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ORIGIN, PROVENANCE AND EXHUMATION OF GATUNCILLO, TONOSI AND COBACHON FORMATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF
THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA
By
DIEGO ARMANDO RAMIREZ SARMIENTO
A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT
OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
2013
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© 2013 Diego Armando Ramírez Sarmiento
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To Josefa, Julio, Sandra and César, my lovely family
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to greatly thank Dr. David Foster for his continuous support, guidance
and friendship throughout these years. His great advice helped me to complete one of
the most important personal goals I have achieved so far, and I’ll always be thankful for
that. I would also like to thank Dr. Kyle Min and Dr. John Jaeger, my other two
committee members, who also taught me a lot during all the long discussions and
classes we had.
Thanks also go to Dr. Bruce MacFadden and all the PCP-PIRE members for their
constant support to my research and friendship. Although he wasn’t part of my
committee, Dr. Mark Brenner also helped me every time I needed advice when my
english wasn’t good enough, so thanks Mark.
Special thanks go to Dr. George Kamenov, Dr. Ann Heatherington, Dr. Jen
Gifford, Ashley Russell and Matt Droulliard, for all their assistance in the lab, and to
Federico Moreno, who kindly helped me to explore Panama and collect all my samples.
Dr. Camilo Montes, Dr. Carlos Jaramillo, Dr. Agustín Cardona, Dr. David Farris,
Dr. Rory McFadden and Dr. Austin Hendy were my advisors and friends during my
internship at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; thank you very much to each
one of you.
Special thanks go to my good friends: Elliott Arnold, Luz Helena Oviedo, Aldo
Rincón, Julia Tejada, Anna Jiménez, Fabiany Herrera, Sean Moran, Dylan Loss,
Candler Turner, Chong Ma, James Sutton, Carlos Ortega, Alberto Carmenate, Kevin
Werts, Kevin Liebe, Sadie Belica, Carolyn Ball, Patrick Gelato, Grant Weinkham, Alex
Hastings, John Ezzel, Qianying Lin, Carly Manz, Derrick Newkirk, Christian Stanciu,
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Megan Torpey, Paul Morse, Tania Villaseñor and Catalina Pimiento, for all the great
moments in Gainesville.
Finally, I would like to thank my family: Josefa, Julio, Sandra, César and Rafa. I
wouldn´t have finished my masters without their love and help.
This research was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation
Partnerships in International Research and Education grant 0966884 (OISE, EAR,
DRL), EAR 0824299, and EAR 0418042.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................................. 4
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... 8
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................................... 9
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 12
2 GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ....................................................................................... 15
Volcaniclastic Basement Complexes ............................................................................... 16 Previous Geochronologic And Thermochronological Studies On The Basement
Complex ............................................................................................................................ 17 Cooling Paths Of The Intrusives In Azuero Peninsula, Central Panama And
Western Colombia ........................................................................................................... 19 Low-Temperature Cooling Events In Central Panama ................................................. 20 Eocene Sedimentary Cover .............................................................................................. 20
Gatuncillo Formation ................................................................................................... 21 Tonosi Formation ......................................................................................................... 22
Cobachón Formation ................................................................................................... 24
3 METHODS ........................................................................................................................... 34
U-Pb Geochronology and Hf Isotopic Analysis .............................................................. 34
Provenance, Maximum Depositional Age and Source of Strata Using Detrital Zircons ............................................................................................................................... 35
Apatite (U-Th)/He Themochronology ............................................................................... 37 Tectonothermal History Using Detrital Apatites ............................................................. 38
4 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................. 40
Detrital Zircon U-Pb Geochronology And Detrital Apatite (U-Th)/He Thermochronology........................................................................................................... 40
Gatuncillo Formation ................................................................................................... 40 Modern Sands from Rivers Draining the San Blas Complex ................................ 42 Tonosi Formation ......................................................................................................... 43
Cobachón Formation ................................................................................................... 43 Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Apatite (U-Th)/He Thermochronology of
Plutonic Rocks ................................................................................................................. 44 Hf Isotopes in Igneous and Detrital Zircons.................................................................... 44
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5 DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................... 72
Maximum Depositional Age............................................................................................... 72
Provenance .......................................................................................................................... 72 Middle Eocene.............................................................................................................. 73
Late Eocene.................................................................................................................. 73 Late Oligocene ............................................................................................................. 74 Late Miocene ................................................................................................................ 75
Cooling Events Of The Volcanic Arc Basement............................................................. 75 Origin Of Detrital Zircons ................................................................................................... 77
Paleogeographic Implications ........................................................................................... 78 Exhumation between ~47 – 42 Ma in Central Panama: ........................................ 78 Exhumation between ~32 – 28 Ma in Azuero Peninsula: ..................................... 79
Exhumation between ~22 – 15 Ma in Central Panama and Azuero Peninsula: .................................................................................................................. 80
Exhumation between ~9 – 0 Ma in Azuero Peninsula: .......................................... 81
6 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................. 89
APPENDIX
A DESCRIPTION OF THE VOLCANICLASTIC BASEMENT COMPLEXES................ 91
B ISOTOPIC AGES FROM THE GRANITOIDS IN PANAMA ......................................... 97
C IGNEOUS AND DETRITAL U-Pb RESULTS ................................................................. 99
D IGNEOUS AND DETRITAL Hf RESULTS .................................................................... 131
LIST OF REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 138
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ..................................................................................................... 145
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LIST OF TABLES
Table page
3-1 Samples, locations and lithology of the samples used in this study (X=
analyzed, - = Not analyzed, B= Barren) ..................................................................... 39
4-1 Apatite (U-Th)/He results for samples from Cerro Montuoso and Parita Intrusives. ........................................................................................................................ 71
5-1 Maximum depositional ages obtained in this study from the youngest U-Pb ages of detrital zircon. YSG = Youngest single grain............................................... 82
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure page
2-1 Location of the study area (Fig. 2-2) and major geologic units (Modified from
Buchs et al. (2011))........................................................................................................ 26
2-2 Major geological features of the study area............................................................. 27
2-3 Cooling paths of the intrusives from Central Panama............................................ 28
2-4 Cooling paths of the intrusives from Azuero Peninsula (CM= Cerro Montuoso, VR= Valle Rico) and Petaquilla (PTQ). ................................................... 29
2-5 Age-elevation relationship for apatite fission-track (AFT) and (U-Th)/He thermochronology (AHe) in: (a) Cerro Azul and (b) Mamoní batholith .................. 30
2-6 Outcrop located at abandoned quarry on the new highway to Colón. ................ 31
2-7 Outcrop of the Lower Tonosi Formation at Bucaró beach.. .................................. 32
2-8 Lithic sandstones and siltstones from the Cobachón Formation at Lajas
River. ................................................................................................................................ 33
4-1 Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300332....................................................... 46
4-2 Left: Calcareous litharenite (sample 300332). Right: calcareous – volcanic
conglomerate. ................................................................................................................. 47
4-3 Detrital AHe KDE from sample 300332. ................................................................... 48
4-4 Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300335....................................................... 49
4-5 Conglomeratic litharenites (sample 300335) interlayered with finely grained, slightly calcareous litharenites. .................................................................................... 50
4-6 Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300333....................................................... 51
4-7 Quartz-rich arenites from Cemex Quarry (sample 300333) .................................. 52
4-8 Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300339....................................................... 53
4-9 Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300340....................................................... 54
4-10 Fine-medium gray calcareous litharenites (sample 300340) underlying a
~5m layer of algal and foraminifera limestones......................................................... 55
4-11 Detrital AHe KDE from sample 300340 .................................................................... 56
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4-12 Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300334....................................................... 57
4-13 Detrital AHe KDE from sample 300334 .................................................................... 58
4-14 Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 070242....................................................... 59
4-15 Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 070287....................................................... 60
4-16 Detrital AHe KDE from sample 070287. ................................................................... 61
4-17 Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300349....................................................... 62
4-18 Gray, well-sorted, fossiliferous litharenites (sample 300349) ............................... 63
4-19 Detrital AHe KDE from sample 300349. ................................................................... 64
4-20 Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300351....................................................... 65
4-21 Fine-medium grained litharenite (sample 300351) interbedded with dark calcareous siltstones ..................................................................................................... 66
4-22 Detrital AHe KDE from sample 300351. ................................................................... 67
4-23 U-Pb mean age of crystallization diagram from sample 060072 (Cerro Montuoso Batholith). ...................................................................................................... 68
4-24 U-Pb mean age of crystallization diagram from sample 060065 and 060067. .. 69
4-25 Initial εHf values of detrital zircons plotted versus their U-Pb ages. ..................... 70
5-1 Detrital zircon age distribution diagrams (KDEs) of the sandstone samples
collected in Gatuncillo, Tonosí and Cobachón Formations..................................... 83
5-2 Detrital provenance from sand sample 070242 in Rio Diablo (San Blas
Range). ............................................................................................................................ 84
5-3 A) Detrital zircon U-Pb ages in Rio Mamoní and Rio Portogandí sand samples. B) Detrital AHe ages obtained in 070287 and 300334. .......................... 85
5-4 AHe ages obtained in sandstones from Gatuncillo (300340), Tonosí (300349) and Cobachón (300351) formations. ......................................................... 86
5-5 Simple depiction of partial to complete resetting of the apatite crystals due to burial in strata from Cobachón, Tonosí and Gatunci llo formations. ....................... 87
5-6 Outcrop in Cemex Quarry reveal an unconformity caused by the 22-15 Ma
exhumation event ........................................................................................................... 88
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Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the of Master of Science
ORIGIN, PROVENANCE AND EXHUMATION OF GATUNCILLO, TONOSI AND COBACHON FORMATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF
THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA
By
Diego Armando Ramírez Sarmiento
December 2013
Chair: David Foster Major: Geology
The Eocene Gatuncillo, Tonosí and Cobachón formations constitute the oldest
known Cenozoic sedimentary successions in Central Panama and the Azuero
Peninsula. New detrital zircon U-Pb ages and detrital apatite helium cooling ages
obtained in these formations, combined with previous and unpublished
geochronological and thermochronological studies in igneous and sedimentary rocks,
suggest a sequence of four exhumation episodes of the Panamanian Volcaniclastic
Basement Complex. These events occurred at (1) 47 - 42 Ma, (2) 32 - 28 Ma, (3) 22 -
15 Ma and (4) 9 - 0 Ma; and are related to the tectonic interaction between the
Panamanian Arc with the Farallon and South American plates and the Gorgona
Plateau. The episodes were associated with emergence of land areas based on the
presence of unroofed and volcanic zircons deposited in the sedimentary formations
since the middle Eocene until the late Miocene.
Lu-Hf isotopic data from detrital and intrusive zircons reveal Hf values between +3 and
+16, suggesting an island arc origin for the Panamanian Basement Complex.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
One of the most important geological events in Cenozoic time was the
emergence of the Isthmus of Panama. The timing of Isthmus uplift, that separated the
Pacific and the Atlantic oceans, constitutes one of the most outstanding questions in
regional and global tectonics, paleoclimate, paleoceanography and paleontology.
Closure of the Isthmus gateway has been interpreted as the trigger for the onset of the
Northern Hemisphere glaciations, the strengthening of the Gulf Stream current, the
Great American Interchange of land mammals, and the increase in Caribbean
molluscan diversity.
Multiple studies based on micropaleontologic, biologic, isotopic and elemental
data indicate that the Isthmus of Panama fully separated the Caribbean Sea and the
Pacific Ocean by ~7 – 3.5 Ma (Keigwin (1978); Keigwin (1982); Duque-Caro (1990);
Coates et al. (1992); Collins et al. (1996); Kameo and Sato (2000); Beu (2001); Coates
et al. (2004); Newkirk and Martin (2009)). A recent study by Montes et al. (2012a),
however, proposes that land had emerged in the area of the Isthmus from Late Eocene
until at least Late Miocene and implies that closure took place earlier than 10 Ma.
Montes et al. (2012a) used new and existing geochronologic and geochemical
data from the San Blas and the Azuero Marginal Complex and demonstrated that these
igneous suites that span the Isthmus are part of a geochemically homogeneous
succession of plateau to supra-subduction arc rocks, intruded by a suite of Campanian
to Eocene intermediate plutonic rocks (Buchs et al., 2010; Montes et al., 2012a; Montes
et al., 2012b). Their evidence for lateral continuity or emergence of the arc during the
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Eocene times is scarce, and based only on thermochronological data from intrusive
bodies located in the vicinity of the Canal Basin.
Support for an emerging landmass in Eocene time is reported through studies of
pollen fossils (Graham, 1985). Graham (1985) describe that the local
paleoenvironmental setting from the vicinity of the Gatuncillo depositional basin included
a series of volcanic islands of moderate to low relief, bordered seaward by shallow
limestone-depositing coralline communities, fringed by mangrove vegetation of
Rhiziphora and Pelliceria. But according to Herrera (pers. comm.) it is difficult to
determine if the fossil pollen found in these outcrops was deposited in-situ or
transported to the place by marine currents.
By studying the oldest known sedimentary successions deposited in Central
Panama and the Azuero Peninsula (Gatuncillo, Cobachón and Tonosí Formations) this
research is focused on deciphering the early history of this orogen. The thermal
information of previously exposed bedrock is retained in the detritus in sedimentary
basins adjacent to the orogenic highland. Detrital and igneous zircon U-Pb, detrital
apatite (U-Th)/He ages and Hf isotopic data are used to constrain: (1) the maximum
depositional age of the three stratigraphic successions, (2) the provenance and origin of
the detrital sediments, and (3) the cooling episodes that brought the sedimentary rocks
and the volcanic basement to the surface.
This research addresses fundamental questions related to the paleogeography of
southeastern Central America during the early stages of the arc, such as: (1) what was
the degree of exhumation of the Isthmus of Panama during the Eocene? and (2) are
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the Tertiary formations of Central Panama and Azuero Peninsula related to the
emergence and erosion of the volcanic basement?
The answer to these questions is not only relevant for geological comprehension
in order to understand the possible effects of the Isthmus closure on the paleoclimate
and paleoceanography of the region. For example, the calibration of nucleotide
sequence divergence rates in the fossil record provides an important method by which
to test many hypotheses of evolution. In the absence of an adequate fossil record,
geological events, rather than the first appearances of sister taxa in the geological
record are often used to calibrate molecular clocks (Marko, 2002).
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CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
Numerous models for the origin of the Caribbean Plateau have been proposed in
the literature over the past 30 years. Meschede and Frisch (1998) and James (2009)
support a model which suggests the plateau was formed “in place” between North and
South America. By contrast, Pindell (1990), Mann et al. (2007), and Pindell and Kennan
(2001, 2009) propose that the Caribbean formed within the Farallon Plate in a location
in the Pacific close to the equator: the Galapagos hotspot. Although the debate still
continues, regional paleogeographic reconstructions tend to support the latter. The
more recent paleomagnetism, geochronologic, thermochronologic and geochemistry
studies all favor an origin far from its present position (Acton et al., 2000; Sinton et al.,
2000; Lissina, 2005; Montes et al., 2012b).
In this context, Buchs et al. (2010) showed that the Central American volcanic
arc starts forming on the trailing edge of the Caribbean Plateau (or CLIP, Caribbean
Large Igneous Province) at ca. 75 – 65 Ma. The volcanic arc formed because the rate
of spreading in the Proto-Caribbean started to drop dramatically and the subduction
under Costa Rica and Panama accelerated, initiating significant arc magmatism (Pindell
and Kennan, 2001). Part of the Central American volcanic arc with Caribbean Plateau
basement is preserved in the Osa and Burica peninsulas (southern Costa Rica),
Canajagua Range and Western Chain (Azuero Peninsula, western Panama) and the
San Blas – Darién Range (central and eastern Panama) (Fig. 2-1).
In this section I give a brief description of the rock units that make up the Central
American arc and the related cover strata.
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Volcaniclastic Basement Complexes
Originally interpreted as solely representing uplifted and exposed edges of the
southernmost Caribbean Plateau (Hoernle et al., 2002), many oceanic terranes in Costa
Rica and western Panama have recently been reinterpreted as representing a complex
association of temporally and geochemically distinct stages of arc construction atop the
CLIP (Buchs et al., 2010). According to Buchs et al. (2009, 2010), the Golfito Complex,
Osa Igneous Complex and Azuero Marginal Complex (Appendix A; Fig. 2-1) record a
series of tectono-magmatic episodes (Protoarc and Arc) produced by the continuous
subduction of the Farallon plate underneath the Late Cretaceous Caribbean plateau.
Montes et al. (2012a) also argue that, as well as the units described by Buchs et
al. (2009, 2010) in Costa Rica and western Panama, the basement rocks from central
and eastern Panama (San Blas Range) present a succession of volcanic arc complexes
(Appendix A). Exposures of these rocks in the San Blas Complex are divided into three
main units based on their immobile trace element concentration. From bottom to top: 1.
Lower member (or Group I): interpreted as an oceanic plateau; 2. Middle member (or
Group II): interpreted as a protoarc; and 3. Upper member (or Group III): interpreted as
an arc.
The geochemical signature of these basaltic successions, which show an
evolutionary pattern from oceanic plateau to mature arc, can be traced from Costa Rica
to eastern Panama. This suggests that all these volcanic complexes comprised part of
the same volcanic belt during the Late Cretaceous (Recchi and Metti, 1975; Montes et
al., 2012b).
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Previous Geochronologic And Thermochronological Studies On The Basement Complex
Radiometric studies have been conducted on the San Blas Basement Complex
since the 1970s. Montes et al. (2012a) summarized the previous data and presented
numerous U-Pb zircon analyses of plutonic igneous rocks. These authors show that
significant magmatic activity started around 70 Ma and peaked around 50 Ma, which is
in agreement with the 75 - 65 Ma age of initiation of arc volcanism proposed by Buchs
et al. (2010).
The intrusive rocks of San Blas Range give U-Pb zircon ages of 54.1 ± 1.2, 54.7
± 1.2, 58.5 ± 1.3 and 58.7 ± 1.4 Ma (Cerro Azul diorite/gabbro) and 39.4 ± 0.8 and 49.7
± 1.0 Ma (Mamoni tonalite/quartzdiorite) (Montes et al. 2012a) (Appendix B). Farther
east, along the San Blas Range, six geographically spaced granitoids gave
crystallization ages of 58.3 ± 1.0, 59.0 ± 1.9, 58.6 ± 1.6, 49.7 ± 1.6, 49.5 ± 1.1 and 49.5
± 0.9 (Montes, pers. comm.). Two granitoids in western Colombia (Mandé Batholith)
gave U-Pb zircon ages of 42.5 ± 1.3 and 43.8 ± 0.8 Ma (Cardona et al., 2010). Overall
these results indicate crystallization of multiple plutons occurred in the Central American
arc during Late Paleocene – Early Eocene time.
Wegner et al. (2011) obtained 40Ar/39Ar ages from some of the plutonic rocks
(Appendix B). Amphibole analysis from Cerro Azul yielded 49.38 ± 1.04 Ma and
amphiboles from Mamoni yielded 47.18 ± 1.29 Ma. An amphibole older age of 61.49 ±
2.32 Ma was also reported in a microdiorite from Cerro Azul. At the Chuluganti River, a
granodiorite intrusive was dated in 68.52 ± 5.02 Ma (amphibole), and another in Chepo
River in 49.90 ± 2.16 Ma (amphibole) (Wegner et al., 2011). Most of these plutons were
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emplaced at shallow crustal levels so that the amphibole cooling ages are interpreted as
emplacement ages.
(U-Th)/He in zircon (ZHe), apatite fission-track (AFT) and (U-Th)/He in apatite
(AHe) analyses from Panama and Colombia were reported by Montes et al. (2012),
Farris et al. (2011) and Villagómez and Spikings (2013) (Appendix B). ZHe ages range
between ca. 51 and 41 Ma in Cerro Azul; AFT analyses yield cooling ages of ca. 50-44
Ma in Cerro Azul and ca. 45-35 Ma in the Mamoni pluton; and AHe ages range from ca.
23 to 6 Ma, with predominant ages at ~12 Ma, in the Cerro Azul; ca. 29-19 Ma in
Mamoni and ca. 22-19 Ma in Petaquilla. Younger ages were obtained in the Mandé
Batholith (western Colombia): ZFT analysis yield 41.6 ± 5.4 and 46.4 ± 5.8 Ma; ZHe
yield 32.8 ± 0.7 Ma; AFT yield 38.1 ± 5.4 and 37.8 ± 5.2 Ma; and AHe yield 3.9 ± 0.2 Ma
(Villagómez and Spikings, 2013).
In the Azuero Peninsula, granitoid samples (tonalite and granodiorite) yield U-Pb
crystallization ages ranging between Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) and Early Eocene
(Lutetian). In the Western Chain (Cerro Montuoso), ages reported are: 67.6 ± 1.4, 67.6
± 1.0 and 66.0 ± 1.0 Ma; in Canajagua Range (Valle Rico): 49.2 ± 0.9 Ma; and close to
the town of Chitré (Parita): 48.1 ± 1.2 and 41.1 ± 0.7 Ma (Appendix B). All these ages
are in the same range as the suite of intermediate composition granitic plutonic rocks
from the San Blas Complex (Montes et al., 2012b).
Lissina (2005) reports 40Ar/39Ar ages of 50 ± 0.3 Ma (plagioclase) and 49.5 ± 0.2
Ma (Plagioclase) in the Cerro Quema granodiorite (Valle Rico); and 50.7 ± 0.1 Ma
(plagioclase) on one granite intrusive close to the town of Pedasí. A diorite in Soná
Peninsula gave a biotite cooling age of 50 ± 0.2 Ma.
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A recent study by Corral (2013) also give amphibole 40Ar/39Ar ages from intrusive
bodies: 65.7 ± 1.4 Ma for the Cerro Montuoso batholith; 67.9 ± 1.3, 66.0 ± 1.1 and 65.6
± 1.3 Ma for the dacites of the Rio Quema Formation; 54.8 ± 1.2 Ma for the Valle Rico
batholith and 40.8 ± 1.4 Ma for the Parita batholith.
Cardona (pers. comm, unpublished data) reports ZnHe ages of 32.94 ± 0.66 and
32.77 ± 0.62 Ma; and AHe ages of 33.22 ± 1.15 and 29.91 ± 0.83 Ma from the Valle
Rico Intrusive. In the Cerro Montuoso pluton, ZnHe analyzes yielded cooling ages of
48.79 ± 0.98 and 43.01 ± 0.86 Ma (Cardona, pers. comm.) and AHe ages between ~16
and 10 Ma. The Parita pluton yields AHe cooling ages between 17 – 8 Ma (this study).
No intrusive igneous rocks with Paleocene - Eocene range of ages have been
described in Costa Rica. Appendix B summarizes the previous geochronology and
thermochronology results from Panama from the Azuero Peninsula to Western
Colombia.
Cooling Paths Of The Intrusives In Azuero Peninsula, Central Panama And Western Colombia
Figures 2-3 and 2-4 illustrate the cooling path reconstructions of the intrusives
located in Central Panama and western Colombia, and Azuero Peninsula, respectively
(Appendix B). According to these results, the Cerro Azul, Mamoní and Mandé plutons
cooled along two episodes: (1) rapid at approximate rates of ~81oC/My, ~180oC/My and
~134oC/My from ~850oC to ~110oC, respectively, and (2) at much slower rates of
~1oC/My, ~1.6oC/My and ~1oC/My from ~110oC to ~75oC, respectively (Figure 2-3). In
contrast, Cerro Montuoso, Valle Rico, Parita and Petaquilla cooled on three episodes
(Figure 2-4) but the ages are not consistent in all the intrusives in order to calculate the
rates of cooling at higher temperatures. In Cerro Montuoso, the plutonic rock with most
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consistent results, display cooling events between ~850oC and ~500oC at a rate of
~269oC/My; between ~500oC and ~230oC at a rate of ~13.60C/My and between ~230oC
and ~75oC at a rate of 4.4oC/My. In Valle Rico, the pluton cooled between ~500oC and
~230oC at a rate of 12.2oC/My and between ~230oC and 75oC at a rate of 118oC/My;
and Petaquilla cooled at a rate of 31.7oC/My between ~500oC and ~230oC.
Low-Temperature Cooling Events In Central Panama
The Cerro Azul gabbro and Mamoni quartzdiorite, are the only two plutonic
bodies in which previous low-temperature thermochronology studies have been
performed in Central Panama (Fig 2-5).
According to Montes et al. (2012a), these intrusives, located on the eastern hills
of the Canal Basin, experienced two main cooling episodes:
1. At 47 – 42 Ma: This significant cooling episode is recorded by ZHe and AFT data.
According to Montes et al. (2012a) this event brought the Cerro Azul and Mamoni granitoids from temperatures of 200 – 230 0C to below 110 ± 100C in less than 10
my.
2. At 12 – 9 Ma: This event, which was only recorded by AHe data from the Cerro Azul pluton, resulted in cooling below ~75 ± 50C. During this episode, the
intrusive rocks were exhumed over a vertical interval of about 800 m, through temperatures that correspond to the apatite He partial annealing zone (70-40˚C),
or 2-3 km of the crust, at a rate of up to ~1 km/my.
