Post on 05-Jan-2016
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Design for Design for Construction SafetyConstruction Safety
Lee Anne JillingsLee Anne JillingsU.S. Dept. of Labor-OSHAU.S. Dept. of Labor-OSHA
John W. Mroszczyk, John W. Mroszczyk, PhD, PE, CSPPhD, PE, CSP
Northeast Consulting Engineers, Inc.Northeast Consulting Engineers, Inc.
Marvin Oey, Marvin Oey, PhD, PEPhD, PE
ASCE Construction InstituteASCE Construction Institute
OSHA Alliance Program OSHA Alliance Program Construction RoundtableConstruction Roundtable
Design for Safety WorkgroupDesign for Safety Workgroup
• Purpose of Alliance RoundtablesPurpose of Alliance Roundtables
• Success of Construction Success of Construction Roundtable: Design for Safety Roundtable: Design for Safety (DfS) Workgroup(DfS) Workgroup
• Next Steps for DfS WorkgroupNext Steps for DfS Workgroup
OSHA Alliance Program Construction OSHA Alliance Program Construction Roundtable: DfS Workgroup MembersRoundtable: DfS Workgroup Members
American Society of Civil Engineers-American Society of Civil Engineers-Construction InstituteConstruction Institute
American Society of Safety EngineersAmerican Society of Safety Engineers Independent Electrical Contractors Independent Electrical Contractors ADSC: International Association of ADSC: International Association of
Foundation Drilling Foundation Drilling Laborers Health and Safety Fund of North Laborers Health and Safety Fund of North
America America
DfS Workgroup Members, continuedDfS Workgroup Members, continued
Mason Contractors Association of Mason Contractors Association of America America
National Fire Protection Association National Fire Protection Association National Institute for Occupational National Institute for Occupational
Safety & Health Safety & Health Sealant, Waterproofing and Sealant, Waterproofing and
Restoration Institute Restoration Institute Washington Group InternationalWashington Group International
DfS Workgroup ProductsDfS Workgroup Products
DfS PowerPoint presentationDfS PowerPoint presentation Presentations at National ConferencesPresentations at National Conferences 2 to 4 hour course for design 2 to 4 hour course for design
professionals (under development)professionals (under development) 10 hour OSHA Outreach Training Program 10 hour OSHA Outreach Training Program
(under development)(under development) www.designforconstructionsafety.orgwww.designforconstructionsafety.org
Designing for Construction Safety Designing for Construction Safety (DfCS) – What is it?(DfCS) – What is it?
An extension of DfS to coverAn extension of DfS to cover construction projectsconstruction projects
Recognizes construction site safety Recognizes construction site safety as a design criterionas a design criterion
The process of addressing The process of addressing construction site safety and health in construction site safety and health in the design of a projectthe design of a project
U.S. Construction Accident StatisticsU.S. Construction Accident Statistics11
Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,200 Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,200 deaths each yeardeaths each year
7% of workforce but 21% of fatalities7% of workforce but 21% of fatalities
Construction has one of the highest fatality Construction has one of the highest fatality rates of any industry sectorrates of any industry sector
11 Bureau of Labor Statistics-2005Bureau of Labor Statistics-2005
Typical Construction Project Typical Construction Project ArrangementArrangement
Project owner separately contracts with a Project owner separately contracts with a Architect/Engineer and with a general Architect/Engineer and with a general contractor, prime contractor, construction contractor, prime contractor, construction manager, program manager or owner’s agentmanager, program manager or owner’s agent
Above entities may subcontract out some or Above entities may subcontract out some or all of the work to specialty trade contractorsall of the work to specialty trade contractors
Project owners occasionally contract with a Project owners occasionally contract with a design-build firm to perform both design and design-build firm to perform both design and constructionconstruction
Root Causes for Construction Root Causes for Construction AccidentsAccidents11
Inadequate construction planningInadequate construction planning Lack of proper trainingLack of proper training Deficient enforcement of trainingDeficient enforcement of training Unsafe equipmentUnsafe equipment Unsafe methods or sequencingUnsafe methods or sequencing Unsafe site conditionsUnsafe site conditions Not using safety equipment that was providedNot using safety equipment that was provided
11 Toole, “Construction Site Safety Roles”, 2002 Toole, “Construction Site Safety Roles”, 2002
Accidents Linked to DesignAccidents Linked to Design1,21,2
22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in 22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon, WA and CAOregon, WA and CA
42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-200342% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003
In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal accidents resulted from decisions made before site accidents resulted from decisions made before site work beganwork began
11 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005
2 2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working ConditionsEuropean Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
Where Do Design Professionals Where Do Design Professionals Fit In?Fit In?
Considering safety issues during the Considering safety issues during the design stagedesign stage
Designing out anticipated hazardsDesigning out anticipated hazards
Considering Safety During Design Considering Safety During Design Offers the Most PayoffOffers the Most Payoff11
Conceptual Design
Detailed Engineering
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to Influence
Safety
Project Schedule
1 Szymberski 1987
What Types of Design Decisions?What Types of Design Decisions?
IBC paragraph 704.11.1 requires that a IBC paragraph 704.11.1 requires that a parapet wall be at least 30 inches highparapet wall be at least 30 inches high
OSHA 1926 Subpart M requires aOSHA 1926 Subpart M requires a
42 inch guardrail or other fall protection42 inch guardrail or other fall protection
If the design professional specifies a If the design professional specifies a
42 inch high parapet wall, fall protection 42 inch high parapet wall, fall protection would not be required would not be required
DfCS ProcessDfCS Process11
Design Kickoff Design
Internal Review
Issue for Construction
External Review
Trade contractor involvement
• Establish design for safety expectations
• Include construction and operation perspective
• Identify design for safety process and tools
• QA/QC
• Cross-discipline review
• Focused safety review
• Owner review
1 Gambatese
Barrier: Designers' Fear of Liability
Barrier: Fear of undeserved liability for worker safety.
