedbythepinealgland(RickStrassman,2001)
• “SpiritMolecule”(Strassman)DMT
• Ubiquitousinhumans,animals&plants25
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Ayahuasca
• LegalstatusintheUSischanging• Theplantsusedtomakethebrewaregenerallynotregulated,butmainpsychoactivecomponent,N,N-DMT,isascheduleIillegaldrug
• Ayahuasca-basedreligiousgroups,SantoDaimechurchandUniãodoVegetal–(UDV)
• ApprovedbyU.S.Courtsforlegaluseofayahuascainceremonies
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Ayahuasca-led Retreats Research
• Counselingandceremonies
• Aboriginalpopulation• Statisticallysignificant(p<0.05)improvements
• Forscales:hopefulness,empowerment,mindfulness,&qualityoflifemeaning&outlooksubscales
• Self-reportedalcohol,tobaccoandcocaineusedeclined,cannabis&opiateusedidnot(duetobeingprescription)
• Significantreductionsinproblematiccocaineuse
• Allstudyparticipantsreportedpositive,lastingchangesCurrentDrugAbuseReviews,2013,6,000-00011874-4737/13Ayahuasca-AssistedTherapyforAddiction:Results
fromaPreliminaryObservationalStudyinCanadaGeraldThomasPhilippeLucas,N.RielleCapler,KennethW.TupperGinaMartin
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DMT & Toad Licking
• “Psychoactivetoad”ofMesoAmericantraditionalmedicine(Weil&Davis,1994)
• TheSonorandeserttoad,Bufoalvarius,secreteslargeamountsofthepotenthallucinogen,5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine(5-MeO-DMT)
• Toad-lickingrituals• MedicinaluseoftoadsbyindigenouspeoplesofwestMexico
• Ruboilonthetoadandthenrubitoverareasofthebodyaffectedbyerysipelas
• Whenfinished,thenthetoadiswashed&releasedbackintothewild
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MDMA
• 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
• Ecstasy• Empathogen
•Meaningtogenerateastateofempathy
• Anentactogen,meaningtotouchwithin
• Empathogens=subcategoryofpsychedelicdrugsLSD&psilocybin(Metzner&Adamson,2001)
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MDMA
• UseofMDMAwithpsychotherapy
• 6womenwithchronicPTSDfollowingsexualassault
• Lowdoses(50-75mg.)weresafepsychologically&physically(Bouso,Doblin,Farré,Alcázar,&Gómez-Jarabo,2008)
• PotentialtotreatPTSDbyreducingfear,anxiety
• Openness&trust,improvetherapeuticrelationship(Mithoefer,2007)
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MDMA
• StudiesofMDMA&psychotherapy
1)ChronicrefractoryPTSD
• Resultedinresolutionofsymptomssothatalarge%ofthegroupnolongermetthecriteriaforPTSD
(Mithoeferetal.,2010)
2)RandomizedcontrolledstudyonMDMAforpatientswithPTSDwhohadnotrespondedtopsychotherapy/medication
• Resultsincludedsignificant⬇scoresoftheclinicianadministered
PTSDscaleMithoefer,Wagner,Mithoefer,Jerome,andDoblin(2011)
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MDMA
• LowdosesofMDMAhelppeoplebegentlewiththemselves,⬇defenses
&beopentopsychotherapyprocess(Holland,2001)
• Therapeuticdoseisabout125mg(Holland,2000)
• Chemicallysimilartomescaline,whichalongwithMDMAbelongstothefamilyofphenethylamines(Holland,2001)
• Releasesafloodofserotonin&dopamine
•⬆bloodlevelsoftheaffiliationhormonesoxytocinandprolactin(Jerome,
2004)➡profoundsenseofempathy(JohansenandKrebs,2009)
• Potentialtodeepentrustwiththerapist
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MDMA
•⬇activityintheamygdala&mayfacilitateanexplorationoftraumatic
memories
•⬆norepinephrine&cortisol,itmightalsoenhancetherateofextinction
learning(Johansen&Krebs,2009)
• MDMAissafetoadministertohumansinacontrolledclinicalsetting&causesfewadverseevents(Jerome,2004)
• TheCYP2D6enzymemetabolizesMDMAintheliver
• Deficient/totallyabsentin5to10%ofCaucasians&AfricanAmericans&1to2%ofAsians
• PeoplewithoutCYP2D6enzymeshouldnotuseMDMA(Holland,2000)
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Ketamine
• SpecialKorK2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone
• Dissociativeanaestheticandpsychedelic• Widelyusedrecreationallyforitspsychedelic&dissociativeeffects,whichincludealteredperceptions,vertigo,decreasedmotorfunction,enhancedsociability,&dissociation
• Slightlyaddictivepsychologically,yetitalsohasbeenusedtotreataddictioninacontrolledsetting
(Jansen,2000)
• CurrentlylistedasascheduleIIIillegalsubstance
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Ketamine
• Lowdosesusedasantidepressant&“transpersonal”drugfordeathanxiety(Kolpetal.,2007).