Farris et al. (2011) reports an aditional cooling event that might have ocurred
between 27 and 18 Ma in the Mamoni intrusive. In this study most of the samples were
collected at similar elevations (~200 m), so exhumation associated with this cooling
through the AHe partial retention zone can not be evaluated.
Eocene Sedimentary Cover
Paleocene and early Eocene sedimentary rocks have not been recognized in the
Isthmus of Panama (Woodring, 1957). The oldest known Cenozoic sedimentary rocks
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comprise the Darién, Gatuncillo, Tonosi and Cobachón formations (Fig. 2-2). Terry
(1956) speculated that these units represent a transgression over a predominantly
volcanic basement; however, the areal extent of the succession is not well known. The
next section gives a brief description of the three forearc sedimentary units that were
the object of this study: the Gatuncillo, Tonosí and Cobachón formations.
Gatuncillo Formation
The Gatuncillo Formation consists chiefly of a 150 – 800 m succession of soft,
finely bedded, uniformly fine and even grained yellowish gray or buff colored
mudstones, siltstones (slightly calcareous) (Figure 2-6), quartz sandstones, impure
bentonites, interbedded lenses of lignite (a few cm to 1-2 m thick) and coralline and
foraminiferal limestone (Thompson, 1944; Woodring, 1957; Graham et al., 1985). At the
base of the sequence a conglomerate ~30 to 90 cm thick consists largely of altered
volcanic pebbles and cobbles resting on altered volcanic rocks (Reeves and Ross,
1930; Thompson, 1944; Woodring, 1957). According to Woodring and Thompson
(1949) the Formation unconformably overlies the San Blas Complex basement. The Río
Gatún fault, however, terminates the exposure of Gatuncillo Formation to the north, and
the Azota fault defines portions of its western limits (Graham, 1985) such that the
depositional contact is not exposed.
Micropaleontological studies on the Gatuncillo Formation started in 1891, when
Douvillé wrote that calcareous algae and heterostegine and orbitoid foraminifera were
found in limestone at San Juan in the Upper Chagres valley (Woodring, 1957). Since
then, Vaughan (1926) and Coryell and Embich (1937) studied the foraminiferal fauna,
Cooke (1948) the echinoids, Cole (1949) the larger foraminifera, Woodring (1957 –
1980) the mollusks and Budd et al. (1992) the corals. On the basis of the stratigraphic
22
distribution of these fossils in other Caribbean deposits, the authors conclude that
Gatuncillo is middle (?) to late Eocene in age.
All the taxa present clearly indicate growth in shallow (intermediate photic zone,
20 - 70 m), warm (>22oC), open marine, clear tropical waters. The lack of planktonic
foraminifera and the excellent preservation of shells are consistent with in situ
deposition and minimal transport. Larger foraminifera and corals are characteristic of
tropical waters with little input of terrigenous material, suggesting deposition near
islands and away from large rivers. The presence of H. alabamemsis supports a
deeper-shelf depositional setting (Tripati and Zachos, 2002), nevertheless, lignites with
presence of Rhizophora, Conocarpus, Avicenia, Laguncularia and Pelliceria pollen
evidence also nearshore deposition in mangrove swamps (Graham, 1985). Tripati and
Zachos (2002) interpret these sediments as having been deposited in reef and shallow
foreslope settings, in water depths of 20 – 70 m.
Tonosi Formation
The Tonosi Formation is exposed over most of the Azuero Peninsula (Buchs et
al., 2011) and it is conformed by a basal trangressive sequence of ~40 to 400 m-thick of
coarse clastic rocks with minor coal seams interbedded with shallow marine limestones
(Lower unit), followed by a ~500 to 800 m-thick deepening upward section of mainly
turbiditic sediments (Upper unit) (Kolarsky et al., 1995). The base unit of the Tonosi
Formation is Late Eocene (Buchs et al., 2011) and the upper unit ranges in age
between the Late Oligocene and Miocene (Kolarsky et al., 1995).
At Punta Bucaró, target of the present study, the Lower unit crops out as a 560
m-thick section of basal conglomerate and minor sandstones; with no limestones
present (Figure 2-7). It is assumed to directly overlie basement, although at this locality
23
the base of the section is not exposed and the lowermost beds are assumed to be
faulted against basaltic basement (Kolarsky et al., 1995).
Conglomerate beds range from massively bedded to thinly bedded and exhibit no
thinning or finning upward trends. Thinly bedded conglomerate is more common than
massive conglomerate, with beds of sand and gravel commonly 4 to 5 cm thick. Beds
define both planar parallel stratification and tabular foresets. In decreasing abundance,
conglomerate clasts include basalt, sandstone and shale fragments similar in lithology
to Ocú Formation, and shell fragments (Kolarsky et al., 1995).
Minor sandstone and siltstone beds make up less than 5% of the section. They
are commonly 5 to 200 cm thick, poorly sorted, fine to coarse grained, and rarely
pebbly. Sedimentary structures in sandstone beds include normal grading and planar
cross stratification and through cross-stratification (Kolarsky et al., 1995)
According to Krawinkel et al. (1999) the modal analysis to determine the
provenance and tectonic setting of this rocks support erosion of an island arc system,
uplifted accreted seamounts and metamorphic rocks (Buchs et al., 2011). The
geochemistry of the clinopyroxenes present in the Lower Tonosi sandstones indicates
derivation from evolved basaltic magma types like within plate tholeiites, ocean floor
basalts or volcanic arc basalts. Therefore, this scenario suggests that the uplifted
Azuero Arc Group and Azuero Accretionary Complex provided most of the detrital
component of the Tonosí Formation (Buchs et al., 2011).
Dominance of stratified conglomerate over massive conglomerate and the
complete absence of mudstone interbeds suggest deposition of the Lower Tonosí
Formation by traction currents of sheet flow in a high-energy shallow water
24
environment. The presence of rare fossil-rich beds and lenses in conglomerate and
sandstone is interpreted as the product of storm reworking and supports a shallow-
water environment of deposition (Kolarsky et al., 1995).
Fossil fruits and seeds reported by Herrera et al. (2012) indicate the possible
presence of nearby lowland rainforests in the Búcaro area; in agreement with the
description of mangroove swamp palynomorphs found in the Gatuncillo Formation by
Graham (1985). This macro and micro flora would be the first record of vegetation that
colonized land in the Isthmus of Panama.
No depositional ages from the Bucaro beach section have been obtained before;
two samples of finer-grained material were barren of microfossils (Kolarsky et al., 1995).
Cobachón Formation
The Cobachón Formation is a >300 m thick, folded and faulted sedimentary
succession that unconformably rests on top of the Azuero Accretionary Complex and is
separated by an unconformity from the overlying Tonosi Formation (Buchs et al., 2011).
The Cobachón Formation includes three facies: (1) Facies 1: interbeds of volcaniclastic
calcareous lutite, siltstone and sandstone (Figure 2-8). The beds are typically 3 to 50
cm thick and define parallel layers that extend over several hundreds of meters. It has
been interpreted as turbiditic deposits. (2) Facies 2: is composed of 50 cm to ~50 m (?)
thick chaotic deposits, which are interbedded with Facies 1 and 3. The deposits are
matrix supported and contain abundant fragments of basalt, shallow marine limestone
and soft-deformed sediments. It has been interpreted as mass-flow deposits. (3) Facies
3: Is composed of sandstones with abundant rounded and well-rounded pebbles of
basalt and shallow marine limestone. The sediments are matrix-supported. It has been
interpreted as slope, near littoral deposits. On the basis of these observations, the
25
Cobachón Formation represents a shallowing-upward sequence deposited on top of the
Azuero Accretionary Complex (Buchs et al., 2011).
An Early to Middle Eocene age can be determined from reworked larger benthic
foraminifera near the base of the section, whereas a Middle Eocene age, results from
the analysis of large benthic foraminifera in the matrix of chaotic deposits (Buchs et al.,
2011).
26
Figure 2-1. Location of the study area (Fig. 2-2) and major geologic units (Modified
from Buchs et al. (2011)).
27
Figure 2-2. Major geological features of the study area. Red stars show the
location of the samples collected for this study. Numbers represent intrusives previously dated (Ages reported in Appendix B). Gatuncillo, Tonosi and Cobachón Fm. limits were defined in Stewart et al. (1980)
and Buchs et al. (2011).
28
Figure 2-3. Cooling paths of the intrusives from Central Panama (CA= Cerro
Azul and Mamoní) and western Colombia (Mandé).
29
Figure 2-4. Cooling paths of the intrusives from Azuero Peninsula (CM= Cerro Montuoso, VR= Valle Rico) and Petaquilla (PTQ).
30
Figure 2-5. Age-elevation relationship for apatite fission-track (AFT) and (U-Th)/He
thermochronology (AHe) in: (a) Cerro Azul (Modified from Montes et al., 2012) and (b) Mamoní batholith (Modified from Montes et al., 2012 and Farris
et al., 2011)
31
Figure 2-6. Outcrop located at abandoned quarry on the new highway to Colón. Gray, slightly calcareous siltstones underlying foraminiferal limestones of the Gatuncillo Formation (Photo taken by author).
32
Figure 2-7. Outcrop of the Lower Tonosi Formation at Bucaró beach. Basal conglomeratic sandstones and coarse sandstones in planar parallel
stratification (Photo taken by author).
33
Figure 2-8. Lithic sandstones and siltstones from the Cobachón Formation at Lajas
River (Photo taken by author).
34
CHAPTER 3 METHODS
Zircon and apatite grains were separated from rock (sedimentary and igneous)
and sediment (sand) samples using standard crushing, pulverizing, washing, sieving
(No. 50 mesh), heavy liquids (tetrabromoethane (TBE) and methylene iodide (MeI)) and
paramagnetic procedures. The samples used in this study and location information are
given in Table 3-1 and Figure 2-2.
U-Pb Geochronology and Hf Isotopic Analysis
For U-Pb and Hf analyses, zircon crystals were handpicked and placed onto
double-sided tape, mounted in an epoxy plug together with FC-1 standards, and
polished to expose the central region of the grain. Cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging
was performed using an SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) with a Gatan miniCL
detector to decipher the internal structures of surface of the sectioned grains. Before
laser ablation, the epoxy plugs were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath with diluted HNO3 to
remove common Pb surface contamination.
Analyses were carried out at the Department of Geological Sciences, University
of Florida, using a Nu-Plasma (Nu Instruments, UK) Laser Ablation Multi-Collector
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (LA-MC-ICP-MS). The mounted zircon
grains were ablated with a New Wave 213 nm ultraviolet laser, using a laser spot size of
20-30 μm for U-Pb and 40 μm for Hf. Ar and He carrier gas was used for sample
transport into the mass spectrometer. Before each ablation, a zero measurement was
taken for 20s in order to take on-line corrections for isobaric interferences, especially
from 204Hg, a common product of argon gas. Following this blank period, laser ablation
commenced for 30s, keeping a constant ablation pit depth, therefore reducing the
35
existence of elemental fractionation. Ablations occurred in intervals of 10 zircons,
directly preceded and followed by ablation of two FC-1 standard zircons in U-Pb
analyses. For Hf analyses the ablation time was 120s per crystal, with analysis of one
FC-1 standard each 15 unknowns.
Detrital and magmatic zircon U-Pb data reduction was referenced to standard
zircon (FC-1) from the Duluth Gabbro dated at 1099.0 ± 0.7 Ma and 1099.1 ± 0.5 Ma
(Black et al., 2003). Single-ages were calculated in Microsoft Excel using CALAMARI
(in-house spreadsheet) and then plotted in Kernel Density Plots using Density Plotter
(Vermeesch, 2012) and Weighted Mean Average plots and inverse Concordia plots
using Isoplot/Ex (Ludwig, 2008).
Hf isotopic measurements were made following the procedures summarized by
Mueller et al. (2008) on zircons previously analyzed for U-Pb. Depleted-mantle values
are based on a linear model (εHf = 0 at 4.56 Ga and 16 at 0 Ga) similar to that of Nowell
et al. (1998); Chondritic Uniform Reservoir (CHUR) values are after Blichert-Toft and
Albarede (1997), as recommended by Patchett et al. (2004). Corrections made for
background signal, instrumental mass bias, and isobaric interferences of Lu and Yb
isotopes on mass 176 are described by Gerdes and Zeh (2009) (Morag et al., 2011).
Provenance, Maximum Depositional Age and Source of Strata Using Detrital Zircons
Traditionally, U-Pb results are plotted on Probability Density Plots (PDP). In this
study, interpretations were determined using Kernel Density Estimations (KDE).
According to Vermeesch (2012) the Probability Density Plots lacks of theoretical basis
and can produce counterintuitive results when data quantity (number of analyses)
and/or quality (precision) is high. These are calculated by summing a number of
36
Gaussian distributions whose means and standard deviations correspond to the
individual ages and their respective analytical uncertainties. Kernel Density Estimations
on the other hand, also involves summing a set of Gaussian distributions, however does
not explicitly take into account the analytical uncertainties.
In this manner, the provenance study entailed the determination of U‐ Pb ages of
60 to 117 individual zircon grains from each sample, plotted latter on a KDE.
Interpretations derived from detrital zircon age populations were based on the view that
only clusters of ages record robust sources ages. By comparing the ages of the detrital
minerals with the ages of the potential sources, it can be determined the ultimate
sources of the sediment (Gehrels et al., 2006).
To constrain the earliest possible (maximum) depositional ages of the strata,
Dickinson and Gehrels (2009) recommend the use of multiple youngest-age measures.
According to the authors, using the youngest single grain age measured (YSG) and the
youngest graphical age peak (YPP) produces the more conservative and statistically
robust results. Both measures were analyzed for each one of the samples, however
only the YSG ages were taken in count for the analyses.
Finally, by combining Lu-Hf isotopic data with single detrital zircons of known
age, new insights on the provenance and source of the sandstones can be provided
(Kinny and Maas, 2003; Morag et al., 2011). The 176Hf/177Hf of a rock is commonly
expressed in terms of Epsilon units, which compare 176Hf/177Hf of a rock sample with
176Hf/177Hf of the bulk silicate earth (CHUR):
ε0Hf = (((176Hf/177Hf )0
sample / (176Hf/177Hf )0
CHUR)-1) x 104
37
Mantle reservoir contributing to crust formation has been depleted gradually with
time relative to the CHUR (Chondritic Uniform Reservoir) in terms of Hf and Nd isotopes
(Vervoort and Blichert-Toft, 1999). Thus, positive εHf values in zircon are indicative that
the U-Pb ages represent the extraction age from juvenile material extracted from the
mantle at or shortly before being incorporated into the felsic melts with limited crustal
contamination, whereas negative values are interpreted under the assumption that the
parental magmas of the zircons were produced mainly from crustal materials that were
originally extracted from the depleted mantle at some earlier time with limited mixing of
juvenile material (Iizuka et al., 2005).
Apatite (U-Th)/He Themochronology
Igneous and detrital apatite crystals were handpicked from the nonmagnetic
fraction of the MEI liquid float/TBE sink concentrate using a high-power (180x) stereo-
zoom microscope under reflected and transmitted light. Each selected grain was
inspected for inclusions and digitally measured in at least two different orientations
before being individually wrapped in ~500 μm × 500 μm platinum tubes.
Sample packets were loaded in a stainless steel planchette along with similarly
packed Durango apatite standards (~31.5 Ma; Farley, 2000), and individually heated
using a diode laser at 7 Amp for 3 min followed by a second extraction (He re-
extraction) to ensure complete degassing. The extracted gas was spiked with a known
amount of 99.99% 3He, purified with a NP-10 getter, and then analyzed using a
quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) with a Channeltron electron multiplier. Once 4He
measurements were complete, the degassed sample packets were transferred to teflon
vials, mixed with a shot of spike (230Th-235U-149Sm) and dissolved with ~5% nitric acid at
~120 °C during 3 hours (Shan et al., 2013).
38
The isotopic ratios of U, Th and Sm were determined using a Thermo-Finnigan
Element2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) at the University of
Florida.
Alpha ejection was corrected using the method of Farley and others (1996),
modified by Farley (2002). The method proposed by Rahl et al. (2003) for detrital
zircons was not necessary in this study because crystals did not present any signs of
abrasion or rounding.
Tectonothermal History Using Detrital Apatites
Detrital apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronologic studies identify the cooling ages of
6 to 14 grains from each sample, providing the thermal information of previously
exposed bedrock that now is retained in the sedimentary basin adjacent to the orogenic
highland (Bernet and Spiegel, 2004). Helium is produced within apatite grains during
alpha decay from Uranium and Thorium isotopes. However, it is only retained at
temperatures cooler than ~70 – 80 0C. By measuring the (U-Th)/He concentrations
within each apatite, an age is determined for when that grain was cooled through the
partial retention interval. Then, the lag time between the cooling age and the time of
formation of the sediment or sedimentary rock is the interval of time when the
exhumation and erosion occurred (Bernet and Spiegel, 2004).
39
Table 3-1. Samples, locations and lithology of the samples used in this study (X= analyzed, - = Not analyzed, B= Barren)
Sample I.D. Coordinates Location Analysis Lithology
U-Pb AHe Hf
070242 9°25'11.26"N 78°34'17.34"W
Diablo River X - X Sand
070287 9° 5'41.45"N
77°55'50.70"W
Portogandi river X X - Sand
300332 9°19'52.55"N 79°36'48.50"W
Gatuncillo Fm. Road to Santo Domingo
X X - Calcareous sandstone
300333 9° 8'48.70"N 79°32'7.15"W
Gatuncillo Fm. Cemex Quarry
X - - Quartz arenite
300334 9°14'15.95"N
79° 4'23.29"W
Mamoni River X X X Sand
300335 9°20'21.01"N 79°36'47.63"W
Gatuncillo Fm. Road to Santo Domingo
X - - Lithic sandstone
300339 9°16'33.32"N 79°43'28.04"W
Gatuncillo Fm. New highway to Colón
X - X Lithic sandstone
300340 9°12'15.88"N
79°39'19.79"W
Gatuncillo Fm. New
highway, old quarry
X X - Lithic
sandstone 300342 7°20'49.70"N
80°21'5.47"W Tonosi Fm. Bucaró Beach
B - - Conglomeratic sandstone
300344 7°20'46.28"N 80°21'4.79"W
Tonosi Fm. Bucaró Beach
- - - Lithic siltstone
300345 7°20'42.65"N
80°21'5.58"W
Tonosi Fm. Bucaró
Beach
- - - Calcareous
siltstone 300346 7°20'37.14"N
80°21'6.48"W Tonosi Fm. Bucaró Beach
B - - Calcareous siltstone
300347 7°20'29.29"N 80°21'6.59"W
Tonosi Fm. Bucaró Beach
B - - Calcareous siltstone
300348 7°20'20.51"N
80°21'12.38"W
Tonosi Fm. Bucaró
Beach
B - - Interbedded
siltstones 300349 7°20'4.52"N
80°21'17.17"W Tonosi Fm. Bucaró Beach
X X - Calcareous sandstone
300351 7°12'49.57"N 80°42'0.86"W
Cobachón Fm. Mouth of Lajas River
X X X Lithic sandstone
300352 7°12'45.07"N
80°42'5.47"W
Cobachón Fm. Mouth
of Lajas River
B - - Conglomeratic
sandstone 300353 7°21'1.12"N
80°21'13.79"W Tonosi Fm. Bucaró Beach
B - - Conglomeratic sandstone
060065 7°59'30.40"N 80°31'30.90"W
Parita X X X Tonalite
060067 7°59'33.40"N
80°31'54.70"W
Parita X - X Tonalite
060072 7°43'9.50"N 80°49'2.90"W
Cerro Montuoso X X X Diorite / Granodiorite
40
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS
Detrital Zircon U-Pb Geochronology And Detrital Apatite (U-Th)/He Thermochronology
All the analytical results are listed in Appendix C and D. Gatuncillo Formation
A total of 5 samples were analyzed for detrital zircon U-Pb and two for detrital (U-
Th)/He (AHe) from the Gatuncillo Formation.
Samples 300332 and 300335 were collected on the road that connects the old
Panama - Colón highway with the town of Santo Domingo (see Table 3-1 for
coordinates). The first sample (300332) is a well sorted, fine to very fine-grained
calcareous litharenite overlain by a clast-supported, poorly sorted calcareous
conglomerate constituted by algae, coral and foraminifera rounded fragments; basalts
and dacites (Figure 4-2). Sr-isotopic and U-Pb dating studies on the calcareous
boulders yield ages of 28 ± 1 and 29 ± 1.9 respectively (Silva, pers. comm.). The
litharenite provided 60 detrital zircons with ages ranging between ca. 27 and 70 Ma.
The KDE displays 3 clusters of ages with peaks at ca. 28, 38 and 52 Ma (Figure 4-1).
The possible maximum depositional ages are: YPP: 28 Ma or YSG: 27 Ma. These ages
are in agreement with the isotopic data obtained from the overlaying conglomerate.
AHe analyses yielded 13 single-grain cooling ages between ca. 15 and 37 Ma
(Figure 4-3). The maximum cluster of ages is present at ca. 22 Ma, however the results
also display other crystals with cooling ages between ca. 15 – 19 and 26 – 33 Ma.
The second sample (300335) is located stratigraphically higher than 300332. It
constitutes a ~50cm package of gray conglomeratic litharenites interlayered with finely
grained, slightly calcareous litharenites (Figure 4-5). Twenty-eight detrital zircons were
41
collected from this sample, which can be grouped in 2 different populations at ca. 23
and 50 – 60 Ma (Figure 4-4). The maximum depositional ages considered for this strata
are 21 Ma (YSG) and 23 Ma (YPP).
Sample 300333 was collected from a homogeneous package of quartzose
arenites (Figure 4-7) overlying a ~50m outcrop of limestones exploited by Cemex. The
contact between the two packages is not clearly exposed in the field, but is interpreted
as erosional. Previous Sr –isotope ratio studies in the limestones yield ages of 40 ± 1
and 37 ± 1 Ma (Silva, pers. comm.). In the sandstones, a total of 141 detrital zircons
were analyzed, distinguishing 3 different populations. Peaks in the KDE occur at ca. 32,
45 and 54 Ma (Figure 4-6). The maximum age of deposition for this sandstone is YPP:
~32 Ma or YSG: ~27 Ma, evidencing a stratigraphic gap between the deposition of the
limestones and the overlying quartzose arenites.
Two samples (300339 and 300340) were collected on the new Panama – Colon
highway. Only 300340 was utilized for detrital AHe thermochronology.
Sample 300339 is a medium-coarse grained volcanic litharenite interbedded with
~1m volcanic conglomerate strata. This sandstone yield 68 zircon U-Pb ages between
ca. 41 – 62 Ma illustrating two representative clusters at ca. 47 and 58 Ma in the KDE
(Figure 4-8). The maximum depositional age for this sample is about 41 Ma. (YSG) or
47 Ma. (YPP).
The sample 300340 was collected in one old quarry near the Chagres River. In
the outcrop, a ~3m homogeneous layer of fine-medium gray calcareous litharenites
underlie a ~5m layer of algal and foraminifera limestones (Figure 4-10). In this
sandstone, fossil fruits are found just below the contact with the limestones. Strontium-
42
isotopic and U-Pb ages on the limestones have yield 48 ± 10 and 46 ± 1.9 Ma
respectively. The sample collected contained 101 U-Pb detrital zircons with ages
distributed between ~36 Ma and 72 Ma. Major populations are found at ca. 44 and 54
Ma. (Figure 4-9). Possible maximum depositional ages are: YSG: 36 Ma and YPP: 44
Ma.
The sample 300340 also yielded 13 AHe ages between ca. 5 – 28 Ma. The most
prominent peak is found at ca. 18 Ma, but one younger (between ca. 5 – 10 Ma) and
older (between ca. 25 – 29 Ma) are also displayed on the Kernel density plot (Figure 4-
11).
Modern Sands from Rivers Draining the San Blas Complex
Three sandbar samples were collected on different rivers draining the San Blas
Complex. All samples were located inside the river channel and various km. away
before its mouth in order to ascertain that all the eroded crystals came from a source
inside the river basin.
Sample 300334 was collected in the Mamoní River ~5km after the Corpus Christi
River mouth and ~14km before its mouth into the Bayano River. Nineteen detrital
zircons yielded highly consistent ages between ca. 40 – 50 Ma. forming one single peak
at ca. 42 Ma (Figure 4-12).
Apatite Helium KDE for 300334, displays two prominent clusters of cooling ages
at ca. 20 and 28 Ma; and two single-grain ages at about 8 and 13 Ma (Figure 4-13).
The other two sand samples were collected on rivers geographically spaced,
draining the Caribbean side of the San Blas Complex.
Sample 070242 from Rio Diablo yielded 103 U-Pb detrital zircons with ages
between ca. 39 and 70 Ma. The Kernel Density Plot displays 4 clusters of ages at ca.
43
(1) 39, (2) 50 – 54, (3) 58 – 62 and (4) 68 – 72 Ma, with predominant populations in
groups 2 and 3 (Figure 4-14).
The third sand sample (070287), collected on the Portogandí River, contained 72
detrital zircons with ages ranging from ca. 38 to 52 Ma. The dispersion of U-Pb ages
was low, forming one single peak at ca. 44 Ma (Figure 4-15), very similar in range to the
ages obtained in sample 300334, located in central Panamá.