Solution: Clearly communicate the DfCS initiative does NOT suggest designers should be held responsible for construction accidents.
Solution: Develop revised model contract language and legislation that encourage DfCS.
Solution: Propose legislation is facilitate designing for construction safety without inappropriately shifting safety duties and liability onto designers.
Barrier: Increased Designer Barrier: Increased Designer Costs Associated with DfCSCosts Associated with DfCS
While DfCS results in decreased total While DfCS results in decreased total project life cycle costs for the owner, DfCS project life cycle costs for the owner, DfCS processes will increase both direct and processes will increase both direct and overhead costs for designers. overhead costs for designers.
Increased direct costs will result from Increased direct costs will result from more time spent on many design tasks. more time spent on many design tasks.
Increased overhead costs will result from Increased overhead costs will result from providing safety training and perhaps providing safety training and perhaps increased insurance premiums.increased insurance premiums.
Solution: Educate owners that they must Solution: Educate owners that they must be willing to pay slightly higher design be willing to pay slightly higher design fees to save themselves money in the long fees to save themselves money in the long run.run.
Barrier: Designers' Lack of Barrier: Designers' Lack of Safety ExpertiseSafety Expertise
Barrier: Few design professionals Barrier: Few design professionals possess sufficient expertise in possess sufficient expertise in construction safety.construction safety.
Solution: Promote including Solution: Promote including construction safety in construction, construction safety in construction, engineering and architectural engineering and architectural curricula.curricula.
Solution: Develop and promote 10-Solution: Develop and promote 10-hour and 30-hour OSHA courses for hour and 30-hour OSHA courses for design professionals.design professionals.
DfCS Examples: DfCS Examples: Prefabrication
Steel stairs
Concrete Wall Panels
Concrete Segmented Bridge
DfCS Examples: DfCS Examples: Anchorage Points
DfCS Examples:DfCS Examples:RoofsRoofs
Skylights Upper story windows and roof parapets
DfCS Examples: DfCS Examples: Steel l Design Avoid hanging connections; Avoid hanging connections;
design to bear on columns design to bear on columns instead using safety seatsinstead using safety seats
Require holes in columns for Require holes in columns for tie lines 21” and 42” above tie lines 21” and 42” above each floor slabeach floor slab
Specify shop welded Specify shop welded connections instead of bolts connections instead of bolts or field welds to avoid or field welds to avoid dangerous positions during dangerous positions during erectionerection
Consider approximate Consider approximate dimensions of connection dimensions of connection tools to prevent pinches or tools to prevent pinches or awkward assembliesawkward assembliesNational Institute of Steel Detailing and Steel National Institute of Steel Detailing and Steel
Erectors Association of America. Erectors Association of America. Detailing Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety. Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety. 20012001
Example of the Need for DfCSExample of the Need for DfCS Worker electrocuted when his
drill rig got too close to overhead power lines.
Design engineer specified groundwater monitoring wells were to be dug directly under power lines.
Engineer could have specified wells be dug away from power lines and/or better informed the employer of hazard posed by wells’ proximity to powerlines through the plans, specifications, and bid documents.
Other DfCS Design ExamplesOther DfCS Design Examples Design underground utilities to be placed Design underground utilities to be placed
using trenchless technologyusing trenchless technology11
Specify primers, sealers and other Specify primers, sealers and other coatings that do not emit noxious fumes or coatings that do not emit noxious fumes or contain carcinogenic productscontain carcinogenic products22
Design cable type lifeline system for Design cable type lifeline system for storage towersstorage towers33
11 Weinstein, “Can Design Improve Construction Safety”, 2005Weinstein, “Can Design Improve Construction Safety”, 200522 Gambatese, “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety”, 2005 Gambatese, “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety”, 200533 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety
Concept”, 2005Concept”, 2005
DfCS Practices Around the GlobeDfCS Practices Around the Globe Designers first required to design for Designers first required to design for
construction safety in the United construction safety in the United Kingdom in 1995Kingdom in 1995
Other European nations have similar Other European nations have similar requirementsrequirements
Australia also leading in DfCSAustralia also leading in DfCShttp://www.ascc.gov.au/ascc/http://www.ascc.gov.au/ascc/HealthSafety/SafeDesign/HealthSafety/SafeDesign/Understanding/Understanding/
DfCS ToolsDfCS Tools Construction Industry Institute databaseConstruction Industry Institute database
• www.construction-institute.org/scriptcontent/morewww.construction-institute.org/scriptcontent/more/rr101_11_more.cfm/rr101_11_more.cfm
United Kingdom Health & Safety Executive United Kingdom Health & Safety Executive designer guidesdesigner guides• www.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/index.htmwww.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/index.htm
CHAIRCHAIR• www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/
SafetyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htmSafetyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htm OSHA WebsiteOSHA Website
• www.osha.govwww.osha.gov
SummarySummary Designing for safety can improve safety Designing for safety can improve safety
and health on construction sitesand health on construction sites Many countries require or promote Many countries require or promote
designing for safetydesigning for safety A number of national organizations are A number of national organizations are
working to create tools, eliminate barriers working to create tools, eliminate barriers and facilitate adoption of this important and facilitate adoption of this important process in the United Statesprocess in the United States
Questions?Questions?
Comments?Comments?