• Study:treatmentresistantdepressionimprovementofsymptomswithinhours,withathirdofthemexperiencinglastingreliefforoneweek
• Study:Alcoholism&heroinaddiction
• 65%ofpatientsremainedsoberforatleastoneyear(Krupitsky&Grinenko,1997)
• Alcohol&heroinusingpatientsexperienced⬇craving,anxiety&
depression
• Positivechangesinattitudestowardthemselves,others,&towardslife,⬆spirituality&sobriety
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Ketamine
• Smalldosestotreatpain&hasbeenreportedtoproducelastingpain-reducingeffects
(Borsook,2009)
• Someadverseeffects
• Confusion,visual&perceptualchanges,• Increasedbloodpressure,dizziness,• Increasedlibidoallofwhichhavebeenobservedtosubsidewithin1-2hours
• Topicalcompoundforneuropathicpain:ketamine/ketprofen/capsaicin
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Iboga/ Ibogaine
• IbogahasbeenusedforcenturiesinreligiousceremoniesandtraditionalmedicinebytheGabonandCongocultures
• Tabernantheiboga• TheFangBwiticult:asyncreticNeo-Christianreligion• ThepowderedIbogarootsserveastheEucharistinMass
• Non-addictive.Ibogainetheextractdrugfromtheplant
• Atypicalopiatethatappearstoaltertheaddictioncircuitbyactingonbothopioid&serotonergicreceptors
(Mash,2010)
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Ibogaine
• Treatment:individualswithopiateaddictionsexperience
• Liftingofthephysicalsymptomsofdependencewithin30-45minutesfollowingingestion
• Severaltreatmentsareoftenrequired• 30N:Oxyandheroin-previousunsuccessfulTxMaximaleffectat1month
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1320802
• Studyof14N:Asingleibogainetreatmentreducedopioidwithdrawalsymptoms,achievedopioidcessation/sustainedreducedusedependentindividualsover12months
THEAMERICANJOURNALOFDRUGANDALCOHOLABUSE http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1310218
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Addiction Interrupter
• “Thevisualexperiencethatibogaineprovideshelpssomepeople(butnoteveryone)toreceiveinsightsintotheirdestructivebehaviorsandhelpthemtorewritetheirmythology”DeborahMash
• Aftercareincludesintegrativeapproachtoaddresscausesandongoingselfcareprotocols
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MAPS
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• PsychedelicHarmReductionProjectTrainingonhowtobestsupportdifficultpsychedelicexperiencesWebsite:http://www.zendoproject.org/
• CertificateinPsychedelic-AssistedTherapiesandResearchWebsite:https://www.ciis.edu/public-programs/certificate-programs/
certificate-in-psychedelic-assisted-therapies-and-research
Psychedelic Medicine
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• PsychedelicPsychotherapyForum Website:http://www.psychedelicpsychotherapy.ca/
• MAPSPsychedelicMedicineBibliographyWebsite:http://www.maps.org/resources/psychedelic-bibliography
Entheogens & Psychedelic Medicine
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Summary
• Definitionsofentheogens,psychedelicmedicine
• Linkedtoculturalritualreligiouspractices• Currentuseinpsychotherapy&otherrituals• Applicationsforavarietyofmentalhealthdis-orders
• Recreational/Selfmedication/Therapeuticuse
• VariousstatesoflegalityintheUS&othercountries• Varietyofplant&extracts&syntheticsubstances• Targetsvariousreceptorsinthebrain• Identifyingapplications,findingresourcesforcollaboration
Thank you!drlesliekorn.com lekorn@cwis.org