Sample 070287 displays 15 cooling ages between ca. 10 and 41 Ma, with
clusters at ca. 14, 19 and 32 Ma in the KDE (Figure 4-16)
Tonosi Formation
Nine litharenite and conglomeratic litharenite samples were collected on Bucaró
Beach, Azuero Peninsula. Only one sample contained sufficient detrital zircon and
apatite for U-Pb and He analysis.
Sample 300349 is a gray, well-sorted, fossiliferous litharenite located on the top
of the Bucaró section (Figure 4-18). Eighty-five detrital zircons were analyzed for U-Pb,
displaying clusters of ages at ca. 38 and 51 Ma. (Figure 4-17). The maximum
depositional age for this sample was established in YSG: 34 Ma or YPP: 38 Ma.
Helium analyses on the apatites yielded 10 cooling ages between ca. 1 and 21
Ma. Except for one crystal with an apparent age of about 20 Ma, the rest fall within the
range ca. 1 and 10 Ma (Figure 4-19).
Cobachón Formation
Sample 300351 was collected at one beach outcrop close to the mouth of the
Lajas River, on west Azuero Peninsula (Figure 4-21). The sandstone is a fine-medium
grained litharenite interbedded with dark calcareous siltstones. According to Buchs et al.
(2011) this outcrop represents the Facies 1 of this formation. This sample gives U-Pb
44
detrital zircon ages ranging between ca. 42 and 56 Ma, establishing one single
representative cluster at 46 Ma (Figure 4-20). The maximum depositional age for this
sample is YSG: 42 Ma or YPP: 46 Ma.
AHe analyses of sample 300351 yielded cooling ages between ~15 and 28 Ma.
Five grains display a maximum peak at ca. 17 Ma and one single crystal form another
peak at ca. 28 Ma in the KDE plot (Figure 4-22)
Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Apatite (U-Th)/He Thermochronology of Plutonic Rocks
Two samples from the Parita Batholith (060065, 060067) and one from Cerro
Montuoso Batholith (060072), in the Azuero Peninsula, were collected for zircon U-Pb
and apatite (U-Th)/He analyses (Table 4-1).
Twenty-two zircons were analyzed from the Cerro Montuoso sample (Figure 4-
23). The Weighted Mean 238 U/206 Pb age of the zircons is 67.89 ± 0.59 Ma with 95%
confidence and an MSWD of 16. The individuation spot analyses yielded ages ranging
from ca. 65 – 71 Ma. This mean age is in agreement with previous U-Pb ages obtained
for this intrusive (Appendix B), however the MSWD of the single grain ages suggest that
the mean does not reflect a single population of magmatic zircons.
Two samples from the Parita pluton (060065 and 060067) yielded weighted
mean ages of crystallization of 36.40 ± 0.11 and 37.28 ± 0.27 Ma with MSWD of 0.44
and 1.3, respectively (Fig. 4-24). These ages have 95% confidence and reflect the
crystallization age of this pluton.
Hf Isotopes in Igneous and Detrital Zircons
The total range of zircon initial εHf values for igneous, sandstones and sands is
between +3 and +16.
45
Initial εHf values for magmatic zircons from samples 060072, 060065 and 060067
ranges from +13 to 0, +11 to +4 and +11 to +8, respectively. εHf values for detrital
zircons from sandstone samples 300351 and 300339 ranges from +12 to +3 and +16 to
+6, respectively. And εHf values for detrital zircons from sand samples 300334 and
070242 range from +16 to 0 and +13 to +3, respectively. Zircon εHf versus U-Pb ages
are presented in Figure 4-25.
46
Figure 4-1. Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE (blue line) from sample 300332. Black line
represents the Probability Density Plot (PDP). The histogram is in gray and
data points are below the graphic.
47
Figure 4-2. Left: Calcareous litharenite (sample 300332). Right: calcareous – volcanic
conglomerate.
48
Figure 4-3. Detrital AHe KDE from sample 300332.
49
Figure 4-4. Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300335.
50
Figure 4-5. Conglomeratic litharenites (sample 300335) interlayered with finely grained,
slightly calcareous litharenites (Photo taken by author).
51
Figure 4-6. Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300333.
52
Figure 4-7. Quartz-rich arenites from Cemex Quarry (sample 300333) (Photo taken by
author).
53
Figure 4-8. Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300339.
54
Figure 4-9. Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300340.
55
Figure 4-10. Fine-medium gray calcareous litharenites (sample 300340) underlying a
~5m layer of algal and foraminifera limestones (Photo taken by author).
56
Figure 4-11. Detrital AHe KDE from sample 300340
57
Figure 4-12. Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300334.
58
Figure 4-13. Detrital AHe KDE from sample 300334
59
Figure 4-14. Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 070242.
60
Figure 4-15. Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 070287.
61
Figure 4-16. Detrital AHe KDE from sample 070287.
62
Figure 4-17. Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300349.
63
Figure 4-18. Gray, well-sorted, fossiliferous litharenites (sample 300349) (Photo taken
by author).
64
Figure 4-19. Detrital AHe KDE from sample 300349.
65
Figure 4-20. Detrital zircon U-Pb KDE from sample 300351.
66
Figure 4-21. Fine-medium grained litharenite (sample 300351) interbedded with dark
calcareous siltstones (Photo taken by author).
67
Figure 4-22. Detrital AHe KDE from sample 300351.
68
Figure 4-23. U-Pb mean age of crystallization diagram from sample 060072 (Cerro Montuoso Batholith).
64
66
68
70
72
20
6P
b/2
38U
Mean = 67.89±0.59 [0.87%] 95% conf.
Wtd by data-pt errs only, 0 of 22 rej.
MSWD = 16, probability = 0.000
(error bars are 2s)
box heights are 2s
69
Figure 4-24. U-Pb mean age of crystallization diagram from sample 060065 and
060067.
70
Figure 4-25. Initial εHf values of detrital zircons plotted versus their U-Pb ages. Igneous
samples: 060065, 060067 (Parita) and 060073 (Cerro Montuoso). Sandstone
samples: 300339 (Gatuncillo Formation) and 300351 (Cobachón Formation). Sand samples: 070242 (Rio Diablo) and 300334 (Rio Mamoní).
71
Table 4-1. Apatite (U-Th)/He results for samples from Cerro Montuoso and Parita Intrusives.
Sample Name Mass (g) (U-Th)/He
age (Ma)
1σ* U (ppm)** Th (ppm)** Sm (ppm)**
060072_1 9.77E-06 10.4 0.2 15.1 38.5 734.2
060072_2 4.89E-06 12.5 0.4 5.4 19.1 377.2
060072_3 6.18E-06 10.4 0.5 1.0 2.4 87.3
060072_4 1.32E-06 12.8 0.3 37.7 85.4 1498.3
060072_5 2.22E-06 16.6 0.4 25.5 106.6 2255.7
060072_6 2.55E-06 16.6 0.4 11.6 37.0 1007.8
060065_1 5.29E-05 8.7 0.5 0.1 0.2 8.6
060065_2 1.01E-05 17.5 0.5 1.9 3.0 11.2
* analytical error only
** estimated based on the grain morphology combined with the abundance data
72
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION
Maximum Depositional Age
On the basis of the correlations of fossil assemblages of foraminifera, echinoids,
mollusks and corals in several Caribbean deposits, the age of the Gatuncillo Formation
is Middle (?) to Late Eocene, the Tonosi Formation is Late Eocene (base unit), and Late
Oligocene – Miocene (upper unit); and the Cobachón Formation is Early to Middle
Eocene (Woodring, 1957; Vaughan, 1926; Coryell and Embich, 1937; Cooke, 1948;
Cole, 1949; Budd, 1992; Kolarsky et al, 1995; Buchs et al., 2011). The results of our
detrital zircon analyses are consistent with these depositional times (Table 5-1).
Samples from the Gatuncillo Formation, the Upper Tonosí Formation, and the
Cobachón Formation yield maximum depositional ages of 41 and 36 Ma, 34 Ma, and 42
Ma, respectively. The U-Pb zircon data from samples 300332, 300333 and 300335 yield
age populations much younger than Late Eocene and hence these strata are not part of
the Gatuncillo Formation.
Provenance
We analyzed the U-Pb ages of ~550 detrital zircons from seven middle Eocene
to late Miocene clastic sedimentary samples collected in Central Panama and the
Azuero Peninsula. Results are organized in this section according to the
biostratigraphic age or maximum depositional age of the sample and then compared
with the U-Pb ages of the intrusive rocks in Panama for provenance interpretation. Our
primary objectives were to: (1) define the age range of the magmatism in the
Panamanian basement arc complex (Central American arc), and (2) constrain the
73
sediment sources (provenance) of the three oldest known Cenozoic sedimentary rock
formations in the Isthmus of Panama: the Gatuncillo, Tonosí and Cobachón.
Figure 5-1 is a compilation of all U-Pb detrital zircon data obtained in this study.
Zircon U-Pb age distributions based on these zircons display peak populations from 67
to 21 Ma. Our results conflict with Montes et al. (2012a) contention that magmatic
activity ceased throughout the entire arc between 38 and 28 Ma. The combined age
distributions from this study indicate continuous magmatism since the Late Cretaceous
until the Late Miocene in the Panamanian sector of the Central American magmatic arc.
The following sections give further explanation of the results through time.
Middle Eocene
The samples from the Middle Eocene strata collected in the Cobachón (300351)
and Gatuncillo (300339) formations display very similar detrital zircon age distributions
(Figure 5-1). These are consistent with provenance sources in the Valle Rico (Azuero)
and Mamoní (Central Panama) intrusives (Appendix B); or other plutons of the same
age. The second age cluster in sample 300339 can be correlated to the Cerro Azul
Batholith (Appendix B) in Central Panama. No plutons of about 54 – 58 Ma have been
identified in Azuero. This may indicate that Gatuncillo and Cobachón formations shared
a common sediment source during the Lutetian.
Late Eocene
Sample 300340 (Late Eocene, Gatuncillo Formation) displays similar provenance
as the middle Eocene sample 300339 of Gatuncillo Formation (Figure 5-1). The detrital
zircon distribution of 300340 points to the Mamoní, Cerro Azul or a similar aged plutonic
rocks as the origin of the sediments. Additional detrital zircon ages of ~50 – 55 Ma, ~60
– 65 Ma and ~68 – 72 Ma point to another, as of yet unidentified, plutonic or volcanic
74
source, which may be located in the Rio Diablo watershed. This is based on the U-Pb
age distribution of sand sample 070242 (Figure 5-2), which indicates the presence of
plutonic rocks in the Rio Diablo drainage consistent in age with the unidentified sources.
Late Oligocene
Detrital zircon age distributions indicate a significant change in the provenance
for the Oligocene strata (Figure 5-1). In Central Panama, samples 300332 and 300333
(Unidentified formations) indicate that the Mamoní Batholith (Appendix B) is no longer
the main source of sediments. Major peaks suggest Cerro Azul (Appendix B) and the
unidentified igneous sources from 070242 (Rio Diablo) as the new provenance. Sample
300333 shows a population of zircons with ages between ~28 – 38 Ma that does not
have an obvious plutonic source. Andesitic volcanic rocks and associated intrusives in
the Canal Basin overlap this age range (Rooney et al., 2011) and could have
contributed these zircons. In sample 300332, three new clusters not present in the older
strata are displayed: one coeval to the Parita intrusive (Appendix B), another coeval to
the Petaquilla intrusive (Appendix B) or the Bas Obispo volcanism (Rooney et al., 2011)
and one last between ~62 – 70 Ma coeval to the Chulugantí intrusive (Appendix B).
In Azuero, the sample from Upper Tonosí Formation (300349) includes
contributions from the Valle Rico intrusive (Appendix B) or other similar aged plutons.
Two additional components are similar in age to the Parita pluton (Appendix B) and the
unidentified source of ~50 – 55 Ma in 070242 (Rio Diablo). As with the samples from
central Panama, there is a shift in provenance from the late Eocene to late Oligocene in
Azuero.
75
Late Miocene
Sediment sources in the late Miocene are consistent with sources from the late
Oligocene in Central Panama for zircons older than 26 Ma. Samples 060052, DF11
(Cucaracha Formation), 060054 (Culebra Formation) and 300335 (unidentified
formation) show a new population between ~26 – 18 Ma coeval to the ash layers found
in Las Cascadas (Rincón et al., 2012), Culebra, Cucaracha (Montes et al., 2012) and
Pedro Miguel Formations (Wegner et al., 2011). Local volcanism from the Canal Basin
is the likely source for the detrital zircons in the Late Miocene strata.
Cooling Events Of The Volcanic Arc Basement
Apatite crystals were selected from igneous and sedimentary samples
(sandstones and sands) to: (1) detect the low-temperature cooling ages recorded in the
intrusive bodies from the Azuero Peninsula, (2) identify the AHe record of exposed
intrusives that is now retained in the adjacent riverbed deposits, and (3) estimate the
timing of strata exhumation inside the Gatuncillo and Tonosí basins.
The low-temperature thermochronology analyses of the intrusive rocks from the
Azuero Peninsula reveal similar results to the slow cooling events previously identified
in Central Panama and western Colombia between 110oC and 75oC since ~45Ma;
however the slow cooling of the intrusives started in Azuero at about 30 Ma (Figures 2-3
and 2-4). In the Cerro Montuoso Batholith, recent data reveal ZnHe ages of ~48 and 43
Ma (Cardona, pers. comm.; Appendix B) and AHe ages between ~16 and 10 (this
study) coeval with the 47 – 42 Ma and the ~12 – 9 cooling events suggested by Montes
et al. (2012a) for Central Panama. In the Valle Rico intrusive, ZnHe ages of ~32 Ma and
AHe ages of ~33 to 29 Ma (Cardona, pers. comm.; Appendix B) suggest a rapid cooling
episode between 200oC and 75oC; and in the Parita intrusive, AHe cooling ages
76
between 17 – 8 Ma (this study) are coeval with the ~12 – 9 cooling episode (Montes et
al., 2012a).
On the other hand, the Mamoní and Portogandí rivers, located in the San Blas
Range, are separated geographically by ~125 km and the detrital zircons collected from
their sands yielded U-Pb ages between ~40 and ~50 Ma; coeval to the Mamoní
Batholith crystallization age (Figure 5-3A). Detrital AHe age analyses in the same sands
also indicate that the apatite crystals currently eroded by both rivers cooled in their host
rock since ~41 Ma until ~9Ma at temperatures less than 75oC (Figure 5-3B). This
continuous cooling on both samples is in agreement with the slow cooling trend found
on the intrusives from Central Panama and western Colombia. Figure 2-3 shows that
Cerro Azul, Mamoní and Mandé cooled rapidly between ~850oC and ~110oC, but
afterwards them started to cool down at slower rates. This scenario suggests that once
the plutons reached a temperature below 110oC, due to their emplacement into host
rocks at temperature of about 100oC, its temperature was diminished continuously until
its exposure on the surface. In this way, the data from Portogandí and Mamoní
riverbeds evidence the existence of plutons with similar crystallization and cooling
history to the Mamoní Batholith.
The detrital AHe ages in the sandstones from Gatuncillo (300340), Cobachón
(300351) and Tonosí (300349) formations suggests two cooling events of the strata: (1)
at ~20 – 15 Ma and (2) at ~9 – 0 Ma (Figure 5-4). These Miocene - Pleistocene cooling
ages in the Eocene sediments imply that these formations were buried to temperatures
between 60oC - 75oC or higher, where the apatite crystals were completely or partially
reset. Samples 300340 and 300351 were buried to temperatures close to 75oC (Figure
77
5-5 Path 1), and then cooled to surface temperatures between ~22 – 15 Ma. This
cooling event in the sediments is coeval to the slow and continuous cooling identified in
the Cerro Azul, Mamoní, (Central Panama) Cerro Montuoso and Parita (Azuero
Peninsula) intrusives during this period of time (Figure 2-4). The outlier crystals in these
two sandstones can be explained by the presence of unidentified inclusions in these
apatites, the proximity of the apatites to another crystal that provided extra alpha
particles to the system or because the crystals were not completely reset and still
contained He concentrations during their second cooling.
Unlike the previous two, sample 300349 was completely reset following the path
2 in Figure 5-5. This strata reached temperatures higher than 75oC and cooled since ~9
Ma to the present without recording the ~20 – 15 cooling episode due to the thicker
stratigraphic burial in this part of the basin (Figure 5-5).
Origin Of Detrital Zircons
Hf isotopes are a geochemical tracer with the potential to provide unique
petrogenetic information about the composition of the magma from which the zircons
crystallized (Wu, 2010). Application of this method to detrital zircons can assist in the
discrimination between provenances (Flowerdew et al., 2007). In this study, the Lu – Hf
isotopic composition of the igneous and detrital zircons previously dated by LA-ICP-MS
were used to: (1) provide new insights into the provenance and source of the
sandstones and sands, and (2) estimate the mode of crustal formation of the
Panamanian volcaniclastic basement arc complex.
The combined U-Pb and εHf results (Figure 4-25) include only positive values for
the three intrusive samples (060065, 060067, 060072) collected in Azuero, the
sandstones from the Middle Eocene formations (300351, 300339) and the sand in Rio
78
Mamoní (300334). This indicates a juvenile crustal origin typical of island arcs and
similar to the Aleutian and the Mariana arc (Tollstrup and Gill, 2005; Yogodzinski et al.,
2010). Interestingly, the U-Pb and εHf data for samples 300339 (Gatuncillo) and 300351
(Cobachón) overlap (Figure 4-25) and have the same provenance (Figure 5-1). This
suggests that the middle Eocene zircon samples shared a common sediment source
and origin.
Paleogeographic Implications
The detrital and igneous geochronology, low-temperature thermochronology, and
Hf isotopic data presented in this research permits new interpretations regarding the
degree of exhumation and lateral continuity of the basement units of the Isthmus of
Panama during the Eocene/Oligocene times. The presence of detrital zircon grains in
the oldest known Cenozoic sedimentary strata in Panama indicates that parts of the
Panamanian volcaniclastic basement complex were exposed and eroding sediments to
the Central Panama and Azuero Basins during the middle Eocene. In the following
section, the magmatic and cooling events summarized from the U-Pb and AHe data
above are compiled and compared with the timing of tectonic events and changes in the
tectonic setting.
Exhumation between ~47 – 42 Ma in Central Panama:
The ZnHe thermochronology in Mamoní, Cerro Azul (Central Panama), and
Cerro Montuoso (Azuero Peninsula) intrusives indicate that cooled through about 200oC
in Lutetian times (Appendix B, Figure 2-3, 2-4). Further cooling through the temperature
interval between 200oC and 110oC occurred at much faster rates in the plutonic rocks
from Central Panama than in that of the Azuero Peninsula (4.4oC/My) (Figure 2-3, 2-4).
Approximately 5 My after emplacement, the cooling paths indicate that Mamoní and
79
Cerro Azul reached a temperature <110oC and afterwards started to experience slow
cooling along with the originally colder host rock, while Cerro Montuoso and Valle Rico,
coeval to the Mamoní Batholith, were still located deeper in the crust at temperatures of
~200oC and ~380oC, respectively.
The detrital zircons in Gatuncillo (300339) and Cobachón (300351) formations
provide evidence for initial unroofing of plutons by about 42 Ma. This suggests that both
the volcanic basement and the plutons were exposed above sea level during the middle
Eocene. We propose that Cerro Azul and Mamoní were the only sedimentary sources
for detrital zircons in the Gatuncillo and Cobachón basins. An overlap of εHf between +6
to +12 in the zircons from these two sandstones favors a similar juvenile magmatic
source (Figure 4-25), indicating that the Panamanian volcanic basement complex was
continuous along Azuero and Central Panama, in agreement with the reconstruction of
Montes et al (2012b).
According to Whattam et al. (2012), this event may have been caused by the
collision of the Gorgona Plateau with the Panamanian arc at about 40 Ma.
Exhumation between ~32 – 28 Ma in Azuero Peninsula:
While the plutons in Central Panama continued cooling slowly and close to the
surface, a rapid pulse is recorded in the Valle Rico intrusive between ~32 and 28 Ma.
This event exposed the batholith to erosion and likely provided sediments in conjunction
with Mamoní, Cerro Azul, and other unidentified plutons to strata of the Gatuncillo
Formation (300340) and Upper Tonosí (300349). The detrital zircon distribution of
sample 300349 is also consistent with contributions from the Parita intrusive. This
suggests that the exposure of the Valle Rico and Parita plutons had occurred by this
time.
80
The tectonic cause of this event is unknown; however the uplift might be related
to the steepening of the subduction of the Farallon slab (Whattam et al., 2012) or the
accretion of an oceanic island.
Exhumation between ~22 – 15 Ma in Central Panama and Azuero Peninsula:
According to Farris et al. (2011), a widespread exhumation pulse is evidenced in
Panama during 27 – 22 Ma by comparing the ZnHe and AHe ages obtained in the
Petaquilla and Mamoní intrusives, respectively, (Appendix B) with the
thermochronologic results obtained in the northern Andes. However, this interpretation
is incorrect because these data actually demonstrate that the Petaquilla pluton was at
approximately 200oC during this time and the cooling paths of the intrusives presented
in this study (Figure 2-3, 2-4) indicate that Mamoní was cooling slowly since the middle
Eocene. Our AHe ages from Gatuncillo (300340) and Cobachón (300351) formations,
however, indicate that the Eocene strata were exhumed between ~22 – 15 Ma (Figure
5-4). This is also consistent with the stratigraphic relationships in the Cemex Quarry
(Figure 4-6, 4-7) which indicate that the Eocene limestones from Gatuncillo Formation
were uplifted to erosion after ~40 Ma, creating an unconformity until the deposition of
the continental-derived quartzose sandstones from sample 300333 (Figure 5-6).
On the other hand, the detrital zircon distribution from sample 300332 (Gatuncillo
Formation) (Figure 5-1) includes grains with ages of ~28 Ma. The most likely source for
these zircons is the felsic volcanism in the Bas Obispo Formation. This source for
detritus is consistent with the hypothesis of Farris et al. (2011) who suggest that the
opening of the Canal Basin occurred at about 28 Ma as a result of the large-scale
oroclinal flexure of the Panamanian arc.
81
Exhumation between ~9 – 0 Ma in Azuero Peninsula:
AHe cooling ages from the Tonosí Formation between ~9 and 0 Ma (300349)
(Figure 5-4) indicate that uplift and exhumation continued during Plio-Pleistocene times.
This exhumation event is likely associated with the NE directed shortening and
deformation of the current fold-thrust belt by the subsequent onset of the Cocos Ridge
subduction (Morell et al., 2012). This latest phase of uplift and exhumation could also
have been associated with the end of circulation between the Pacific and Atlantic
oceans.
82
Table 5-1. Maximum depositional ages obtained in this study from the youngest U-Pb
ages of detrital zircon. YSG = Youngest single grain. Sample Formation Max. Depositional Age (YSG) Ma.
300351 Cobachón 42
300339 Gatuncillo 41
300340 Gatuncillo 36
300349 Upper Tonosí 34
300332 Gatuncillo (?) 27
300333 Gatuncillo (?) 27
300335 Gatuncillo (?) 21
83
Figure 5-1. Detrital zircon age distribution diagrams (KDEs) of the sandstone samples
collected in Gatuncillo (300339 and 300340), Tonosí (300349) and Cobachón (300351) Formations. Samples: 300332, 300333 and 300335 are from an
unidentified formation. Samples 060052 (SI-827, Cucaracha Fm.) and 060054 (SI-829, Culebra Fm.) are from Montes et al. (2012). David Foster provided sample DF11 from Cucaracha Fm. Color blocks represent the range of ages
of igneous intrusive bodies in Central Panama and Azuero Peninsula (Coordinates, location and references in Figure 2-2, Appendix B, and Table 3-
1). MDA: Maximum depositional age.
84
Figure 5-2. Detrital provenance from sand sample 070242 in Rio Diablo (San Blas
Range).
85
Figure 5-3. A) Detrital zircon U-Pb ages in Rio Mamoní (300334) and Rio Portogandí
(070287) sand samples. Both samples are coeval to Mamoní Batholith. B)
Detrital AHe ages obtained in 070287 and 300334.
86
Figure 5-4. AHe ages obtained in sandstones from Gatuncillo (300340), Tonosí
(300349) and Cobachón (300351) formations.
87
Figure 5-5. Simple depiction of partial to complete resetting of the apatite crystals due to
burial in strata from Cobachón, Tonosí and Gatuncillo formations.
88
Figure 5-6. Outcrop in Cemex Quarry reveal an unconformity caused by the 22-15 Ma
exhumation event (Photo taken by author).
89
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS
The maximum depositional ages defined by U-Pb in detrital zircons have proven
to be useful for correlating Eocene strata and identifying units incorrectly mapped
adjacent to the Panama Canal Basin by previous studies. The presence of zircon
populations <30 Ma in samples from the Santo Domingo road and the Cemex Quarry
suggest that these strata are not part of Gatuncillo Formation. The detrital U-Pb results
evidence a Late Oligocene or younger depositional age, and hence indicate the
occurrence of another formation not yet identified in the area that could be correlative to
the Canal Basin sequences.
Montes et al. (2012) suggest a gap in the magmatism during ~38 – 28 Ma. Our
sandstone zircon distributions evidence the occurrence of continuous magmatism and
plutonism in Central Panama since the Late Cretaceous until the Late Miocene.
Detrital U-Pb and Hf results from the middle Eocene samples (300339 and
300351) suggest that Gatuncillo and Cobachón formations shared a common magmatic
arc source during the Lutetian. AHe ages in Valle Rico, the most probable source for
Cobachón due to its crystallization age and proximity, show that it cooled until ~32 Ma,
discarding the possible unroofing of the pluton during this period of time. In this way, the
Mamoní and Cerro Azul intrusives in Central Panama are the most probable sources
indicating also that the arc was uplifted and laterally continuous between these two
areas.
New and previous low-temperature thermochronometers analyzed in intrusive
and sedimentary rocks (recent sands and middle – late Eocene sedimentary rocks)
suggests 4 events of surface exhumation in Azuero Peninsula and Central Panama at:
90
(1) 47 – 42 Ma, (2) 32 – 28 Ma, (3) 22 – 15 Ma and (4) 9 - 0 Ma. These episodes are
associated to land emergence of Panama based on the presence of unroofed and
volcanic zircons deposited in sedimentary formations from the middle Eocene to the late
Miocene.
Most of the Hf-isotopic results display positive isotopic values, indicating that
there is little effect of crustal or other lithospheric assimilation within the volcanic
plumbing system. These Hf isotopic values are consistent with data from the Aleutian
arc and the Mariana arc, suggesting a similar island arc origin for the Panamanian
basement complex. These data also exclude the South American continent as a
sediment source for Eocene – Miocene basin strata in Panama.
91
APPENDIX A DESCRIPTION OF THE VOLCANICLASTIC BASEMENT COMPLEXES
Table A. Description of volcaniclastic basement complexes located between Costa Rica and Panama Rock Unit Sub-unit Lithology Age Geochemistry Characteristics Origin Correlations
Nicoya Complex
Coniacian (89 - 85 Ma)
Oceanic plateau (not part of the CLIP)
Golfito Complex
Volcanic rocks, hemipelagic sediments, and volcano-sedimentary deposits. The lavas include basalt, basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite, and trachyandesite. Occur as massive to thin pillowed lava flows. Pervasive low-T alteration.
L. Cretaceous to E. Cenozoic
Plateau-like. Autochtonous sequence.
Composed of: (1) proto-arc that developed on the top of the CLIP(extension of the Azuero Plateau in Costa Rica?) in the L. Campanian to Maastrichtian, and (2) younger forearc sediments.
Azuero Protoarc Group (Buchs et al., 2010), Middle volcaniclastic Unit (Protoarc)(Montes et al., 2012a)
Osa Igneous Complex
(1) Inner Osa Igneous Complex
99% of basaltic, massive-columnar lava flows and pillow lavas. Intrusive rocks (dolerites and gabbros). Occasionally, lenses and layers, 1 - 3 m thick, of red cherts and black shales are observed between lava flows. Low-T submarine alteration in the zeolite facies. Devoid of greenschist metamorphism. Strong deformation is locally observed and associated with intensive veining of the rocks. Deformation seems to have predominantly ocurred in brittle mode.
Coniacian - Santonian (89 - 84 Ma) (Defined by radiolarian associations). Loss of Argon in Ar/Ar ages.
Tholeiitic. Plateau-like affinities (oceanic, intra-plate). Also, NMORB-like and OIB-like
Orientation of the pillow lavas indicates that the volcanic sequences are in both overturned and normal position. Almost devoid of detrital material (indicative of submarine volcanism). Absence of carbonate banks indicates that the lavas probably formed below the CCD.
Pacific oceanic Plateau distinct from CLIP. Originated in the Pacific before being accreted to the CLIP margin in the Paleocene.
Azuero Plateau (Buchs et al., 2010). (Part of the CLIP) Are highly similar but (1) have different sedimentary facies and faunal assamblages (2) IOIC contains NMORB-like and OIB-like rocks, not observed in Azuero Plateau (3) different Mg# (4) No protoarc crosscut IOIC. Lower volcaniclastic Unit (Plateau) (Montes et al., 2012a)
92
Table A. Continued Rock Unit Sub-unit Lithology Age Geochemistry Characteristics Origin Correlations
Osa Igneous Complex
Esperanza Formation
Arenite, microbreccia and breccia
Crops out within the volcanic sequence. This deposit constitutes a unique ocurrence of detrital material in the Inner Osa Igneous Complex
Product of submarine erosion of the plateau-like lavas prior to accretion.
(2) Outer Osa Igneous Complex
a. Guerra Unit
Metamorphosed/altered igneous rocks, marble, recrystallized micritic limestones and metamorphosed volcniclastic sediments. Prehnite-pumpellyte to greenschist metamorphic facies. Protoliths difficult to identify. No preserved fossils. Stronger deformation that IOIC.
By analogy with other units forming the OOIC and the possible role of the unit in the construction of the Osa IC, probably encompassed between the Late Cretaceous and the Eocene.
OIB-like, intraplate affinities
Highest metamorphic and deformation grades in OIC and Osa melange. Marks the contact between I and O IC.
Remained close to the decollement zone for a relatively long time, potentially recording some of the processes that occur at the interface between the overriding and subducting plates.
b. Ganado Unit
Pillowed and massive basaltic/basaltic-andesitic flows locally intruded by aphyric basaltic dykes, dolerites and gabbros. Low-T submarine alteration to zeolite facies in response to hydrothermal circulation. Red radiolarian chert interbedded with coarse lava flows.
Coniacian - Santonian (89 - 84 Ma) (Defined by radiolarian associations).
Tholeiitic. Plateau-like affinities. Discriminative geochemical differences in terms of Nb content with IOIC. Also, NMORB-like tholeiites, similar to NMORB of IOIC.
Underwent a significant tectonic dismemberment. Lower Nb-Y ratios than IOIC, indicating that these 2 units have dissimilar origin.
Accreted seamount
93
Table A. Continued Rock Unit Sub-unit Lithology Age Geochemistry Characteristics Origin Correlations
Osa Igneous Complex
c. Riyito Unit
Volcano-sedimentary sequences including small, well formedpillow lavas, sheet flows and minor occurrences of sediments and hyaloclastites. Low-T oceanic alteration. No fossils. Shows indications of dismemberment.
Paleocene - older (?). Loss of Argon in Ar/Ar ages
Tholeiitic. Oceanic origin.
Vesiculated hyaloclastites are locally observed between pillow lavas, possibly indicating eruption under shallower conditions.
Various seamount fragments generated very close to a MOR.
d. Vaquedano Unit
Vesiculated, small-shaped pillow basalts and lava flows, reddish pelagic limestones, detrital sediments and hyaloclastites. Limestones locally occur as xenoliths embedded in massive lava flows. Limestones form interbeds within the pillowed and massive lava flows. Low-T, oceanic oxidization/alteration.
Campanian - M. Eocene (Foraminifera, age well constrained by fossil assamblages in pelagic limestones). K-Ar ages bradly similar to biochronological ages.
OIB-like affinities
Devoid shallow-water limestones. Interbedded lavas and limestones.
Superficial layers of seamounts peeled off at shallow level during subduction.
Azuero Marginal Complex
(1) Azuero Plateau
Massive and pillowed lava flows with scarse occurrences of interbedded radiolarites. Rare gabbroic intrusives.
Coniacian - E. Santonian (89 - 85 Ma.)( radiolarite ages), in broad agreement with Ar/Ar ages (93 - 82 Ma, Lissina, 2005).
Tholeiitic. Plateau-like affinities. Includes 2 geochemical groups: Trace elements of group I display typical plateau-like affinities, whereas group II has a more enriched character.
Dykes of the Azuero Protoarc and Azuero Arc crosscut the plateau.
Oceanic plateau (part of the CLIP)
Lower volcaniclastic Unit (Plateau) (Montes et al., 2012a), Inner Osa Igneous Complex (Buchs et al., 2009)
94
Table A. Continued Rock Unit Sub-unit Lithology Age Geochemistry Characteristics Origin Correlations
Azuero Marginal Complex
(2) Ocú Formation
Foraminifera-bearing pelagic and hemipelagic limestones.Overlays the Azuero Plateau and is locally interbedded with lava flows of the Azuero Protoarc group
Campanian - Maastrichtian.
Larger benthic foraminifera evidence for nearby shallow water environments. Crosscut by basaltic dykes of the Azuero Protoarc Group.
Golfito Formation (Limestones of the Golfito Complex)(Buchs et al., 2010)
(3) Azuero Protoarc Group
Mafic lava flows, locally nterbedded with hemipelagic limestonesof the Ocu Formation. Basaltic to basaltoc trachyandesitic lava flows and dykes.
Late Campanian to Maastrichtian (?)
Empleced within and on top of the Azuero Plateau through the Late Campanian (75 - 73 Ma). Autochtonous sequence. Evolved rapidly (possibly in less than 5 Ma) toward a mature volcanic arc (Azuero Arc Group). Intermediate between the Azuero Plateau and Azuero Arc Group.
Primitive island arc developed on top of the Azuero Plateau.
Chagres Igneous Complex (Wegner et al., 2010), Golfito Complex (Buchs et al., 2010), Middle volcaniclastic Unit (Protoarc)(Montes et al., 2012a)
(4)Azuero Arc Group
Intermediate to silic lavas and related intrusives. Volcanic rocks ranging in composition from basalt to dacite. Large intrusives (granodiorite)
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to Eocene(˜71 - 40 Ma). Late Campanian to Maastrictian (Using planctonic forams and radiolarians, Corral et al., 2013)
Suprasubduction geochemical signatures (Depleted in Nb and Ti, enriched in mobile elements such as Pb and Ba)
At least in part emplaced contemporaneously with Azuero Protoarc.
Extinct volcanic arc. Island arc. Intra-oceanic volcanic arc.
Upper volcaniclastic Unit (Arc)(Montes et al., 2012a)
95
Table A. Continued Rock Unit Sub-unit Lithology Age Geochemistry Characteristics Origin Correlations
Azuero Accretionary Complex
(1) Submarine massive and pillowed lava flows with minor occurrences of pelagic and hemipelagic calcareous sediment and hyaloclastice, (2) Clastic deposits composed of basaltic breccias crosscut by rare basaltic dykes (3) Large gabbroic intrusions.
Paleocene - E. Eocene (biochronologic data from shallow marine limestones)
Typical OIB affinities. Middle Eocene age of accretion
Undifferentiated metamorphic rocks
Deformed metabasalt, metasediment and ultramafic rocks in the greenschist to amphibolite facies (Tournon et al., 1989).Are cut by younger unmetamorphosed dolerites (presumably proto-arc and early arc dykes)
Undefined
Azuero Melange
(1) Deformed rocks initially pertaining to adjacent units; (2) other volcano-sedimentary assemblages, which include abundant vesicullar illow basalt, reddish siliceous pelagic limestone, and minor red chert, black shale and carbonate sediment with basaltic fragments.
Some of the pelagic sediments contain radiolarians and early Maastrichtian planktic foraminifers.
Former decollement zone at the contact with the Azuero Plateau, which locally contains accreted pieces of seamounts.
96
Table A. Continued Rock Unit Sub-unit Lithology Age Geochemistry Characteristics Origin Correlations
San Blas Complex
(1) Lower Volcaniclastic Unit
Drak-gray diabase, massive basalt, amygdular pillow basalt interbedded with lenticular volcanic breccia layers and discontinuous layers of stratiform chert, tuffaceous siltstone, and micritic limestone. Crosscut by very fine-grained basaltic and andesitic dykes.
Late Cretaceous (?) to Eocene (?) (Ar/Ar, Wegner et al., 2011)
Tholeiitic. Moderately depleted pattern. small Nb-Ta positive anomaly, and no Ti and Zr-Hf negative anomalies.
Uppermost layers of and oceanic Plateau
Azuero Plateau (Buchs et al., 2010), Inner Osa Igneous Complex (Buchs et al., 2009)
(2) Middle Volcaniclastic Unit
Massive basalt and andesite, pillow basalt, amygdular basalt, porphyritic andesite, and diabase sills and dikes. Chert beds and tuffaceous siltstone that are up to 2m thick and continuous for >1km are interbedded with the volcanic layers. Fine-grained basaltic and rare medium-grained dioritic dikes crosscut the sequence.
Late Cretaceous (?) to Eocene (?) (Ar/Ar, Wegner et al., 2011)
Tholeiitic.
Proto-arc
Golfito Complex, Azuero Protoarc Group (Buchs et al., 2010)
(3) Upper Volcaniclastic Unit
Lavas and volcanic breccia. The lavas are stratiform, massive andesitic lavas with centimeter-scale layering. Interbedded breccias, probably reprecenting brecciated top flows or bases of lava flows. Diabase dikes and sills intrude these layers.
Late Cretaceous (?) to Eocene (?) (Ar/Ar, Wegner et al., 2011)
Calc-alkaline. Arc Azuero Arc Group (Buchs et al., 2010)
97
APPENDIX B ISOTOPIC AGES FROM THE GRANITOIDS IN PANAMA
Table B. Isotopic ages from the granitoids in Panama
2. CM 3. VR 4. Parita 5. Pedasi 6. PTQ 7. CA 8. Mamoni 9. CH
10.
Chepo 11. SB 1 12. SB 2
13 SB 3
14.SB 4
15.
Mandé
U-Pb
Zn
67.6±1.45
67.6±1.0
66.0±1.0 49.2±0.95 48.1±1.25
41.1±0.7
28.6±0.67
29.1±0.6
26.1±0.8
28.3±0.5
54.1±1.25
54.7±1.2
58.5±1.3
58.7±1.4
39.4±0.85
49.7±1.0 58.3±1.05 59.0±1.95
58.6±1.65
49.7±1.6
49.5±1.1
49.5±0.9
42.5±1.31
43.8±0.8
Ar/Ar
Hbl 65.7±1.42
54.8±1.22
Dacites:
67.9±1.3
66.0±1.1
65.6±1.3
40.8±1.42
30.1±0.47
28.6±0.4
31.4±0.3
WR
49.4±1.08
61.5±2.3 47.2±1.38 68.5±5.08 49.9±2.18
Ar/Ar
Biot
Ar/Ar
Kspar
50±0.34
49.5±0.2
(Plg)
50.7±0.14
(Plg)
ZFT
41.6±5.46
46.4±5.8
98
Table B. Continued
2. CM 3. VR 4. Parita
5.
Pedasi 6. PTQ 7. CA 8. Mamoni
9.
CH 10. Chepo 11. SB 1 12. SB 2
13 SB 3
14.SB 4 15. Mandé
ZnHe 48.8±0.91
43.0±0.8
32.9±0.61
32.7±0.6
22.3±0.73
20.7±0.3
23.4±0.4
19.5±0.3
41.4±2.05
50.9±1.6
50.1±1.8
44.2±1.6
42.8±1.5
40.1±1.5
47.7±1.9
43.9±1.6
40.2±1.5
41.3±1.6
48.9±1.8
48.8±1.8
51.0±1.8
50.6±1.9
32.8±0.76
AFT
50.1±9.45
85.5±30
47.3±3.6
44.8±8.2
35.8±2.45
45.4±3.6
45.4±4.2
46.3±2.1
42.6±4.8
45.7±3.7
38.1±5.46
37.8±5.2
AHe
10.4±0.29
12.5±0.4
10.4±0.5
12.8±0.3
16.6±0.4
16.6±0.4
33.2±1.11
29.9±0.8
8.7±0.59
17.5±0.5
11.4±0.55
6.2±1.6
12.0±7.4
12.7±0.8
23.3±0.8
12.6±1.2
34.0±0.73
23.8±0.4
24.1±1.7
19.4±0.9
27.0±0.6
22.9±0.9
20.6±0.7
18.4±0.6
3.9±0.26
Note: (1: Cardona, pers. comm.; 2: Corral, 2013; 3: Farris et al., 2011; 4: Lissina, 2005; 5: Montes et al., 2012, Montes et al., 2012b, Montes, pers. comm.; 6: Villagomez and Spikings, 2013; 7: Whattam et al., 2012; 8: Wegner et al., 2011; 9: This study). Locations of the intrusives in Figure 2-2. SB = San Blas, CA = Cerro Azul, CH = Chulugantí, CM = Cerro Montuoso, PTQ = Petaquilla, VR = Valle Rico, ZFT = Zircon fission track, ZnHe =
zircon (U-Th)/He, AFT = Apatite fission track, AHe = apatite (U-Th)/He.
99
APPENDIX C IGNEOUS AND DETRITAL U-Pb RESULTS
Table C. U-Pb geochronological analyses.
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300332_01 0.00800852 7.86147E-05 0.056286108 0.001465041 51.41895316 1.005441452 55.59862389 2.814525279 0.377489773 0.075175794
300332_02 0.005264743 5.39473E-05 0.061507157 0.006938516 33.8485989 0.691850302 60.60487811 13.23018725 0.092463918 0.441487221
300332_03 0.009982295 0.000229562 0.107543152 0.007236017 64.02888557 2.930019897 103.7102094 13.22397207 0.342701159 0.382617334
300332_04 0.004434087 6.13773E-05 0.034943004 0.002380523 28.51985806 0.787784535 34.87293752 4.665463572 0.20415226 0.182177927
300332_05 0.008565642 0.00013095 0.103151913 0.018457642 54.98075937 1.673809072 99.67657433 33.69539804 0.088022033 0.448408418
300332_06 0.006037193 6.63748E-05 0.067460143 0.004887645 38.79998627 0.850567902 66.2830022 9.276698693 0.152783997 0.414631429
300332_07 0.006037193 6.63748E-05 0.067460143 0.004887645 38.79998627 0.850567902 66.2830022 9.276698693 0.152783997 0.414631429
300332_08 0.008354153 0.000142697 0.083284685 0.005096118 53.62889376 1.824332299 81.22428725 9.53048945 0.28000143 0.339743129
300332_09 0.006611939 0.00021067 0.194150545 0.016961605 42.48163317 2.697925952 180.1554385 28.64042721 0.365887857 0.764194556
300332_010 0.008215977 0.000132367 0.060567257 0.003386368 52.74550374 1.692510862 59.70546566 6.473532346 0.288929838 0.116571604
300332_011 0.008331441 0.000103764 0.067181596 0.003490789 53.48369653 1.326641033 66.01802268 6.631531613 0.240422375 0.189862187
300332_012 0.008664256 0.000154878 0.080397472 0.006674196 55.61101538 1.979444685 78.51457327 12.50590915 0.216503841 0.291710913
300332_013 0.007850608 0.00010161 0.05449443 0.001149927 50.40902457 1.299724248 53.87495071 2.213233262 0.613599064 0.064332795
300332_014 0.00852358 0.000146235 0.087018872 0.004921225 54.71191691 1.869250844 84.71821435 9.17260694 0.304148887 0.354189446
300332_015 0.008353625 0.00012399 0.059143621 0.001147354 53.62551712 1.585194371 58.34163554 2.198595285 0.765290288 0.080836239
300332_017 0.007951739 5.79611E-05 0.064070342 0.001970629 51.05582948 0.741341934 63.05360882 3.757253322 0.237421552 0.190279027
300332_018 0.007698047 9.64326E-05 0.054690365 0.00147367 49.43317673 1.233691916 54.06359142 2.835370133 0.465239841 0.08564756
300332_019 0.008529197 0.00019429 0.092746969 0.008023174 54.74781573 2.483446473 90.05450396 14.85507984 0.264537442 0.392059105
300332_020 0.008064509 9.18248E-05 0.05883812 0.002050944 51.77698998 1.174319603 58.04872982 3.92954139 0.327131199 0.108042672
300332_021 0.00830107 0.000115492 0.066883155 0.003693228 53.28953233 1.476632376 65.73404211 7.017404689 0.252733874 0.189316059
300332_022 0.008201177 0.000103632 0.066947305 0.003631192 52.65087474 1.325133093 65.79509102 6.899318053 0.233736226 0.19977503
300332_023 0.004423606 8.17798E-05 0.048108028 0.007441198 28.45259272 1.049652875 47.70703713 14.36605553 0.121747695 0.403597573
300332_024 0.008902535 0.000148224 0.078409751 0.007343088 57.13363501 1.893964164 76.64483997 13.78029021 0.179121801 0.254566452
300332_025 0.007865523 0.000111725 0.079164694 0.010383159 50.50441951 1.429081225 77.35537693 19.44458569 0.110189575 0.347111713
300332_026 0.008060432 6.27574E-05 0.067143607 0.005318793 51.75091744 0.802600261 65.98187928 10.09596888 0.099430833 0.21567985
100
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300332_027 0.007791448 4.05889E-05 0.108928489 0.016736704 50.03062734 0.519232621 104.9794126 30.41916858 0.036131945 0.523424392
300332_028 0.004355309 6.13059E-05 0.033772587 0.001883976 28.01426106 0.786930041 33.72404946 3.697368959 0.253114845 0.169309098
300332_028Rim 0.004235565 3.48291E-05 0.034693338 0.003147309 27.24566535 0.447128927 34.6279735 6.167453128 0.091953839 0.213189147
300332_029 0.008830242 0.000126096 0.081205627 0.008509552 56.67171522 1.611354922 79.27377426 15.9196234 0.137778139 0.285113952
300332_030 0.007833502 0.000103272 0.052124642 0.005095112 50.29961544 1.321006644 51.59060625 9.810134321 0.136274477 0.025023757
300332_031 0.008218206 7.24522E-05 0.079469521 0.006124292 52.75975028 0.926436998 77.64213284 11.48826187 0.11550858 0.320475258
300332_032 0.004577972 8.70228E-05 0.044540546 0.006067364 29.44320874 1.116772275 44.24522278 11.76127257 0.141501099 0.334544909
300332_032Rim 0.004648205 7.85229E-05 0.040215422 0.003507002 29.89386421 1.007626377 40.03231641 6.834701553 0.194957484 0.253256696
300332_033 0.00804646 9.51264E-05 0.062590368 0.002706455 51.66157519 1.216562197 61.64044157 5.165594094 0.274005994 0.161888301
300332_034 0.005733564 0.000111786 0.096566609 0.009763857 36.85418334 1.432899118 93.59735381 18.00105187 0.194266203 0.606247593
300332_035 0.00794807 6.8874E-05 0.071104664 0.00657442 51.03236492 0.880919944 69.74364115 12.42607512 0.09505543 0.268286484
300332_036 0.00915714 0.000131455 0.17387807 0.021992282 58.7601828 1.679282577 162.7706947 37.69193053 0.115321045 0.639000233
300332_037 0.004259605 4.1263E-05 0.040350125 0.005602929 27.39997945 0.529712372 40.16378861 10.90703305 0.071771219 0.317793953
300332_038 0.008048405 9.0151E-05 0.07406273 0.007156351 51.67401271 1.152932186 72.54381358 13.4851887 0.11731453 0.287685467
300332_039 0.008095388 0.000164784 0.055261062 0.00163083 51.97444579 2.107228978 54.612842 3.135820424 0.690053282 0.048310912
300332_040 0.008300724 0.000102894 0.060653512 0.002125598 53.2873222 1.315562837 59.78803825 4.06546971 0.354186213 0.108729375
300332_041 0.00831887 4.87652E-05 0.086251003 0.008327486 53.40333437 0.62349881 84.00073238 15.50822766 0.062112682 0.364251562
300332_042 0.008286691 0.000118516 0.063864934 0.003670636 53.19760772 1.515305595 62.85759085 6.994304504 0.249644579 0.153680454
300332_043 0.009699199 0.00043275 0.108643175 0.008180533 62.22177346 5.524415807 104.7181469 14.92898414 0.593425081 0.405816706
300332_044 0.008246605 0.000109775 0.056619189 0.001842921 52.94132256 1.403606273 55.9187395 3.538731388 0.409393016 0.053245423
300332_045 0.008027636 0.000116558 0.059982188 0.00228543 51.54119496 1.490661481 59.14519649 4.373603647 0.381584636 0.128564989
300332_046 0.004487177 6.129E-05 0.030108673 0.000907622 28.86056388 0.786622163 30.11910302 1.788416 0.453499091 0.041785412
300332_047 0.008244379 0.000116736 0.070679711 0.002482344 52.92709053 1.492613799 69.34073579 4.702591112 0.403627628 0.236709996
300332_048 0.008225164 0.000146563 0.066813624 0.00344957 52.80423827 1.873997386 65.66786925 6.555610012 0.345829932 0.19588927
300332_049 0.008699021 0.00013985 0.059105623 0.002012267 55.83318998 1.787337255 58.30520843 3.854533801 0.472647015 0.042397901
300332_050 0.004511407 9.47565E-05 0.033249655 0.001331906 29.01605824 1.216096441 33.21031589 2.615932293 0.524831677 0.12629382
300332_051 0.004502934 6.6537E-05 0.033185337 0.001786537 28.96168632 0.853948149 33.14711124 3.508298345 0.275224785 0.126268165
300332_052 0.008836899 0.000342922 0.077483476 0.006244709 56.71425058 4.381620931 75.77237025 11.73502428 0.482519332 0.251518061
101
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300332_053 0.008975316 0.000271419 0.142149048 0.015555942 57.59864432 3.467657564 134.9493529 27.47075011 0.277861412 0.573183249
300332_054 0.008658092 0.000146856 0.062695405 0.005159958 55.5716191 1.876936458 61.74080125 9.836100664 0.207258434 0.099920669
300332_055 0.008651863 0.000127546 0.064620582 0.001374595 55.5318109 1.630168702 63.57850982 2.620219387 0.693254642 0.126563188
300332_056 0.01075915 0.000150222 0.084301519 0.003784443 68.98525085 1.915967236 82.17688986 7.075106033 0.311639406 0.160527358
300332_057 0.004711504 3.77861E-05 0.043414294 0.003883358 30.30000078 0.484860507 43.14987429 7.54365085 0.090951874 0.297796314
300332_058 0.008400194 0.000199844 0.05879025 0.001794136 53.92321627 2.554755203 58.0028253 3.438077805 0.77984069 0.07033466
300332_059 0.008765562 0.000153977 0.062360279 0.002186385 56.25841526 1.967732881 61.42056113 4.174900278 0.501462187 0.084045892
300333_01 0.009391003 0.000194792 0.066290424 0.001942146 60.25386249 2.487737443 65.16979566 3.695293857 0.708292445 0.075432693
300333_02 0.005137517 0.00013903 0.044823517 0.002313109 33.03271353 1.783152817 44.52024393 4.490665843 0.525041496 0.258029368
300333_03 0.00909245 9.7956E-05 0.078170305 0.003062959 58.34695208 1.251448607 76.41937526 5.760703846 0.275494298 0.236490067
300333_04 0.008600047 6.51924E-05 0.070437609 0.004247809 55.20065253 0.833293507 69.11112301 8.04231757 0.12656777 0.201276869
300333_04Rim 0.011264685 0.002268354 0.307604888 0.129030624 72.20854095 28.88640555 272.3089998 191.0991887 0.485369353 0.734828665
300333_05 0.00567786 7.09732E-05 0.081797996 0.005921125 36.4971415 0.909817852 79.82989938 11.08434559 0.173716416 0.542813635
300333_06 0.008317083 7.10051E-05 0.065605279 0.001521303 53.3919079 0.90784479 64.5171844 2.896992178 0.368477182 0.172438965
300333_07 0.008460902 4.10443E-05 0.080675861 0.005772819 54.3112852 0.52470942 78.77616284 10.818647 0.068829488 0.310561936
300333_08 0.008643431 7.30754E-05 0.077298572 0.006226053 55.47792315 0.934011141 75.59811661 11.70206898 0.106126484 0.266146756
300333_09 0.008643431 7.30754E-05 0.077298572 0.006226053 55.47792315 0.934011141 75.59811661 11.70206898 0.106126484 0.266146756
300333_010 0.008569747 5.75773E-05 0.076348035 0.001935146 55.00699753 0.735981647 74.7018597 3.647613821 0.265428451 0.26364621
300333_011 0.009653619 0.000402728 0.177550953 0.035340487 61.93077438 5.141461595 165.9425504 60.04733604 0.212411052 0.626793886
300333_012 0.008661695 0.000104105 0.060549565 0.001159602 55.59464928 1.330570924 59.68852809 2.2191085 0.627798861 0.068587364
300333_013 0.010841895 0.000316389 0.091215335 0.003472989 69.51294309 4.034637766 88.63038042 6.452686499 0.766799188 0.215698469
300333_014 0.008549682 8.09464E-05 0.070297045 0.003841053 54.87875169 1.034706132 68.97778666 7.274541994 0.174054819 0.204399643
300333_015 0.004717834 5.6626E-05 0.061932888 0.01408561 30.34061619 0.726597171 61.01200803 26.75789599 0.056067409 0.502710742
300333_016 0.009133736 0.00011461 0.082367115 0.006195243 58.61068737 1.464148389 80.36391117 11.58995203 0.167904359 0.270683986
300333_017 0.007167564 8.25424E-05 0.051974744 0.001823702 46.03880064 1.05655423 51.44594051 3.517307577 0.328684689 0.105103334
300333_018 0.00963637 0.000420108 0.322764432 0.058075276 61.82064073 5.363393929 284.0124007 87.25349685 0.244823264 0.782331192
300333_019 0.008258739 6.30827E-05 0.063963063 0.001395326 53.01890024 0.806601355 62.9512386 2.661352507 0.350443121 0.157778283
102
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300333_020 0.008252088 6.93247E-05 0.05844953 0.001666586 52.97637708 0.886417744 57.67603766 3.194873133 0.295025786 0.081483763
300333_021 0.008643579 6.68092E-05 0.082792998 0.007250441 55.47886744 0.853922108 80.76333878 13.55210829 0.089526702 0.313068674
300333_022 0.00834372 6.47697E-05 0.065104568 0.003038859 53.56219788 0.828101322 64.03998415 5.785453389 0.166975447 0.163613193
300333_023 0.004784032 5.17274E-05 0.060872429 0.006881312 30.76532198 0.663699097 59.99757924 13.12928912 0.097279939 0.487223945
300333_024 0.00682186 5.92756E-05 0.049352589 0.002088137 43.82580091 0.759005629 48.91196292 4.036860197 0.205964532 0.103986054
300333_025 0.008198775 7.24244E-05 0.081914255 0.011757904 52.63551338 0.926098747 79.93900923 21.94955147 0.063618875 0.341554094
300333_026 0.006959524 6.75073E-05 0.054813697 0.002073667 44.70713782 0.864287324 54.18231371 3.988178292 0.256932091 0.174875808
300333_027 0.008252966 6.00067E-05 0.062714945 0.003289249 52.98199012 0.767275999 61.75947021 6.275474204 0.139385512 0.14212363
300333_028 0.006950366 4.27607E-05 0.068709949 0.007062132 44.64851067 0.54747215 67.47107879 13.37466374 0.061345877 0.338257051
300333_029 0.004222651 4.12149E-05 0.032532628 0.001696885 27.16277269 0.529114769 32.50547896 3.334493947 0.187869896 0.164363253
300333_030 0.008348609 7.42362E-05 0.058059162 0.002455875 53.5934519 0.949124843 57.30150311 4.707937606 0.21081592 0.064711238
300333_031 0.007816838 5.46964E-05 0.061232338 0.001839307 50.1930285 0.699679512 60.34197969 3.516457883 0.233368974 0.168190557
300333_032 0.00843277 9.22423E-05 0.074907939 0.008791517 54.13145949 1.17922746 73.34249146 16.54094941 0.094896316 0.261935906
300333_033 0.008804396 0.000194445 0.106885714 0.015931692 56.50656353 2.484752212 103.1073294 29.01951273 0.15030568 0.451963659
300333_034 0.008064898 5.22013E-05 0.0713916 0.006657398 51.77947752 0.667599344 70.01559997 12.57906441 0.070759693 0.26045799
300333_035 0.008101943 6.2825E-05 0.06369286 0.002291143 52.01636548 0.803431346 62.69335302 4.369245207 0.216076286 0.170304937
300333_036 0.008056101 5.96674E-05 0.057551465 0.00179647 51.72322636 0.763086227 56.8141913 3.446574201 0.237712901 0.089607276
300333_037 0.00807459 6.27805E-05 0.061443681 0.002466853 51.8414523 0.802883324 60.54416161 4.713895952 0.194230352 0.143741512
300333_038 0.008100325 6.75161E-05 0.055915326 0.000939355 52.00601832 0.863422895 55.24215442 1.80569979 0.49635374 0.058580918
300333_39 0.009176049 8.34119E-05 0.101398278 0.005778602 58.88097119 1.065559084 98.06125974 10.62623624 0.16032309 0.399549105
300333_040 0.008521938 5.02859E-05 0.065628148 0.002483864 54.70142162 0.642811976 64.53897443 4.727748857 0.156450719 0.152428093
300333_041 0.009325931 0.000194753 0.138390874 0.014755103 59.83828511 2.48739278 131.6029562 26.15105814 0.19738074 0.545311999
300333_042 0.008445171 4.60387E-05 0.06682445 0.002459327 54.21072527 0.588565383 65.6781725 4.675854704 0.148654624 0.174600583
300333_043 0.0085019 7.76574E-05 0.061371281 0.001363107 54.57333863 0.992713097 60.4749047 2.606284129 0.411540137 0.097587026
300333_044 0.007103256 4.03031E-05 0.05274056 0.001323114 45.62719182 0.515928562 52.18481196 2.550591525 0.226520872 0.125661469
300333_045 0.005111645 6.70618E-05 0.057081973 0.004938903 32.86678837 0.860162881 56.36334291 9.465577293 0.152869462 0.416876525
300333_046 0.008554213 6.97864E-05 0.063979542 0.001637876 54.90770924 0.892053316 62.96696398 3.123572509 0.319029031 0.127991795
300333_047 0.00859601 6.8287E-05 0.11033046 0.01233854 55.17485323 0.872850833 106.2622423 22.44126914 0.072652816 0.480767091
103
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300333_048 0.008267767 8.54694E-05 0.072796411 0.005774824 53.07661922 1.092824718 71.34603293 10.90166986 0.131455373 0.256067688
300333_049 0.00863476 7.14832E-05 0.070137417 0.005597223 55.42250601 0.913668618 68.82634539 10.59345582 0.104887414 0.194748672
300333_050 0.004943926 5.02792E-05 0.037137725 0.001303295 31.79104368 0.645015143 37.02379099 2.550184341 0.290280758 0.141334725
300333_050Rim 0.004871179 4.21102E-05 0.03623505 0.002062224 31.32439555 0.540258439 36.13971006 4.037230867 0.152711615 0.133241648
300333_051 0.007099026 3.76378E-05 0.067794961 0.00754665 45.60012148 0.481813065 66.60141966 14.30125061 0.049241395 0.315328086
300333_051Rim 0.007067448 5.18584E-05 0.052704544 0.002899161 45.39799113 0.663870999 52.15007502 5.584784128 0.134183429 0.129474097
300333_052 0.008593965 7.93928E-05 0.087730481 0.007024184 55.16178415 1.014802671 85.38267641 13.07115503 0.116536397 0.353946415
300333_053 0.008605298 4.77376E-05 0.082458643 0.006693212 55.23421426 0.610187978 80.449767 12.51762297 0.069517925 0.313432266
300333_054 0.008613749 0.000102389 0.103373874 0.006902432 55.28822363 1.308697682 99.88084428 12.663752 0.178972713 0.446458187
300333_055 0.008598769 7.14283E-05 0.068116922 0.00234234 55.19248461 0.912999582 66.90751588 4.448291592 0.242051698 0.175092904
300333b_01 0.008791808 0.000120172 0.066844063 0.003390243 56.42613004 1.535718128 65.69683889 6.442857952 0.270208128 0.141113469
300333b_02 0.009096232 0.000149688 0.094386396 0.004013351 58.37111149 1.912304655 91.57664414 7.433258657 0.387584001 0.362598269
300333b_03 0.009131759 0.000283432 0.074435105 0.00275761 58.59805579 3.62054146 72.89576559 5.205156416 0.838089942 0.196139099
300333b_04 0.005147835 6.25638E-05 0.059892092 0.004707995 33.09888669 0.802441992 59.05889184 9.000142674 0.155734166 0.439561332
300333b_05 0.009200859 0.000188528 0.069749059 0.002158779 59.03944309 2.408195584 68.4578098 4.093796871 0.662366089 0.137579142
300333b_06 0.010022629 0.000227923 0.121601527 0.00936042 64.28631277 2.90898632 116.5170059 16.87674379 0.296492799 0.448266695
300333b_07 0.00926366 9.5419E-05 0.076198946 0.00500061 59.44057204 1.218832522 74.56121261 9.413718517 0.157896079 0.202794993
300333b_08 0.00508476 4.99912E-05 0.049375893 0.002813396 32.69435884 0.64123074 48.93451058 5.436959879 0.173360876 0.331875226
300333b_09 0.009192443 0.000127788 0.086846343 0.0043324 58.98568525 1.632386323 84.55705064 8.078563516 0.279359614 0.302415531
300333b_10 0.01048298 0.000470918 0.131208367 0.010153604 67.22371099 6.006890805 125.1765787 18.14569624 0.5814131 0.462968938
300333b_11 0.008773941 0.000147629 0.064114755 0.002135427 56.31195241 1.886596831 63.09598709 4.070977377 0.505600251 0.107519273
300333b_12 0.041174901 0.01878411 1.499545292 0.77192688 260.1030636 230.5221481 930.15416 546.514889 0.889624911 0.72036564
300333b_13 0.008782312 0.000129287 0.062516564 0.00122352 56.36544694 1.65220887 61.56991691 2.337024887 0.75238322 0.08452943
300333b_14 0.008592736 9.64925E-05 0.063545035 0.001086888 55.15392716 1.233364285 62.5522396 2.074172133 0.656724204 0.118274141
300333b_15 0.00869301 0.000109196 0.060706933 0.001167434 55.79477679 1.395592191 59.83917484 2.233756159 0.653405978 0.067587798
300333b_16 0.008992184 0.000114896 0.069232947 0.001551475 57.70641072 1.468006356 67.96783344 2.944390951 0.570443087 0.150974692
300333b_16 0.009484598 0.000358318 0.076842975 0.004482793 60.851554 4.575374302 75.16863578 8.435906217 0.648242596 0.190466165
300333b_18 0.008293489 0.000116119 0.058669801 0.001671538 53.24106758 1.484659772 57.88731418 3.203694107 0.491794396 0.080263641
104
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300333b_19 0.008798231 0.0001293 0.067410677 0.003706833 56.46716724 1.652340044 66.23595046 7.039735234 0.268024516 0.147484608
300333b_20 0.010344311 0.000620839 0.118966796 0.012249374 66.33903801 7.919734465 114.1291058 22.10895459 0.584105743 0.418736898
300333b_21 0.009296456 0.000113365 0.062230463 0.001336389 59.65003431 1.448006008 61.2964845 2.553166304 0.568104028 0.026860434
300333b_22 0.009292462 0.00015718 0.071784265 0.007205031 59.62452565 2.007620635 70.38765104 13.60537824 0.169958237 0.152912126
300333b_23 0.009209852 0.000100704 0.077541347 0.003319876 59.0968891 1.28641019 75.82690131 6.24679928 0.25599229 0.220634259
300333b_24 0.00905747 0.000104133 0.072467244 0.002564422 58.12348981 1.33040107 71.03444953 4.849808566 0.325372125 0.181756314
300333b_25 0.007645288 9.55818E-05 0.05739623 0.00115868 49.09566668 1.222872671 56.66514279 2.223953756 0.619530219 0.133582582
300333b_26 0.008831599 0.000134815 0.062376064 0.00113464 56.68038601 1.722765003 61.43564717 2.167634264 0.839332703 0.077402312
300333b_27 0.008838286 0.00011476 0.082732527 0.005434019 56.72311764 1.466494295 80.70663322 10.16600319 0.198621321 0.297169076
300333b_28 0.009283675 0.000124224 0.075918396 0.003085983 59.56840625 1.586718333 74.29649625 5.816075108 0.329740906 0.198233978
300333b_29 0.008800427 0.000127474 0.066946449 0.001502152 56.48120543 1.629005864 65.79427652 2.856956333 0.645800154 0.141548347
300333b_30 0.008702957 0.00013472 0.063217275 0.001334167 55.85834063 1.721768673 62.23928971 2.546558285 0.733693786 0.102522845
300333b_31 0.008921197 0.000127569 0.06331644 0.002172928 57.25287081 1.630029972 62.33398417 4.145503024 0.417124262 0.081514336
300333b_32 0.009336363 0.000108 0.068805383 0.001542318 59.9049071 1.379428695 67.56174215 2.928195505 0.516332137 0.11333093
300333b_33 0.009250715 0.000104326 0.066687992 0.000992819 59.35788874 1.332611212 65.54829295 1.88915951 0.757658833 0.094440357
300333b_34 0.009321345 7.97143E-05 0.087017697 0.005880129 59.80899524 1.018178543 84.71711735 10.95509426 0.127526878 0.294015223
300333b_35 0.008975411 0.000131265 0.068066379 0.001865837 57.59924926 1.677160213 66.85946961 3.544331128 0.533859914 0.138502749
300333b_36 0.009004483 0.000100493 0.067726194 0.001847423 57.78498251 1.283971207 66.53602942 3.510499822 0.409496538 0.131523431
300333b_37 0.008674568 0.000100162 0.067225292 0.001890997 55.67691563 1.280167204 66.05959562 3.594911288 0.410858655 0.157171413
300333b_38 0.005224976 4.84012E-05 0.045670584 0.003895875 33.59358545 0.620749521 45.34306725 7.551622067 0.109823126 0.259124107
300333b_39 0.008718676 0.000132899 0.064661778 0.001503442 55.95879559 1.698471932 63.61779842 2.865539543 0.655846007 0.120390881
300333b_40 0.009085162 0.000107756 0.105392664 0.012682628 58.30039744 1.376656699 101.7368507 23.16599446 0.100298894 0.426949065
300333b_41 0.009606118 8.35474E-05 0.094176345 0.003451121 61.62748948 1.066835473 91.38174874 6.394795882 0.237854093 0.32560396
300333b_42 0.009343335 0.00010263 0.070790213 0.002618381 59.94943307 1.310835038 69.4455199 4.959477222 0.297482671 0.136741533
300333b_43 0.009338368 0.000113404 0.066231315 0.00113092 59.91771196 1.448446026 65.1135093 2.152723481 0.711370641 0.079795996
300333b_44 0.009409649 0.000115276 0.077315526 0.001439233 60.37293768 1.472245589 75.61409579 2.711041602 0.658316182 0.201565038
300333b_45 0.009356394 0.000126104 0.065074638 0.000969418 60.032838 1.610610952 64.01145271 1.847444091 0.904824749 0.062154732
300333b_46 0.009575626 7.66337E-05 0.081089649 0.002646587 61.43280198 0.978584608 79.1648561 4.965136889 0.245665187 0.223988964
105
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300333b_47 0.008010797 8.33874E-05 0.062158838 0.004685109 51.43351303 1.06647745 61.22801994 8.937416691 0.139187179 0.159967723
300333b_48 0.00867674 0.000147563 0.080341104 0.007560451 55.69079587 1.885943662 78.46159818 14.16150652 0.182064357 0.290215887
300333b_49 0.00710422 7.17387E-05 0.054757311 0.001746273 45.63336761 0.918328398 54.12803668 3.359217063 0.317079847 0.156936582
300333b_50 0.00710422 7.17387E-05 0.054757311 0.001746273 45.63336761 0.918328398 54.12803668 3.359217063 0.317079847 0.156936582
300333b_51 0.008953946 6.8948E-05 0.10279949 0.008231302 57.46210902 0.880987888 99.35215479 15.10059564 0.097323728 0.42163198
300333b_52 0.00843095 8.91789E-05 0.061909283 0.001189075 54.11982007 1.140068744 60.98943911 2.272567317 0.550954115 0.112636206
300333b_53 0.008267043 8.72224E-05 0.057643374 0.000869333 53.07199286 1.115238856 56.90242762 1.668424501 0.699741869 0.067315841
300333b_54 0.008142718 8.53088E-05 0.063731382 0.001580696 52.27708922 1.090907002 62.73012337 3.015308927 0.422731416 0.166635001
300333b_55 0.008572475 0.000119992 0.089300266 0.003611941 55.02443103 1.533747476 86.84692119 6.722206425 0.346615933 0.366420476
300333b_56 0.008875964 7.22348E-05 0.06542916 0.001552147 56.96386402 0.923054211 64.34936081 2.956174149 0.343382505 0.114771875
300333b_57 0.007873401 7.61552E-05 0.060066269 0.002098482 50.55480683 0.974117577 59.22573283 4.015877763 0.277348448 0.146404706
300333b_58 0.007873401 7.61552E-05 0.060066269 0.002098482 50.55480683 0.974117577 59.22573283 4.015877763 0.277348448 0.146404706
300333b_59 0.004924778 4.62839E-05 0.041329454 0.001649191 31.66821884 0.593773644 41.11911666 3.213490585 0.236084855 0.229841947
300333b_60 0.007933833 8.15271E-05 0.056513686 0.000769124 50.94130994 1.042765383 55.8173539 1.477750222 0.755180327 0.087357132
300333b_61 0.008297092 7.84168E-05 0.062564782 0.001486442 53.26410262 1.002623157 61.6159927 2.83874864 0.398116202 0.13554744
300333b_62 0.008025309 7.28347E-05 0.059982554 0.001771758 51.52631906 0.931505745 59.14554737 3.391414264 0.30766142 0.128821672
300333b_63 0.008295327 9.26082E-05 0.063185919 0.001706063 53.25281904 1.184066332 62.20934528 3.255933546 0.413823866 0.143973967
300333b_64 0.008182859 4.36404E-05 0.070469093 0.00259677 52.53375035 0.558051759 69.14098552 4.9200657 0.145255712 0.240193787
300333b_65 0.007947333 5.40675E-05 0.061848532 0.001373482 51.02764775 0.691545271 60.93135116 2.624928264 0.306658805 0.162538713
300333b_66 0.007937363 7.79922E-05 0.070138117 0.005013722 50.96388517 0.997551143 68.82700959 9.491675631 0.138484493 0.259536547
300333b_67 0.007830152 5.7177E-05 0.06287243 0.004558937 50.27818737 0.731401033 61.90992264 8.691416975 0.101750462 0.187881599
300333b_68 0.00791072 5.23813E-05 0.061287943 0.001449431 50.79348827 0.670004016 60.39517866 2.77144256 0.280316338 0.158981074
300333b_69 0.008059801 0.000132426 0.085909319 0.014992481 51.74688446 1.693523897 83.6813054 27.84433818 0.096667974 0.381619536
300333b_70 0.006083008 0.000301237 0.188947787 0.026375226 39.09354337 3.85960856 175.7221076 44.55516776 0.356651389 0.777526323
300333_01b 0.008110756 0.00016844 0.046893553 0.002922619 52.0727186 2.153942071 46.52985858 5.661115233 0.334066534 -0.119124798
300333_02b 0.008474468 0.000151079 0.050491037 0.001509969 54.3979947 1.931265379 50.01290373 2.916766834 0.596475295 -0.087679192
300333_03b 0.008509414 0.0002151 0.058183757 0.001746752 54.62136861 2.749470899 57.42105942 3.349268286 0.842234433 0.048757213
300333_04b 0.008132419 0.000114271 0.057906381 0.001214044 52.21123662 1.461255999 57.1548818 2.329035524 0.670428685 0.086495589
106
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300333_05b 0.008529648 0.000176283 0.060740147 0.004121454 54.75069981 2.253289097 59.87096825 7.874752547 0.305518643 0.085521724
300333_06b 0.00821992 0.000154894 0.05700554 0.001214018 52.77071046 1.980524508 56.28992621 2.330968793 0.884972092 0.062519459
300333_07b 0.008200651 0.000139401 0.074004989 0.003641023 52.64751187 1.782471396 72.48922825 6.872580632 0.346174678 0.273719515
300333_08b 0.007985741 0.000120016 0.057340426 0.001876533 51.27328064 1.534945914 56.61155724 3.600759357 0.459649812 0.094296586
300333_09b 0.007888741 0.000118058 0.057126937 0.003561905 50.65292254 1.510051876 56.40652993 6.830656603 0.240897204 0.102002506
300333_10b 0.008510901 0.000351252 0.061828847 0.002721022 54.63087109 4.489494063 60.91252767 5.197080831 0.938005739 0.103125856
300333_11b 0.007820902 9.87665E-05 0.052305286 0.000965853 50.21902274 1.263395657 51.76491853 1.86297869 0.684087415 0.029863773
300333_12b 0.007826828 9.10856E-05 0.058511989 0.003413624 50.25692584 1.165140788 57.73595081 6.538203927 0.200306159 0.12953844
300333_13b 0.007631467 7.1896E-05 0.048988987 0.001818038 49.00724876 0.919859902 48.56008776 3.516364434 0.254379303 -0.009208406
300333_14b 0.007788552 0.00011224 0.04896928 0.002574471 50.01210515 1.43577952 48.54101282 4.977723228 0.274843914 -0.030306173
300333_15b 0.008591873 0.000193756 0.056615039 0.00183945 55.14840764 2.476463076 55.91475138 3.532085698 0.694421263 0.013705574
300333_16b 0.005253428 0.000234127 0.029398342 0.007595366 33.77603618 3.002336082 29.41872024 14.92814373 0.176185257 -0.148113715
300333_17b 0.008178166 0.000116212 0.056527432 0.000956425 52.50374658 1.486019879 55.83056434 1.837432813 0.839989823 0.059587751
300333_18b 0.007948105 0.000114216 0.055968912 0.001613529 51.03258561 1.460822017 55.29368031 3.100501946 0.498824667 0.077062961
300333_19b 0.00827166 5.34507E-05 0.056808829 0.001326766 53.1015078 0.683437336 56.10095294 2.547787463 0.277008519 0.053465137
300333_20b 0.006848081 6.9652E-05 0.051086347 0.001244818 43.99367713 0.891843537 50.5881266 2.403523236 0.417731748 0.130355677
300334_01 0.006662728 0.000100337 0.042466171 0.001088856 42.80687115 1.284964579 42.22684944 2.119920074 0.587632423 -0.013735851
300334_02 0.007116995 0.000146904 0.051774114 0.001235684 45.71513634 1.880425414 51.25227976 2.38433887 0.865025902 0.108037017
300334_03 0.006669606 5.81598E-05 0.041561136 0.003597745 42.85091721 0.744831371 41.34498918 7.00219922 0.10198397 -0.036423471
300334_04 0.006465222 6.94972E-05 0.041597231 0.001827952 41.54200951 0.890199754 41.38017457 3.560589495 0.245233065 -0.003910929
300334_05 0.004720073 0.001500746 0.110163926 0.16470443 30.35498073 19.24297406 106.1099456 280.9122507 0.233707162 0.713928977
300334_06 0.007064755 0.000104312 0.061447248 0.002932507 45.38075198 1.335330349 60.54757373 5.602466645 0.310044102 0.250494294
300334_07 0.006854271 0.000106184 0.046828326 0.002583164 44.03331033 1.35957794 46.46659687 5.004711458 0.28160502 0.05236636
300334_08 0.006688527 6.7677E-05 0.057748857 0.003133707 42.97207351 0.866693088 57.00368586 6.007187885 0.187237288 0.24615272
300334_09 0.0076479 0.000178053 0.052570043 0.001758432 49.11237599 2.277905615 52.02034082 3.389610838 0.696364354 0.055900534
300334_10 0.006886442 0.000158501 0.048974622 0.001201698 44.23927433 2.02932385 48.54618364 2.324981828 0.938144537 0.088717773
300334_11 0.006539074 5.24264E-05 0.042815938 0.001825258 42.01499992 0.671493861 42.56745511 3.551196033 0.188675163 0.012978347
107
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300334_12 0.006968301 0.00018765 0.050010589 0.001873867 44.76332512 2.402292465 49.54843049 3.620725681 0.719072159 0.096574308
300334_13 0.006447984 4.30218E-05 0.043741497 0.00214034 41.43160129 0.551088951 43.46822089 4.159898165 0.137059314 0.04685307
300334_14 0.006701258 3.76898E-05 0.045406316 0.003605572 43.05359727 0.482668675 45.08643378 6.99164005 0.07197751 0.045087543
300334_15 0.006731341 5.44117E-05 0.045137068 0.002316047 43.24622294 0.69678843 44.82489853 4.495015478 0.158269654 0.035218721
300334_16 0.006230236 4.47497E-05 0.044585306 0.000948703 40.0367999 0.57334732 44.28873007 1.843431083 0.337847959 0.096004789
300334_17 0.007003163 3.08512E-05 0.046867773 0.000779782 44.98649045 0.394974045 46.50485633 1.512019264 0.265008915 0.03264962
300334_18 0.006293908 4.29252E-05 0.048143732 0.002164218 40.4446832 0.549936502 47.74162423 4.188610353 0.152360255 0.152842329
300334_19 0.006407286 3.74731E-05 0.040446113 0.002328889 41.1709301 0.480033905 40.25746353 4.540268028 0.102402661 -0.022690614
300334_20 0.006284115 4.10648E-05 0.042593532 0.00338415 40.3819529 0.526106806 42.35088761 6.580647142 0.083395224 0.04649099
070242_01 0.009022114 9.15517E-05 0.058085506 0.002446798 57.89761934 1.169714899 57.32678318 4.690440049 0.241487751 -0.009957582
070242_02 0.008778725 0.000116398 0.059855956 0.000974817 56.34252485 1.487499763 59.02427446 1.866871769 0.814272224 0.04543469
070242_03 0.008561512 0.000154972 0.062703852 0.00260838 54.95436449 1.980853097 61.7488723 4.978105589 0.435680656 0.110034525
070242_04 0.008394684 0.000131717 0.062640471 0.002089951 53.88799189 1.683905533 61.68831417 3.98988905 0.47070756 0.126447325
070242_05 0.008572444 0.000160785 0.056561153 0.001285532 55.0242328 2.055125838 55.86296978 2.469232934 0.825419148 0.015014185
070242_06 0.008331576 0.000176243 0.059974953 0.002080175 53.48456245 2.253219818 59.1382665 3.981221367 0.61029137 0.09560145
070242_07 0.008355724 0.000106638 0.061739463 0.002859271 53.63893637 1.363351628 60.82705417 5.461237004 0.276216836 0.118173038
070242_08 0.008190353 0.000139398 0.053792912 0.00259192 52.58166539 1.782456884 53.19926188 4.988508146 0.353884112 0.011609118
070242_09 0.008702913 0.000168565 0.060395327 0.002573012 55.85806214 2.154273375 59.54085572 4.921363186 0.455185439 0.061853219
070242_10 0.008160434 0.000114279 0.056419159 0.001091902 52.39036594 1.461323325 55.72650766 2.097785139 0.723789399 0.059866334
070242_11 0.009971533 0.000168861 0.185471745 0.003731309 63.96019784 2.155354957 172.749307 6.381536788 0.841910407 0.629751349
070242_12 0.01054155 0.000448789 0.046331397 0.010692045 67.59733868 5.724345153 45.98450414 20.6452352 0.187768226 -0.470002557
070242_13 0.008088321 0.000112329 0.055040463 0.000838482 51.92925631 1.436498022 54.40056817 1.613205803 0.911731607 0.045428052
070242_14 0.008308214 0.000253942 0.05838995 0.00181992 53.33521065 3.246546219 57.61888344 3.48876158 0.980737146 0.074344946
070242_15 0.007647163 5.86662E-05 0.05420854 0.004792059 49.10766038 0.750586598 53.59964052 9.209759926 0.088059881 0.083806162
070242_16 0.008026064 8.73281E-05 0.061534292 0.001886401 51.53114729 1.116857563 60.63083269 3.605390776 0.355339014 0.150083464
070242_17 0.007807287 0.000106462 0.057412688 0.00105404 50.13193706 1.361844676 56.6809458 2.023178593 0.742931079 0.115541628
070242_18 0.008336798 3.90445E-05 0.058873384 0.000528708 53.51794217 0.499206067 58.08254397 1.013681358 0.52162203 0.078588186
108
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
070242_19 0.008228887 0.000110446 0.058439502 0.001806871 52.82804097 1.412219125 57.66641858 3.463605581 0.434503308 0.083902863
070242_20 0.008118215 0.000131644 0.064558374 0.001566843 52.12041502 1.683430467 63.51918037 2.986581843 0.668401653 0.179453911
070242_01B 0.007871647 8.31186E-05 0.04726496 0.001108905 50.54359016 1.063186029 46.89000486 2.14904734 0.450371023 -0.077918211
070242_02B 0.009302088 0.000234491 0.060902127 0.001748311 59.68600239 2.994946632 60.02600154 3.343672218 0.878330991 0.005664198
070242_03B 0.009212914 0.000147856 0.062867273 0.001634772 59.11644162 1.888675921 61.90499653 3.120917651 0.617471511 0.045045716
070242_05B 0.009500054 0.00042083 0.063344381 0.002910902 60.95025027 5.373334944 62.36066389 5.551338953 0.964141281 0.02261704
070242_06B 0.008040823 0.000105186 0.052525547 0.000813052 51.62552288 1.345215956 51.97741757 1.568036274 0.845223891 0.006770146
070242_07B 0.008124043 0.000136128 0.053399931 0.001348332 52.15767639 1.740759251 52.82055323 2.597548902 0.663893685 0.0125496
070242_08B 0.00804738 8.954E-05 0.056121084 0.000777407 51.66745896 1.145119974 55.43998579 1.494213886 0.803350035 0.068047038
070242_09B 0.008064495 9.89187E-05 0.051656349 0.002175714 51.7768989 1.265035889 51.13858965 4.196786561 0.291805585 -0.012481949
070242_10B 0.008269964 6.97154E-05 0.064284521 0.002202595 53.09066529 0.89139738 63.25795734 4.198224695 0.246516823 0.16072748
070242_11B 0.006238324 6.23264E-05 0.033800262 0.001084761 40.08860891 0.798531216 33.75123098 2.129646923 0.311750109 -0.187767312
070242_11C 0.008226867 9.70382E-05 0.058692499 0.001023688 52.81513093 1.240788212 57.90908241 1.962571914 0.676461233 0.087964638
070242_12B 0.008312481 0.000125616 0.056841502 0.002311239 53.36248423 1.606037092 56.13234354 4.436069648 0.372196961 0.049345157
070242_13B 0.009724122 0.000202166 0.063654045 0.002134537 62.38088627 2.581044845 62.65630289 4.071043399 0.620364042 0.004395673
070242_13C 0.008500734 0.000398514 -0.061869071 -0.033763695 54.56588894 5.093488602 -64.84491449 -74.43194693 0.093782072 1.841482935
070242_14B 0.008148378 0.000112697 0.053158507 0.000927382 52.31327874 1.441115179 52.58782724 1.787357849 0.792940784 0.005220761
300339-1_01 0.008516699 0.000159829 0.057750976 0.001150086 54.66793429 2.043016006 57.00571974 2.206727421 0.942447872 0.041009665
300339-1_02 0.007979151 0.00011288 0.064760725 0.001450724 51.23113251 1.443696851 63.7121563 2.764871799 0.631772937 0.195897055
300339-1_03 0.009635281 0.000147092 0.072636385 0.001674002 61.81369231 1.878136628 71.19456722 3.166668143 0.66265452 0.131763915
300339-1_05 0.010157543 0.000463229 0.094657631 0.006775835 65.14730962 5.910729159 91.82825545 12.53088352 0.637887796 0.290552681
300339-1_06 0.007665006 0.000165065 0.069191024 0.003458114 49.22181004 2.111727018 67.92802331 6.557231317 0.431530817 0.275382859
300339-1_07 0.007905925 0.000142901 0.056505019 0.002582825 50.76282613 1.827752418 55.8090251 4.958278521 0.396042125 0.090419049
300339-1_08 0.007357089 0.000146364 0.05927182 0.002299374 47.25170901 1.873066624 58.46452422 4.403207634 0.51330482 0.19178836
300339-1_09 0.007791693 0.000161099 0.056712716 0.001782962 50.0321949 2.060736267 56.00860824 3.423394588 0.658001426 0.106705264
300339-1_10 0.007411675 0.000126131 0.051534851 0.001020265 47.60100113 1.614062878 51.02128138 1.969321177 0.859738163 0.067036345
300339-1_11 0.009066108 0.000122429 0.065206049 0.003322686 58.17867252 1.564123415 64.13671858 6.324366878 0.265721428 0.092896023
109
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300339-1_12 0.007069518 0.000117641 0.042716628 0.001539955 45.41124203 1.505942445 42.47075825 2.996809248 0.462055535 -0.06923549
300339-1_13 0.009103215 0.000138369 0.064647979 0.002540883 58.41571946 1.767701857 63.60463833 4.840595047 0.387262524 0.081580825
300339-1_14 0.007287938 0.000109904 0.050680797 0.005123607 46.80919072 1.406597958 50.19629637 9.878388504 0.150617673 0.067477202
300339-1_15 0.007626437 9.26787E-05 0.054986507 0.006314904 48.97507292 1.185753671 54.3486415 12.11884341 0.107471121 0.098872178
300339-1_16 0.007012692 0.00010553 0.05086459 0.002809186 45.04749403 1.350994009 50.37388985 5.421155072 0.273245829 0.105737235
300339-1_17 0.00726354 9.40271E-05 0.041746732 0.003154868 46.6530498 1.20343866 41.52589548 6.140448518 0.17237525 -0.123468844
300339-1_18 0.007286545 0.000140177 0.050607246 0.001588474 46.80027229 1.794023713 50.12521758 3.067958792 0.613257479 0.066332785
300339-1_19 0.00732827 0.000134127 0.050827564 0.001172028 47.06728751 1.716528062 50.3381157 2.263613742 0.793940111 0.064977168
300339-1_20 0.007124659 0.000123763 0.046741894 0.0009727 45.76418579 1.5842192 46.38276163 1.886146199 0.834912264 0.013336331
300339-1_21 0.008176481 0.000171705 0.047021852 0.002805609 52.4929695 2.195547305 46.65428223 5.434104306 0.352765722 -0.125147939
300339-1_22 0.007462577 0.000152595 0.05130965 0.001849658 47.92670176 1.95259612 50.8038106 3.569577543 0.567660065 0.056631753
300339-1_23 0.009197598 0.00015254 0.067517875 0.003345576 59.01861265 1.948532685 66.33791344 6.354098325 0.335377273 0.1103336
300339-1_24 0.009167733 0.000122586 0.062532039 0.001700994 58.82785204 1.565977798 61.58470477 3.248263267 0.491906247 0.044765218
300339-1_25 0.007605754 0.000128387 0.061468886 0.005149981 48.84275444 1.642615645 60.56827175 9.828445089 0.202667845 0.193591743
300339-1_26 0.007183034 8.22361E-05 0.045631051 0.001134449 46.13781084 1.052617939 45.30468083 2.201957772 0.460820607 -0.018389491
300339-1_27 0.009047147 0.000138293 0.059071894 0.002229389 58.05754358 1.76682146 58.27287364 4.270135369 0.405526443 0.003695202
300339-1_28 0.007306859 0.000107936 0.052682666 0.001682811 46.9302748 1.381382436 52.12897343 3.243610951 0.462862519 0.099727623
300339-1_29 0.008885808 0.000164304 0.058277821 0.002357535 57.02676158 2.099445082 57.5113109 4.518694891 0.457605588 0.008425287
300339-1_30 0.007406965 0.000154582 0.045774614 0.002345648 47.57086222 1.978131348 45.44407386 4.549629572 0.407946961 -0.046800126
300339-1_31 0.007253644 9.01016E-05 0.050739235 0.004620437 46.58971629 1.15320993 50.2527664 8.909899608 0.137715332 0.072892507
300339-1_32 0.007263068 0.000107874 0.046038951 0.001492597 46.65002756 1.380654506 45.70068315 2.895495429 0.458538399 -0.02077309
300339-1_33 0.007623446 0.000138521 0.059238487 0.002529055 48.95593934 1.772235864 58.43257301 4.842665313 0.426168107 0.162180667
300339-1_34 0.00753777 9.64298E-05 0.057517441 0.001706871 48.40780605 1.233852563 56.78152507 3.274921164 0.431477426 0.147472598
300339-1_35 0.0076908 8.31869E-05 0.049982317 0.000994654 49.38681298 1.06425105 49.52109181 1.922748404 0.543777563 0.002711548
300339-1_36 0.00733676 0.000122005 0.050597885 0.001391236 47.12161802 1.56138706 50.11617073 2.687291689 0.605107438 0.059752225
300339-1_37 0.007211498 0.000129938 0.049337158 0.001852634 46.31998773 1.663108137 48.89703232 3.582030053 0.480315077 0.052703497
300339-1_38 0.006994662 8.96741E-05 0.046735529 0.003126623 44.93207735 1.148034254 46.37658721 6.056595687 0.192585932 0.031147394
300339-1_39 0.007369985 0.000124062 0.05472304 0.001764956 47.33423212 1.587657218 54.0950465 3.39523866 0.522323658 0.124980286
110
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300339-1_40 0.009214654 0.000138523 0.06724717 0.0025787 59.12755606 1.769467722 66.08040929 4.900602914 0.39253853 0.105218072
300339-1_41 0.007891335 9.70171E-05 0.05787039 0.001318039 50.66950916 1.240931196 57.12033808 2.528501524 0.540069252 0.112934012
300339-1_42 0.007217699 0.000125896 0.048449098 0.002396127 46.35967507 1.611372612 48.03738728 4.635584671 0.353357957 0.034925134
300339-1_43 0.007707637 0.000140645 0.052441664 0.002655189 49.49452031 1.799263775 51.89649628 5.116676588 0.361085218 0.046283972
300339-1_44 0.007419402 0.000130181 0.050741922 0.001131339 47.65044846 1.665881151 50.25536337 2.185249003 0.787160677 0.05183357
300339-1_45 0.008229121 9.75997E-05 0.124941697 0.008062732 52.82953969 1.247965682 119.5362057 14.50234964 0.184709248 0.558045704
300339-1_46 0.007762706 0.000253886 0.068117089 0.007718854 49.84678351 3.247576041 66.90767476 14.62201726 0.290193809 0.254991543
300339-1_47 0.00713917 9.18668E-05 0.048301192 0.002011539 45.85706872 1.175934911 47.89414355 3.892815915 0.309561254 0.042532859
300339-1_48 0.007050091 5.62088E-05 0.05554144 0.00402176 45.28688858 0.719573952 54.88257568 7.722407119 0.111149689 0.17484032
300339-1_49 0.00710535 7.44703E-05 0.042690505 0.005109971 45.64059492 0.953293442 42.44532048 9.927475872 0.089290214 -0.075279781
300339-1_50 0.007150626 6.17092E-05 0.053272651 0.001458867 45.93039319 0.789907778 52.69786543 2.81068433 0.315510383 0.128420234
300339-1_51 0.007423829 8.65195E-05 0.049742936 0.004012661 47.67877497 1.107177221 49.28958373 7.747447804 0.145629901 0.03268051
300339-1_52 0.0068064 8.54555E-05 0.038876885 0.002310524 43.7268148 1.094232889 38.72495837 4.511300834 0.212095668 -0.129163636
300339-1_53 0.006923961 7.41137E-05 0.054284032 0.00382244 44.47947273 0.948898744 53.67234637 7.349111437 0.153020323 0.171277655
300339-1_54 0.008698699 0.000110064 0.049189999 0.001878667 55.83113155 1.406673845 48.75463169 3.632829095 0.331819236 -0.145145181
300339-1_55 0.007503154 0.000177226 0.032305412 0.007180891 48.18632822 2.267649621 32.28202383 14.07673162 0.109466728 -0.492667513
300339-1_56 0.007407171 7.50803E-05 0.050192925 0.000721933 47.57217966 0.960813288 49.72472846 1.395456456 0.704872569 0.043289302
300339-1_57 0.006386954 0.000116825 0.045682662 0.008916782 41.04069932 1.496513932 45.35479431 17.24253019 0.096527776 0.09511883
300339-1_58 0.007750142 0.00014882 0.048210114 0.002501821 49.7664178 1.90375159 47.80592544 4.840920123 0.370725926 -0.041009401
300339-1_59 0.009072582 0.00013633 0.057881015 0.001541007 58.22002793 1.741702197 57.13053564 2.955898989 0.564725192 -0.019070227
300339-1_60 0.008964901 0.000118333 0.066437287 0.001614506 57.53210358 1.511954334 65.30963043 3.071946654 0.54346203 0.119086983
300339-1_61 0.007817133 0.000118622 0.052872268 0.003036811 50.19491898 1.517373459 52.31183157 5.848632633 0.265000499 0.040467185
300339-1_62 0.007262454 0.000117886 0.049195984 0.00112298 46.64609627 1.50878308 48.76042351 2.172305067 0.711339861 0.043361544
300339-1_63 0.007112996 9.37871E-05 0.047914892 0.000936271 45.68953809 1.200546684 47.51992333 1.813508591 0.67498492 0.03851827
300339-1_64 0.006993811 0.000141907 0.048419538 0.001092364 44.92662503 1.816686898 48.00876055 2.114677041 0.899521675 0.06419944
300339-1_65 0.00898643 0.00016239 0.063474385 0.003107534 57.66964952 2.074782987 62.48479032 5.925062951 0.369768314 0.077061006
300339-1_66 0.008854952 0.000144055 0.065828885 0.003577342 56.82960737 1.840783481 64.73021805 6.804294118 0.300114758 0.122054442
300339-1_67 0.008801955 0.000146 0.059643504 0.002133256 56.49096823 1.865738156 58.82072731 4.083986415 0.464221107 0.039607791
111
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300339-1_68 0.00724207 0.000189363 0.048685524 0.002257141 46.51564663 2.423562402 48.26631902 4.366006427 0.564547135 0.036271098
300339-1_69 0.008660442 0.000145824 0.060138084 0.001802943 55.58664107 1.863746165 59.29451449 3.450549749 0.561997756 0.062533161
300339-1_70 0.007029309 0.000164475 0.050937634 0.002293701 45.15386239 2.105503657 50.44446153 4.427150187 0.52018111 0.104879683
300335b_01 0.00826561 0.000135257 0.055810637 0.000980684 53.06283184 1.729379371 55.14148424 1.885295105 0.931357365 0.037696707
300335b_02 0.003427968 2.49867E-05 0.026495384 0.001989542 22.05959815 0.321033818 26.5513862 3.931998624 0.098154706 0.169173391
300335b_03 0.007741851 8.32855E-05 0.05023673 0.002545055 49.71337704 1.065457939 49.76707833 4.914984356 0.213066214 0.001079053
300335b_04 0.003299228 2.93038E-05 0.012713512 0.002084101 21.23249846 0.37654911 12.82706202 4.17468273 0.056556343 -0.655289296
300335b_05 0.008807914 0.000118087 0.13270615 0.012374983 56.52904097 1.509049033 126.520045 22.06498151 0.145110901 0.55320091
300335b_06 0.003370727 2.94728E-05 0.026170692 0.001996298 21.69186215 0.378693346 26.2301747 3.946585898 0.115726124 0.17301877
300335b_07 0.008064013 0.000103158 0.055258892 0.000926929 51.77381929 1.319249211 54.61075445 1.782930932 0.76277625 0.051948287
300335_01 0.096525988 0.001599433 0.809301528 0.013789638 593.9985111 18.79164951 602.0315513 15.41807026 0.972534684 0.013343221
300335_02 0.084637661 0.000529335 0.753766029 0.012052351 523.7283426 6.290340274 570.3782031 13.90752773 0.391352956 0.081787593
300335_03 0.003358626 3.00082E-05 0.024843945 0.002559011 21.6141188 0.385576947 24.91659228 5.064198194 0.088229544 0.132541137
300335_04 0.09283443 0.0005618 1.021126516 0.018226716 572.2601391 6.625971958 714.4431285 18.23063691 0.339277682 0.199012327
300335_05 0.072563958 0.004516689 0.585948897 0.03789017 451.5696776 54.17742424 468.2535294 47.94443861 0.962823535 0.035629954
300335_06 0.105366358 0.00171044 0.848775887 0.014532005 645.7604985 19.93425482 623.9453114 15.89929403 0.948220834 -0.0349633
300335_07 0.021610032 0.001526598 0.677409273 0.078682328 137.8188979 19.25082604 525.1807326 93.08590656 0.609530514 0.737578153
300335_08 0.003569669 7.39551E-05 0.014095539 0.005349509 22.96985199 0.950032787 14.21171761 10.68390387 0.060083675 -0.616261498
300335_09 0.008233376 9.20927E-05 0.059585635 0.004453191 52.85674533 1.177547492 58.76527697 8.516517918 0.150735635 0.100544606
300335_10 0.003602828 5.28797E-05 0.028687116 0.002843467 23.18283861 0.679281762 28.7169708 5.605356285 0.149497296 0.192712951
300335_11 0.168453526 0.002846102 1.663724086 0.028689089 1003.552518 31.36496499 994.745838 21.75389663 0.979844204 -0.008853196
300335_12 0.085451531 0.003876196 0.702288105 0.032108969 528.5635154 45.95737302 540.1292415 37.94609655 0.99222677 0.021412886
300335_13 0.092844444 0.001157481 0.743385295 0.00967064 572.3192075 13.64770717 564.3504872 11.23305645 0.958387134 -0.014120162
300335_14 0.105122157 0.001066514 0.88570873 0.009858934 644.336224 12.43601048 644.0285659 10.58913212 0.911517447 -0.000477709
300335_15 0.003620649 2.83682E-05 0.029315017 0.000849026 23.29729745 0.364410131 29.33653009 1.674292429 0.270934056 0.205860496
300335_16 0.003582095 3.63105E-05 0.024878356 0.000439711 23.04966502 0.466451011 24.95068424 0.871043231 0.573731684 0.076191066
300335-2_01 0.008082617 7.56552E-05 0.057906286 0.003757494 51.89278292 0.96752165 57.15479009 7.199772483 0.145180731 0.0920659
112
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300335-2_02 0.008991416 0.000238087 0.12973842 0.012963925 57.70150116 3.041806839 123.8563502 23.16949084 0.266393304 0.534125613
300335-2_03 0.007957712 7.14966E-05 0.05205839 0.001133638 51.09402544 0.914453726 51.5266693 2.186947843 0.41287272 0.008396503
300335-2_04 0.008101318 6.37669E-05 0.053443895 0.000797644 52.01237008 0.815476606 52.86292747 1.536990375 0.527569848 0.016089865
300335-2_05 0.007973677 0.000114696 0.051140041 0.001482984 51.19612414 1.466930646 50.63999191 2.862908371 0.496403613 -0.010982076
300335-2_06 0.008066802 7.96766E-05 0.041459269 0.00587753 51.79165614 1.018963741 41.24568322 11.42793604 0.071722631 -0.255686707
300335-2_07 0.008393397 7.20284E-05 0.054532733 0.000592237 53.87976572 0.920857631 53.91183054 1.140122961 0.79027916 0.000594764
300335_01c 0.00379054 4.14724E-05 0.03509395 0.002238853 24.38841242 0.532648606 35.02101257 4.387472085 0.172411503 0.303606303
300335_02c 0.17144781 0.003003699 1.760939237 0.032637892 1020.050462 33.01500968 1031.141157 23.86429979 0.945337687 0.010755748
300335_02Bc 0.17406388 0.002533943 1.799464074 0.027125143 1034.430041 27.79528175 1045.210678 19.58120529 0.965794702 0.01031432
300335_03c 0.003841219 3.34259E-05 0.033176549 0.001993452 24.71385734 0.429284328 33.13847539 3.914267603 0.145685825 0.254224672
300335_04c 0.008771952 8.36151E-05 0.06249145 0.00097757 56.29924634 1.068581867 61.54591832 1.867499592 0.609521898 0.08524809
300335_05c 0.008891008 0.000132642 0.061889711 0.001527177 57.0599886 1.694895902 60.97072478 2.918338285 0.604873343 0.064141212
300335_06c 0.008738567 0.000103309 0.059921313 0.001427498 56.08590601 1.320291862 59.08688459 2.733049891 0.49655173 0.05078925
300335_07c 0.003766117 3.10916E-05 0.039540054 0.004776276 24.23156931 0.399336056 39.37289028 9.308725729 0.070091334 0.38456209
300335_08c 0.003793885 5.90233E-05 0.033217245 0.001460433 24.40989015 0.758054712 33.17846793 2.868277791 0.354448046 0.264285192
300335_09c 0.003793885 5.90233E-05 0.033217245 0.001460433 24.40989015 0.758054712 33.17846793 2.868277791 0.354448046 0.264285192
300335_2_01d 0.008360174 0.000110632 0.064894359 0.004874413 53.66738526 1.414408966 63.83957864 9.273881604 0.177249364 0.15933992
300335_2_02d 0.003823925 5.38243E-05 0.035128868 0.002692313 24.60280095 0.691263443 35.05526314 5.274786067 0.184749572 0.298170981
300335_2_03d 0.008013982 5.83334E-05 0.056276064 0.00113649 51.45388182 0.746058023 55.58896926 2.183697194 0.360708523 0.074386834
300335_2_04d 0.003690879 3.17182E-05 0.030692897 0.001213726 23.74837137 0.407413643 30.69478287 2.389866802 0.217877701 0.226305934
300335_2_05d 0.008161047 6.92542E-05 0.057900026 0.002664411 52.39428594 0.885595172 57.14878191 5.107967156 0.185062995 0.083195054
300335_2_06d 0.003471599 2.88899E-05 0.022375248 0.000280179 22.33988749 0.371166515 22.46785909 0.556421833 0.66471698 0.005695763
070287_01 0.006652832 0.000122234 0.045638055 0.007867378 42.74350502 1.565379716 45.311481 15.22151067 0.109066862 0.056673848
070287_02 0.006824557 8.66929E-05 0.061933531 0.00733796 43.84306561 1.110056678 61.0126234 13.98362234 0.108924209 0.281409925
070287_03 0.006995396 6.4351E-05 0.073824703 0.006468526 44.93677443 0.823849893 72.31877708 12.19565137 0.106251602 0.378629227
070287_04 0.006523214 7.60839E-05 0.037186531 0.004830888 41.91342466 0.974510491 37.07156959 9.436230417 0.091658365 -0.13060831
070287_05 0.006488122 8.43354E-05 0.03605179 0.008334369 41.68867922 1.080232046 35.96013065 16.27002198 0.059574048 -0.159302774
113
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
070287_06 0.00687523 0.000105523 0.057464435 0.005149011 44.16749481 1.351091802 56.73063273 9.863720099 0.172572109 0.221452456
070287_07 0.006972282 0.0001161 0.01390789 0.008200056 44.78881129 1.486361811 14.0238222 16.35708439 0.036788262 -2.193766338
070287_08 0.006617957 7.61715E-05 0.031793096 0.005317724 42.52017056 0.975540853 31.77800679 10.43888969 0.0712336 -0.338037683
070287_09 0.006913494 0.000164796 0.036838226 0.010383067 44.41246396 2.109859503 36.73054629 20.23424392 0.088642857 -0.209142484
070287_10 0.006710973 0.000120156 0.033655773 0.007198385 43.11580405 1.538677992 33.60931283 14.0925361 0.086801489 -0.282852888
070287_11 0.007073066 0.000143635 0.047601625 0.012134856 45.43395272 1.838663447 47.21635194 23.38692191 0.083344242 0.037749617
070287_12 0.007235873 0.000112071 0.063046416 0.010102172 46.4759842 1.434402146 62.0761128 19.20635527 0.098972586 0.251306467
070287_13 0.007787935 0.000146145 0.018667516 0.00592033 50.00815969 1.869466001 18.77897869 11.7677202 0.063760481 -1.662986124
070287_14 0.007674135 9.98633E-05 0.053047394 0.002718449 49.28021059 1.277610139 52.48069965 5.235416016 0.25465177 0.060984116
070287_15 0.007637266 0.000139716 0.059248186 0.009045646 49.04434912 1.787496625 58.44187055 17.26759644 0.122021511 0.160801175
070287_16 0.006541023 7.40416E-05 0.034495279 0.007001765 42.02748317 0.948337169 34.43360195 13.6978151 0.05870662 -0.22053694
070287_17 0.006787122 0.000101267 0.039473315 0.004824872 43.60338851 1.296710949 39.30770371 9.403820775 0.123826825 -0.109283535
070287_18 0.007180243 0.000103648 0.045192167 0.005488851 46.11995024 1.326676896 44.87842446 10.6361706 0.120599787 -0.027664202
070287_19 0.006810074 0.000137137 0.075061966 0.019711422 43.75033658 1.75594888 73.48797119 36.8952939 0.080480293 0.404659894
070287_20 0.00750323 0.000145985 0.072071407 0.008934694 48.18681298 1.867951269 70.65963166 16.85351062 0.158719047 0.318043247
070287_01B 0.007046071 0.000128014 0.045957633 0.005169506 45.26115877 1.638761008 45.6217493 10.01156161 0.163127183 0.007903917
070287_02B 0.007051229 0.00011068 0.057871011 0.004086909 45.29417281 1.416862455 57.12093471 7.830013583 0.223262991 0.207047766
070287_03B 0.007445873 0.000161308 0.056476907 0.002900931 47.81982245 2.064114611 55.78200783 5.568261734 0.422443608 0.142737519
070287_04B 0.007332237 0.000139251 0.054214505 0.003029275 47.09267805 1.782088507 53.60538576 5.826721944 0.340651737 0.121493533
070287_05B 0.007354591 9.72468E-05 0.041860537 0.00432128 47.23572106 1.244532004 41.63680816 8.405074365 0.129572825 -0.134470272
070287_06B 0.007301314 0.000216563 0.066956833 0.012410887 46.89479065 2.771480127 65.80415749 23.48443486 0.162672451 0.287358239
070287_07B 0.007803288 0.000150701 0.060132809 0.010263291 50.10635916 1.927717662 59.28946225 19.56457555 0.115611435 0.154885923
070287_08B 0.008079736 0.000161948 0.050271305 0.003026627 51.87435877 2.070998547 49.80050422 5.843462498 0.33374279 -0.041643244
070287_09B 0.00706812 0.00012804 0.050317127 0.002082713 45.40229622 1.639052104 49.8448009 4.022690576 0.438190164 0.089126741
070287_10B 0.008767111 0.000755561 0.179251449 0.040277519 56.26831073 9.652733745 167.4077283 68.19945291 0.386546405 0.663884629
070287_11B 0.007243444 0.000114168 0.048757661 0.003663136 46.52443806 1.461238578 48.33616005 7.080409045 0.210858049 0.037481711
070287_12B 0.009422494 0.00053103 0.228150072 0.037253301 60.45496651 6.78056717 208.6597936 60.68009452 0.34737105 0.71027017
070287_13B 0.00742754 0.000139357 0.067920313 0.005017892 47.70251643 1.783277709 66.72060596 9.519233692 0.254994155 0.28504072
114
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
070287_14B 0.007103525 9.3679E-05 0.045603876 0.002947166 45.62891701 1.19917361 45.2782926 5.715627302 0.204980976 -0.007743764
070287_15B 0.007380986 0.000161245 0.035234823 0.006303947 47.40463024 2.063445416 35.15918708 12.32799891 0.124679254 -0.34828573
070287_16B 0.007187093 0.000139092 0.058442768 0.011731324 46.16379408 1.780308698 57.66955113 22.38317915 0.09930904 0.199511819
070287_17B 0.007220494 0.000111984 0.056911511 0.005805253 46.37755952 1.433318951 56.19959991 11.12321734 0.153505947 0.174770646
070287_18B 0.007620678 0.00011254 0.103072687 0.012607226 48.93822964 1.439862359 99.60365298 23.07720438 0.122497145 0.508670333
070287_19B 0.007219931 0.000104479 0.04181846 0.006149461 46.37395598 1.337261968 41.59580259 11.95100009 0.100529261 -0.114871047
070287_20B 0.007574744 0.00021676 0.033336784 0.005435775 48.64436304 2.773251947 33.29593086 10.65412076 0.177825521 -0.460970208
070287_21B 0.007097737 0.000104303 0.051245969 0.005317721 45.59186822 1.335169853 50.74230637 10.2462021 0.143105024 0.101501853
070287_22B 0.007844177 0.000128986 0.064077155 0.010993577 50.36789147 1.649893933 63.06011048 20.87228034 0.098319184 0.201271753
070287_23B 0.007067884 0.00012804 0.053363424 0.010404484 45.4007825 1.639048977 52.78536446 19.95924481 0.095728108 0.139898285
070287_24B 0.007392236 0.000161256 0.055182638 0.006637563 47.47661706 2.063560964 54.53738283 12.73375589 0.183072033 0.129466531
070287_25B 0.007239953 0.000114164 0.049578394 0.002796539 46.50209659 1.461184079 49.13042312 5.403384803 0.28033829 0.053496924
070287_26B 0.007062242 0.000117173 0.063062664 0.003885147 45.36466948 1.49995577 62.09163111 7.407882043 0.270167583 0.269391564
070287_27B 0.007181857 0.000128173 0.044342585 0.00525978 46.13027998 1.640568646 44.05277939 10.20166533 0.152157339 -0.047159353
300340_01b 0.009204092 8.27332E-05 0.066334334 0.001148989 59.0600926 1.05685931 65.21160617 2.186888018 0.519159642 0.094331576
300340_02b 0.005396519 0.000547647 0.076878804 0.015106824 34.69354999 7.02067751 75.20241725 28.28887259 0.518875419 0.538664431
300340_03b 0.008490112 0.000227051 0.152942957 0.019314367 54.49799102 2.902263405 144.499712 33.73633989 0.213556436 0.622850522
300340_04b 0.011183593 0.000121996 0.209718874 0.014722027 71.69160507 1.55533172 193.3069317 24.56358152 0.156399416 0.629130707
300340_05b 0.007922289 0.000250662 0.061404128 0.002540775 50.86747999 3.205836619 60.50632626 4.855164726 0.765047494 0.159303115
300340_06b 0.008076944 0.000226964 0.084656082 0.016743194 51.85650756 2.902347516 82.50884508 31.10666803 0.144917231 0.371503655
300340_07b 0.009291441 9.54647E-05 0.086424507 0.006577372 59.61800369 1.219381761 84.16289483 12.25686457 0.136096779 0.291635538
300340_08b 0.007208487 7.81042E-05 0.051131072 0.000880688 46.3007172 0.999706573 50.6313292 1.700673977 0.62925605 0.08553226
300340_09b 0.009426446 0.000369653 0.049003936 0.050006496 60.48020405 4.720353742 48.5745577 94.56612019 0.053206868 -0.245100458
300340_10b 0.009157114 0.000115176 0.062468173 0.003690091 58.76002153 1.471336657 61.52367419 7.040538602 0.213760939 0.04492015
300340_11b 0.007192943 8.27463E-05 0.049752929 0.000975795 46.20123325 1.059136966 49.29924937 1.886719851 0.586776294 0.06284104
300340_12b 0.007714158 0.000167649 0.092153601 0.009193266 49.53623188 2.144680572 89.50302377 17.02168342 0.219260775 0.446541248
300340_13b 0.009231621 5.68431E-05 0.084542351 0.003831703 59.23593217 0.726121377 82.40237733 7.161716132 0.136508432 0.281138068
115
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300340_14b 0.007227007 6.771E-05 0.060604178 0.003388622 46.41924279 0.866652098 59.740811 6.477610536 0.168360629 0.22298941
300340_15b 0.00729242 6.77502E-05 0.068422569 0.00270226 46.83787358 0.867110313 67.19801602 5.129480459 0.235796472 0.302987255
300340_16b 0.006716528 7.20402E-05 0.057761915 0.00339138 43.15137361 0.922542593 57.01621979 6.50026486 0.183518937 0.243173718
300340_17b 0.007772882 0.000179498 0.075427058 0.008164635 49.91187464 2.296112204 73.83272009 15.3585517 0.214871386 0.323987054
300340_18b 0.009602715 0.000227305 0.082740739 0.003287033 61.60576331 2.902308513 80.71433404 6.155439428 0.596303062 0.236743212
300340_19b 0.013933608 0.000714902 0.444563305 0.040443289 89.19891795 9.086947761 373.4461012 56.0709674 0.565076497 0.761146474
300340_19Bb 0.01046384 0.000263041 0.140912172 0.007837464 67.1016122 3.355679593 133.8492168 13.90188702 0.452684938 0.498677588
300340_20b 0.000630511 0.002737471 0.07931804 0.346140342 4.063123184 35.22221587 77.49964208 564.8574196 0.998434822 0.947572362
300340_21b 0.007150143 8.38898E-05 0.051969018 0.00097696 45.92730164 1.073818913 51.44041321 1.884994274 0.624324513 0.107174714
300340_22b 0.008891806 9.52462E-05 0.060594006 0.001286577 57.06508374 1.217073286 59.73107359 2.461847592 0.5047547 0.044633215
300340_23b 0.007552492 5.87902E-05 0.058171854 0.002754515 48.50199723 0.752243757 57.40963837 5.279127986 0.165069958 0.155159332
300340_24b 0.00673525 0.000155565 0.054070764 0.002625373 43.27125269 1.992034472 53.46693735 5.051481682 0.47631495 0.190691391
300340_25b 0.00677367 0.000167416 0.072648374 0.004973402 43.51725312 2.143698629 71.20591559 9.393537228 0.361957621 0.388853401
300340_26b 0.007214676 8.27571E-05 0.05534005 0.001963469 46.34032754 1.059252952 54.68883901 3.774556138 0.323785564 0.152654758
300340_27b 0.009406284 0.000274672 0.093785638 0.011121801 60.35144761 3.507710057 91.01913013 20.54386117 0.247905614 0.336936669
300340_28b 0.007668977 0.000167637 0.087687063 0.008101288 49.24721415 2.144624688 85.3421475 15.06869487 0.237901637 0.422943814
300340_01 0.008527509 9.92988E-05 0.082019765 0.003327542 54.73702735 1.269314535 80.03802182 6.23532807 0.287586733 0.316112191
300340_02 0.011383032 0.000529731 0.161256948 0.019675188 72.96288587 6.750881268 151.7951008 34.11732803 0.383048858 0.519333065
300340_03 0.005942233 6.99253E-05 0.039008222 0.002070638 38.1914988 0.89614968 38.85331022 4.042877675 0.222435908 0.017033591
300340_04 0.007001012 0.000210114 0.046425869 0.001425151 44.97272512 2.68976248 46.07617328 2.763724478 0.977765474 0.023948346
300340_05 0.006756407 0.000331035 0.155981406 0.024207243 43.4067197 4.238502134 147.171982 42.08470396 0.317841776 0.705061255
300340_06 0.007498408 0.000298134 0.166087572 0.019024804 48.15596463 3.814495007 156.0099395 32.86305676 0.348660638 0.691327586
300340_07 0.005713503 6.54975E-05 0.038057345 0.000565652 36.72560563 0.839595874 37.92367607 1.106235505 0.771415516 0.031591622
300340_08 0.007574234 0.000265161 0.095894298 0.012680782 48.64109963 3.392420198 92.9746577 23.36224716 0.266587108 0.476834862
300340_09 0.006984829 0.000155269 0.049920065 0.001805821 44.86912792 1.987754255 49.4608926 3.489658974 0.614924787 0.092836268
300340_10 0.00840119 0.000144797 0.05892796 0.001310938 53.92958714 1.85109491 58.13487462 2.51237725 0.774946636 0.072336743
300340_11 0.027338271 0.009697919 0.993198538 0.423139766 173.8622729 121.1316038 700.3154169 390.9283028 0.836030774 0.751737191
116
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300340_12 0.006685766 0.000122371 0.050649936 0.001841101 42.95439454 1.567085289 50.16647346 3.555307625 0.503989456 0.143762924
300340_13 0.006804117 0.000177142 0.050448862 0.002659569 43.71219827 2.268158187 49.97213957 5.134817531 0.494509538 0.125268627
300340_14 0.007980601 0.000122856 0.064184439 0.00340098 51.24040852 1.57127953 63.16247375 6.479358142 0.291263171 0.188752348
300340_15 0.006659378 8.43154E-05 0.044975122 0.000663602 42.78541835 1.079792154 44.66755889 1.289144422 0.858209803 0.042136633
300340_16 0.006341532 0.000242961 0.070471425 0.004905849 40.74975208 3.112241564 69.14319741 9.285038936 0.551195631 0.410646982
300340_17 0.008640339 0.000188586 0.056921636 0.001292006 55.45816217 2.410277811 56.20932669 2.480814145 0.961684737 0.013363699
300340_18 0.007192485 0.000232121 0.053331456 0.001980046 46.19830094 2.970890884 52.75455082 3.813645251 0.869514828 0.124278375
300340_19 0.006559927 0.000275991 0.043783129 0.002344408 42.14854953 3.534519236 43.50871904 4.55589369 0.786203544 0.031261998
300340_20 0.007516499 0.00028714 0.05197221 0.002172818 48.27171282 3.673780279 51.44349474 4.189949133 0.913991674 0.061655646
300340_21 0.006901526 0.000122446 0.047366135 0.001740934 44.33584635 1.567710358 46.98808999 3.372570487 0.483175761 0.056445019
300340_22 0.006111854 0.000106894 0.060674425 0.002519233 39.27836126 1.369672368 59.80805753 4.817357646 0.421772984 0.343259706
300340_23 0.00661111 8.21316E-05 0.045922182 0.001151341 42.47632548 1.051876924 45.5873355 2.234104646 0.495827987 0.068242857
300340_24 0.006739035 0.00021006 0.047761859 0.001742569 43.2954915 2.68977489 47.3716382 3.374460008 0.854628106 0.086046142
300340_25 0.008035739 0.000122879 0.062452393 0.002636745 51.5930118 1.571481623 61.5085938 5.033361249 0.362757524 0.161206449
300340_26 0.007121078 0.000133437 0.050261125 0.001325205 45.7412678 1.70805206 49.79066246 2.560646554 0.710960058 0.081328395
300340_27 0.006685763 0.000133296 0.043694425 0.001004829 42.95437355 1.70698219 43.4224287 1.954104344 0.867128629 0.01077911
300340_28 0.008725558 0.000112345 0.093669443 0.004180541 56.00277182 1.435790301 90.91126409 7.747391631 0.289106727 0.383984236
300340_29 0.006330456 7.65941E-05 0.041556956 0.001091061 40.67880208 0.981234102 41.34091431 2.126065282 0.461183221 0.016015907
300340_30 0.007734886 0.000353174 0.09132122 0.008233992 49.66882818 4.517525838 88.72889682 15.26379207 0.507529484 0.440218126
300340_31 0.008203107 0.000144726 0.050895935 0.003061577 52.66321583 1.850548226 50.40417468 5.90733272 0.294129065 -0.044818533
300340_32 0.006867263 0.000210086 0.046706407 0.001530975 44.11648963 2.689765562 46.34833849 2.967998488 0.933472926 0.048153805
300340_33 0.006929257 0.000331057 0.077206589 0.010228755 44.51337486 4.238061289 75.51142098 19.19144994 0.36240929 0.410508049
300340_34 0.008910277 0.000243466 0.061171539 0.002004434 57.18310307 3.110767652 60.28380916 3.832077277 0.83414427 0.051435139
300340_35 0.005741887 6.87423E-05 0.040393463 0.001266786 36.90752888 0.881164425 40.20608339 2.471037271 0.382168788 0.08204118
300340_36 0.008408329 0.000210437 0.058301794 0.001871794 53.97522111 2.690140141 57.53431014 3.588414529 0.779828232 0.061860288
300340_37 0.006728404 0.000122386 0.044128877 0.001191662 43.22742063 1.567206463 43.84498606 2.316270681 0.673867921 0.014085201
300340_38 0.006332866 0.000133188 0.046295524 0.001793974 40.69424013 1.70619663 45.9496934 3.478784816 0.543206903 0.114374066
300340_39 0.009694756 0.000661651 0.085629959 0.008330419 62.19340647 8.445600753 83.42006901 15.52250972 0.7025411 0.254455106
117
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300340_40 0.006134853 0.000107993 0.066786591 0.004131753 39.42571332 1.383721275 65.64214064 7.84973499 0.28540085 0.399384101
300340_41 0.009314231 0.00028747 0.104592309 0.007964765 59.76355856 3.671452089 101.0014372 14.58974692 0.406304488 0.408290018
300340_42 0.007615919 0.000243191 0.058764165 0.003303079 48.90777939 3.111239185 57.97781085 6.325297804 0.568761582 0.156439702
300340_43 0.006406577 7.55566E-05 0.044048445 0.002877169 41.16638831 0.967868976 43.76677015 5.588365629 0.181487418 0.059414525
300340_44 0.007169264 0.000133454 0.055836787 0.004269975 46.04968348 1.708177314 55.16663145 8.195769054 0.244492204 0.165262002
300340_45 0.009050892 0.000199652 0.061913527 0.001538727 58.08146687 2.550650076 60.99349708 2.940327987 0.887741539 0.04774329
300340_46 0.009096835 0.000155953 0.096603988 0.007149549 58.37496282 1.992331762 93.63196319 13.19637887 0.232687343 0.376548768
300340_47 0.007080625 0.000111617 0.067425813 0.003762364 45.48234086 1.428821736 66.25034776 7.14490989 0.28328098 0.313477704
300340_48 0.008719793 0.000144915 0.066812419 0.002096519 55.9659332 1.852018317 65.66672189 3.986779315 0.530006741 0.147727622
300340_49 0.006422724 9.39549E-05 0.048115661 0.001781955 41.26981576 1.20351845 47.71443142 3.449502929 0.395486576 0.135066383
300340_50 0.006399033 0.000144154 0.043280428 0.00288788 41.11806919 1.846544594 43.01960233 5.613265185 0.338528087 0.044201551
300340_51 0.008418251 0.000144803 0.059573673 0.002507663 54.03864791 1.851142981 58.75381487 4.800234198 0.40919717 0.08025295
300340_52 0.008057577 0.000188424 0.152884373 0.008709094 51.73266084 2.409602531 144.448119 15.28234018 0.41126218 0.64185992
300340_53 0.007962134 0.000397224 0.205463612 0.036651306 51.12230537 5.079716716 189.7291436 60.82094133 0.282154866 0.730551119
300340_54 0.007477902 0.00013356 0.062507718 0.003487063 48.02476251 1.709011767 61.56146407 6.653557079 0.320927879 0.219889208
300340_55 0.006875518 0.000166195 0.057977826 0.003134831 44.16933821 2.127848909 57.22344873 6.00804038 0.447755738 0.228125197
300340_56 0.008365927 0.000112173 0.060946775 0.001482713 53.70416143 1.434108787 60.06873117 2.835945823 0.551444479 0.105954789
300340_57 0.008340656 0.000166615 0.063780619 0.002358277 53.54260935 2.130124456 62.77711924 4.496758764 0.540717189 0.147099931
300340_58 0.008574739 0.000123107 0.094164268 0.004436064 55.03890268 1.573557465 91.37054189 8.216261592 0.305405314 0.397629679
300340_59 0.006636742 0.000106001 0.042513611 0.001615696 42.64046579 1.357528416 42.27305418 3.144702365 0.42076551 -0.00869139
300340_60 0.00690467 0.000155247 0.049175365 0.001311224 44.35597089 1.987624793 48.74046966 2.536269619 0.843445084 0.089956022
300340_61 0.008237876 0.000155654 0.057900107 0.002367727 52.88551432 1.9902 57.14886038 4.539827094 0.46257852 0.074600719
300340_62 0.007282853 0.000155355 0.052717143 0.002170532 46.77664782 1.988264135 52.16222667 4.18258769 0.518604953 0.103246721
300340_63 0.008288534 0.00015567 0.059941465 0.002149564 53.20939095 1.99031549 59.10618835 4.11401891 0.524170448 0.099766159
300340_64 0.00833239 0.000155685 0.056200332 0.001138758 53.48976671 1.990416512 55.51616997 2.188210404 0.922227923 0.036501136
300340_65 0.006903592 0.000111548 0.045753813 0.000915768 44.34906926 1.42818279 45.42387797 1.777476635 0.807458594 0.023661756
300340_66 0.007049433 0.000199145 0.060722429 0.005542922 45.28268032 2.54923664 59.85400809 10.58382357 0.310733504 0.24344782
300340_67 0.008692316 9.61653E-05 0.090797388 0.006428826 55.79034062 1.229060008 88.24142246 11.9329763 0.157265773 0.367753385
118
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300340_68 0.006958454 0.000166217 0.05186018 0.001796561 44.70028678 2.127950592 51.33536059 3.465382271 0.689895164 0.12924958
300340_69 0.006063869 0.000122168 0.047877578 0.002944411 38.97091026 1.565450043 47.48376872 5.697920118 0.328440146 0.179279334
300340_70 0.006872002 0.000155237 0.054709714 0.002240362 44.14682496 1.987572966 54.08221756 4.308858256 0.552140158 0.183709046
300340_71 0.008397349 0.000155707 0.057156644 0.001354035 53.90503173 1.990567913 56.43506245 2.599264804 0.782926745 0.04483083
300340_72 0.009697924 0.001322633 0.076669442 0.011129215 62.21363393 16.87710447 75.00500168 20.88262276 0.940263495 0.170540197
300340_73 0.0063167 0.000102611 0.051734775 0.002305267 40.59068879 1.314528757 51.21430308 4.446079674 0.365157321 0.207434518
300340_74 0.006787983 0.000122406 0.04609168 0.001032223 43.60889968 1.56737772 45.75186288 2.002753413 0.805408004 0.046838818
300340_75 0.00690711 0.000133367 0.049131738 0.001402743 44.37159296 1.707512301 48.69824952 2.713286397 0.676598989 0.088846244
300340_76 0.007415103 0.000188259 0.082286313 0.009554936 47.62293887 2.409022758 80.28811034 17.84898027 0.220287065 0.406849424
300340_77 0.008362612 0.000562414 0.217846204 0.034543743 53.68296666 7.188739251 200.1054848 56.79722063 0.426205954 0.73172666
300340_78 0.00675744 0.000166165 0.055669091 0.003284447 43.413337 2.127709781 55.00535661 6.308085335 0.417559132 0.210743468
300340_79 0.00700974 0.00016623 0.064472677 0.004440424 45.02859846 2.128015106 63.43744275 8.453247044 0.345255109 0.29018894
070287_01 0.034106407 0.006722796 1.99040133 0.502676923 216.1908005 83.54318426 1112.20185 315.5158204 0.782764732 0.805619097
070287_01Rim 0.005903494 4.54485E-05 0.061399246 0.005036555 37.9432528 0.582489308 60.50165561 9.613119234 0.095035689 0.372855959
070287_02 0.005970088 7.20948E-05 0.054399927 0.003610195 38.37000009 0.923927154 53.78395304 6.940979359 0.182912628 0.286590183
070287_04 0.006022428 8.94407E-05 0.036265107 0.002116123 38.70537974 1.146151982 36.16916017 4.142522761 0.255332081 -0.070121052
070287_05 0.006383749 0.00014415 0.0517332 0.003052719 41.02016955 1.846518233 51.21278295 5.885583802 0.383457278 0.199024791
070287_06 0.006132065 0.000100362 0.049624948 0.003128657 39.40785676 1.285956416 49.17545776 6.043871008 0.260482456 0.198627556
070287_07 0.006452067 8.3133E-05 0.054668777 0.002198806 41.45775713 1.064870004 54.04280838 4.229180925 0.320904235 0.232871896
070287_08 0.006066853 7.10685E-05 0.046567509 0.003038397 38.99003043 0.910687253 46.21359524 5.886884035 0.180467112 0.15630822
070287_10 0.00618282 6.04227E-05 0.03970092 0.003279112 39.73302753 0.774184703 39.52999806 6.39442846 0.119509374 -0.005136086
070287_11 0.006287978 6.58265E-05 0.046109213 0.002608881 40.40670017 0.843332008 45.76888055 5.057945176 0.185828328 0.117157779
070287_12 0.006426111 0.000155118 0.064867093 0.004639965 41.2915073 1.986919777 63.81358143 8.829023668 0.338436738 0.352935435
070287_13 0.006446091 0.000144167 0.048826329 0.003462624 41.41947989 1.846626558 48.4026365 6.693045056 0.316344513 0.144272236
070287_14 0.006799473 0.000177141 0.058526585 0.003472455 43.68246227 2.268154339 57.74995088 6.650607212 0.439870253 0.243593084
070287_15 0.00677834 0.000122403 0.052728346 0.00167863 43.54715675 1.567349848 52.17303165 3.235419463 0.567608229 0.165332062
070287_16 0.006081035 9.70759E-05 0.047087244 0.002889106 39.08089852 1.243918376 46.71769293 5.595256439 0.261039049 0.163466857
119
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
070287_17 0.006601758 0.000188069 0.048195177 0.006979393 42.41643726 2.408537724 47.79145698 13.47632577 0.19877613 0.112468212
070287_18 0.006279423 0.000122236 0.048757065 0.001860934 40.35189621 1.565988785 48.33558294 3.60005246 0.510494969 0.165172038
070287_19 0.006215189 8.95233E-05 0.04924409 0.002028919 39.94039896 1.146990827 48.80697554 3.922893136 0.350159416 0.181666175
070287_20 0.006404413 0.000144156 0.050393948 0.002358538 41.15253092 1.846553904 49.91906055 4.554506376 0.481531331 0.175614876
070287_21 0.00642004 0.000122165 0.050856117 0.001904614 41.25262379 1.564864908 50.36570345 3.677124168 0.508564847 0.180938199
070287_22 0.006541924 8.78365E-05 0.063491326 0.002912926 42.03325563 1.125014902 62.50096416 5.554427846 0.29329002 0.327478285
070287_23 0.006413539 0.000111363 0.046351539 0.003268271 41.21098557 1.426515648 46.00404966 6.332874382 0.247249396 0.104187873
070287_24 0.006622965 0.000122269 0.057990319 0.004856858 42.55224602 1.565875742 57.2354382 9.300721885 0.22161104 0.256540225
070287_25 0.006404138 0.000154689 0.046444096 0.003253777 41.1507709 1.981473747 46.09385911 6.304278037 0.345733232 0.107239626
070287_26 0.006983212 0.00010632 0.046761522 0.002369216 44.85877716 1.361147457 46.40180092 4.590962463 0.301201018 0.033253532
070287_27 0.006940103 0.00011059 0.048111854 0.000961364 44.58281047 1.415865399 47.71074298 1.861739624 0.797643426 0.06556034
070287_28 0.0065945 0.00014391 0.050892577 0.003124408 42.36995584 1.843062675 50.40093043 6.02840492 0.356296581 0.159341792
070287_29 0.006770141 0.000154838 0.06536217 0.003874769 43.49466219 1.982661186 64.28551798 7.372212762 0.386591735 0.3234143
070287_30 0.008190191 0.000428123 0.212360302 0.031339107 52.58063176 5.473538426 195.5214966 51.82497684 0.356209925 0.731074932
070242_01 0.007226093 5.81605E-05 0.049611083 0.001074159 46.41339729 0.744428625 49.16204511 2.077093403 0.372027653 0.055909957
070242_02 0.007428026 3.92128E-05 0.048993966 0.000400064 47.70562942 0.501809715 48.56490702 0.774303505 0.646588594 0.017693385
070242_03 0.007663199 9.29308E-05 0.05058753 0.000678146 49.21025079 1.188935523 50.10616306 1.310355113 0.904709437 0.017880281
070242_04 0.007491121 9.91768E-05 0.049490477 0.001181207 48.10933768 1.269058952 49.04537127 2.284236193 0.554989167 0.019085055
070242_05 0.00763577 9.60923E-05 0.053541516 0.001207359 49.03477981 1.229415309 52.95701222 2.325807805 0.558343239 0.074064458
070242_06 0.007581917 8.86326E-05 0.050392652 0.000691972 48.69025299 1.134039621 49.91780728 1.337308719 0.851425097 0.024591511
070242_07 0.00802809 6.31633E-05 0.05531323 0.001435053 51.54409865 0.80781654 54.66303548 2.759493943 0.303617404 0.057057513
070242_08 0.007476112 9.0664E-05 0.05294871 0.001392309 48.01330549 1.16015197 52.38554536 2.683361785 0.461527426 0.083462715
070242_09 0.007577384 8.02078E-05 0.051441435 0.001055199 48.6612504 1.026254165 50.93107709 2.036897813 0.516285935 0.044566634
070242_10 0.007426945 8.32277E-05 0.052718847 0.001384871 47.69870968 1.065051974 52.16387034 2.669619473 0.42693821 0.085598723
070242_11 0.010408247 0.000428584 0.348622525 0.034998625 66.74694699 5.467399471 303.6691233 52.02632624 0.411495495 0.78019844
070242_12 0.007849508 0.000155325 0.123753513 0.029511898 50.40198973 1.986761796 118.4632281 52.64082294 0.086422916 0.574534727
070242_13 0.007638918 7.92169E-05 0.055022839 0.001279531 49.05491789 1.01351528 54.38360767 2.461295462 0.446243727 0.097983382
120
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
070242_14 0.007695606 6.99247E-05 0.056522061 0.001227106 49.41756169 0.894582478 55.82540272 2.3571608 0.418813206 0.114783606
070242_15 0.007551958 7.08083E-05 0.052878611 0.00149932 48.49857941 0.906015637 52.31794849 2.889647758 0.331069865 0.073003036
070242_16 0.008100909 0.000155448 0.068236913 0.003560935 52.00975402 1.987844449 67.02157074 6.757895765 0.368415134 0.223984854
070242_17 0.008100909 0.000155448 0.068236913 0.003560935 52.00975402 1.987844449 67.02157074 6.757895765 0.368415134 0.223984854
070242_18 0.00766961 6.98974E-05 0.052209874 0.000808686 49.25126119 0.89425599 51.67285405 1.560085789 0.588565015 0.046863927
070242_19 0.008131502 8.80466E-05 0.054654166 0.00085012 52.20537154 1.125928245 54.02874226 1.636188128 0.696282944 0.033748162
070242_20 0.007708224 6.89088E-05 0.05159186 0.000680172 49.49827207 0.881574945 51.07632619 1.313012299 0.678223765 0.030895999
070242_21 0.008857524 9.14985E-05 0.064552357 0.002625389 56.84604232 1.169226889 63.51344198 5.001837735 0.254562522 0.104976198
070242_22 0.009908994 0.000168002 0.080060657 0.001650499 63.56102783 2.144516067 78.19799306 3.100797155 0.822578856 0.187178272
070242_23 0.009044882 0.000142308 0.06382361 0.001209365 58.04307676 1.818117108 62.81815072 2.307166289 0.830481302 0.076014239
070242_24 0.009258584 0.00014236 0.062695206 0.00164123 59.40815049 1.818394086 61.74061123 3.133742685 0.587671154 0.037778388
070242_25 0.00880962 8.89601E-05 0.085609859 0.006150783 56.53994398 1.136844063 83.40127005 11.47273856 0.141581719 0.322073346
070242_26 0.008901044 0.00011556 0.059473959 0.000970627 57.12411282 1.476614526 58.65825968 1.859521606 0.795642581 0.026153978
070242_27 0.00904908 0.000104198 0.072850545 0.00331245 58.0698925 1.331245407 71.39726547 6.26005762 0.253881045 0.186665034
070242_28 0.009171968 0.000129611 0.080314591 0.002046388 58.85489963 1.655708156 78.43668021 3.842949039 0.554916003 0.249650808
070242_29 0.009142871 9.53856E-05 0.061589552 0.000993435 58.66903997 1.218551996 60.68368635 1.899404516 0.646975577 0.033199143
070242_30 0.009310686 0.000111879 0.059981095 0.002463061 59.74092145 1.429003921 59.14414998 4.713145846 0.293190509 -0.010090118
070242_31 0.009197899 8.03241E-05 0.065075281 0.001594616 59.02053608 1.02609213 64.01206486 3.038007236 0.356715086 0.077977937
070242_32 0.009338802 0.000155122 0.059011053 0.002270239 59.92048694 1.981235401 58.21454353 4.348544189 0.432263544 -0.02930442
070242_33 0.009326322 0.000103026 0.062197472 0.001010876 59.84078323 1.315912261 61.2649493 1.931630526 0.679862693 0.023246017
070242_34 0.00909278 0.000124505 0.058325334 0.002006279 58.34906104 1.590605258 57.55689446 3.845905655 0.398523828 -0.013763192
070242_35 0.00951981 0.000155163 0.076645662 0.00285681 61.07640264 1.981410015 74.9825764 5.381097353 0.437772802 0.185458735
070242_36 0.008860703 8.39468E-05 0.058662702 0.001081609 56.86635588 1.072726142 57.88050565 2.073617469 0.514069071 0.017521439
070242_37 0.008829706 0.000128249 0.058403753 0.003817499 56.66829172 1.638865308 57.63212527 7.311110244 0.223137481 0.016723894
070242_38 0.009155318 9.28688E-05 0.06090411 0.002997495 58.74854951 1.186385521 60.02789939 5.729376093 0.206801446 0.021312588
070242_39 0.008952509 0.000107966 0.058541642 0.001805014 57.45292586 1.379513538 57.7643937 3.459717071 0.391545162 0.005392039
070242_40 0.008838017 9.52772E-05 0.057265904 0.001200498 56.72139998 1.217534596 56.5399938 2.3044562 0.514504507 -0.003208458
070242_41 0.009350684 0.000128388 0.062854537 0.001009582 59.9963734 1.639797213 61.89282945 1.927966124 0.854946052 0.030640965
121
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
070242_42 0.009224268 0.000101727 0.062165859 0.000877469 59.18896845 1.299457199 61.23473155 1.676864659 0.78144163 0.033408542
070242_43 0.010129321 0.000142583 0.078944395 0.003430607 64.96721255 1.81967833 77.14808679 6.446444032 0.324516382 0.157889518
070242_44 0.010611157 6.61963E-05 0.070651235 0.000670691 68.04134308 0.844441728 69.31373169 1.27167539 0.657259657 0.018356949
070242_45 0.009737953 0.000155214 0.067423488 0.002245211 62.46918358 1.981633686 66.24813638 4.266796432 0.479073458 0.057042402
070242_46 0.009250276 0.0001182 0.064099779 0.001902013 59.35508604 1.509830624 63.08169713 3.62644543 0.431020716 0.059075949
070242_47 0.010695537 0.000168183 0.082359236 0.002679418 68.57954353 2.145166194 80.35651993 5.020765787 0.483752589 0.146559065
070242_48 0.009582125 0.000155178 0.065531661 0.001345119 61.47429494 1.981472433 64.44703742 2.561876381 0.789147546 0.046126907
070242_49 0.009391779 0.000116974 0.065053407 0.001439016 60.25881588 1.493959199 63.99121271 2.741820481 0.563313699 0.058326709
070242_50 0.009410875 0.000167894 0.063889842 0.002085581 60.38076935 2.144194305 62.88136242 3.976884171 0.546919757 0.03976684
070242_51 0.00971885 0.00016796 0.062784044 0.001295246 62.34723055 2.144384991 61.82548628 2.473320939 0.837861168 -0.008438984
070242_52 0.009509052 0.000193456 0.068342421 0.003060579 61.0077068 2.470378912 67.12184789 5.809110308 0.45486589 0.091090178
070242_53 0.009386431 0.000167888 0.068836193 0.001981437 60.22466256 2.144180317 67.59101073 3.761012189 0.62170628 0.10898414
070242_54 0.009358837 0.000129662 0.062520793 0.001121704 60.04843743 1.656044983 61.5739582 2.142641278 0.772376014 0.024775422
070242_55 0.01107753 0.000206534 0.113538098 0.011405107 71.01543032 2.633276181 109.1912086 20.69271711 0.187036461 0.349623187
070242_56 0.009789896 0.000180737 0.065062649 0.001313766 62.80078044 2.307335814 64.00002309 2.503299893 0.91440499 0.01873816
070242_57 0.009318332 0.000155117 0.061904656 0.001675514 59.78975419 1.981216281 60.98501498 3.201533361 0.615339357 0.019599254
070242_58 0.009515403 0.000142423 0.072608267 0.00191259 61.04825962 1.818746904 71.16795108 3.617691945 0.568537242 0.142194503
070242_59 0.009333538 0.000167877 0.064883307 0.00183633 59.88686573 2.144150626 63.82904117 3.498744796 0.635835008 0.061761471
070242_60 0.009709891 0.000193493 0.06426073 0.001397788 62.29003505 2.47036788 63.23526033 2.665300489 0.916253087 0.014947757
070242_61 0.010653339 0.00019368 0.110842626 0.005419189 68.31039542 2.470448936 106.7304801 9.882400415 0.372511887 0.35997294
070242_62 0.009742223 5.35243E-05 0.077034777 0.003149776 62.49644257 0.683381389 75.34946489 5.929984895 0.134956932 0.170578814
070242_63 0.009649312 0.000155193 0.065301361 0.001272654 61.90327242 1.981541055 64.22756352 2.424468771 0.825414619 0.036188374
070242_64 0.009691849 0.000206271 0.060344722 0.004439108 62.17484604 2.633532824 59.49239947 8.483576844 0.290338426 -0.045088895
070242_65 0.010080723 0.000219125 0.066879404 0.001711616 64.65707167 2.796548321 65.73047229 3.255222061 0.849544037 0.016330335
070242_66 0.009792898 0.000155227 0.071885226 0.001544476 62.81994413 1.981692301 70.48328918 2.923869807 0.737970087 0.108725701
070242_67 0.009854799 0.000155242 0.069252929 0.001383071 63.21509017 1.981759434 67.98680778 2.624951205 0.788956142 0.070185934
070242_68 0.009584611 0.000142441 0.066229789 0.001215976 61.49016789 1.818845703 65.11205607 2.314538529 0.809604411 0.055625462
070242_69 0.010793287 0.000308828 0.081432721 0.00259037 69.20295953 3.938415427 79.48700917 4.858258074 0.899697704 0.129380257
122
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
070242_70 0.009739933 0.000180727 0.066821704 0.001669991 62.48182489 2.307319998 65.67555933 3.17629157 0.742696745 0.048628964
300349_01 0.006781159 0.00011352 0.049098681 0.001348722 43.56520865 1.453600864 48.66625695 2.608944779 0.609732018 0.104816943
300349_02 0.006576948 0.000114619 0.049104836 0.001151069 42.25755024 1.467975676 48.67221427 2.226805877 0.743682355 0.131793142
300349_03 0.007622894 9.21847E-05 0.052075824 0.001123762 48.95240299 1.179437486 51.54349436 2.167870368 0.560662323 0.050269998
300349_04 0.007043254 0.000251223 0.04729147 0.001847409 45.24312573 3.215813823 46.91570588 3.578907618 0.91330373 0.035650751
300349_04Rim 0.005398917 6.34162E-05 0.041809067 0.002072133 34.70892009 0.813172003 41.58664791 4.034928165 0.23769727 0.165383078
300349_06 0.007260762 0.000106808 0.052003816 0.001366743 46.63527396 1.367011749 51.47399901 2.636486598 0.560033428 0.094003286
300349_07 0.005678647 5.786E-05 0.060854758 0.004565512 36.50218694 0.741722031 59.98066674 8.720444131 0.136890133 0.391434125
300349_08 0.006501563 7.72336E-05 0.04892317 0.00124609 41.77476316 0.989257814 48.49638113 2.410937072 0.466721509 0.138600403
300349_09 0.006361826 0.000160058 0.04624437 0.001822118 40.87974688 2.050319844 45.90005278 3.533485724 0.638962746 0.10937473
300349_10 0.005917406 9.2947E-05 0.039492497 0.000785608 38.03240149 1.191206817 39.32643959 1.534115767 0.789787487 0.032905041
300349_11 0.006044718 5.68479E-05 0.043300279 0.001491063 38.84820726 0.728482666 43.03892203 2.900108431 0.273587729 0.097370347
300349_12 0.005730232 0.000125852 0.055009585 0.007288267 36.83282901 1.613187695 54.37085188 13.98008845 0.167662542 0.322562959
300349_13 0.006579846 0.000125975 0.049249673 0.001238917 42.27611083 1.6133997 48.81237861 2.396320095 0.761313793 0.133905947
300349_14 0.00633594 8.84992E-05 0.045966024 0.001344719 40.71393409 1.13373519 45.62989469 2.60899169 0.477829371 0.107735524
300349_15 0.007805054 0.000182988 0.061222285 0.002668412 50.11765906 2.340673918 60.33236128 5.099633633 0.53843492 0.169307184
300349_16 0.008172358 0.000148942 0.058464261 0.001228095 52.46661025 1.904514286 57.69016864 2.354732919 0.867768604 0.090545036
300349_17 0.006892453 0.000114674 0.061778582 0.004102799 44.27776064 1.468217713 60.86446268 7.831526444 0.251455442 0.272518664
300349_18 0.00793896 0.000160266 0.057415095 0.0017764 50.97410019 2.049775961 56.68325796 3.408540898 0.652813215 0.100720353
300349_19 0.005757265 8.83822E-05 0.057155484 0.006209628 37.00609483 1.132887219 56.43394798 11.89302036 0.142859164 0.344258267
300349_20 0.007858007 0.000126191 0.0538981 0.001068727 50.45634933 1.614122891 53.30060549 2.058191719 0.810053511 0.053362549
300349_21 0.007330043 0.000137451 0.049228148 0.001218777 47.07863398 1.759055478 48.79154913 2.357436091 0.757641906 0.0351068
300349_22 0.008048833 0.000171648 0.063318037 0.001662361 51.67674755 2.195102792 62.33550909 3.17220207 0.812506743 0.170990206
300349_23 0.008142484 0.000171661 0.054887273 0.001909229 52.27559462 2.195065972 54.25313338 3.671952338 0.606479867 0.036450222
300349_24 0.008090406 0.000376653 0.065834495 0.005354536 51.94259298 4.816093479 64.73556273 10.17609877 0.57337027 0.197618885
300349_25 0.005906305 9.06777E-05 0.046466138 0.001662634 37.96126451 1.162138095 46.11524516 3.223774268 0.429535188 0.176817463
300349_26 0.005626889 9.40281E-05 0.043529955 0.003696343 36.17042088 1.205409258 43.26241539 7.180210399 0.197998126 0.163929694
123
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300349_27 0.008014642 0.000160277 0.056378974 0.001765783 51.45810351 2.049764581 55.6878847 3.391506849 0.638858236 0.075955142
300349_28 0.008477669 0.000912591 0.091004384 0.018616418 54.41845769 11.66131932 88.43407967 34.35802936 0.52873525 0.384643817
300349_29 0.006388028 0.000125945 0.043802734 0.000976449 41.04757686 1.613333019 43.52778937 1.898742532 0.884588371 0.056979979
300349_30 0.007675709 9.21976E-05 0.056281983 0.001374955 49.29027757 1.179541528 55.59465831 2.641581364 0.491987937 0.113399038
300349_31 0.005942777 0.000106567 0.047184959 0.002278354 38.19498641 1.365710703 46.81243999 4.413302863 0.372025895 0.184084692
300349_32 0.009176086 0.000217287 0.063737213 0.002167768 58.88120436 2.775579031 62.7356889 4.134034801 0.696589047 0.061440061
300349_33 0.007859499 0.000228519 0.092732439 0.018846267 50.46589192 2.922853106 90.04100351 34.72409041 0.145980822 0.439523218
300349_34 0.00750133 0.00018295 0.068803668 0.004401561 48.17466176 2.340898618 67.56011356 8.345530561 0.382098751 0.286936341
300349_35 0.007685909 8.88151E-05 0.050986109 0.000650338 49.35552914 1.136256812 50.49129329 1.25616251 0.906027722 0.022494257
300349_36 0.007148973 0.000126066 0.051999243 0.001618157 45.91981162 1.613661927 51.46958588 3.121111019 0.567044112 0.107826286
300349_37 0.006421957 9.64445E-05 0.043241688 0.000869045 41.26490336 1.235408518 42.98189977 1.690886351 0.747451008 0.039946964
300349_38 0.008163203 0.000126248 0.080110322 0.004464555 52.40807002 1.614366997 78.24468089 8.376293122 0.278284593 0.330202776
300349_39 0.009588466 0.000399548 0.087650773 0.011797318 61.51478142 5.101207697 85.30827078 21.90720407 0.311448639 0.27891187
300349_40 0.009799707 0.000707369 0.166974541 0.038506225 62.8634153 9.028023492 156.7819446 65.92329383 0.316177457 0.599039191
300349_41 0.005895739 9.29429E-05 0.038466381 0.000749419 37.89355342 1.191180269 38.32367918 1.464918023 0.809326812 0.011223499
300349_42 0.006212371 0.000137288 0.058309938 0.004103822 39.9223451 1.758921191 57.54212322 7.859101054 0.314967659 0.306206604
300349_43 0.005638136 5.3356E-05 0.056033014 0.00395333 36.24251613 0.684012632 55.35531322 7.58772903 0.135144742 0.345274843
300349_44 0.007119848 0.000148782 0.04797248 0.001058357 45.73339314 1.904457391 47.57571908 2.049750103 0.947297974 0.03872408
300349_45 0.010971815 0.00094688 0.407792244 0.069196226 70.34139671 12.06943617 347.2664158 97.43629676 0.510711343 0.797442559
300349_46 0.007964973 7.65156E-05 0.072170946 0.002268676 51.14046489 0.9786385 70.75389824 4.292271307 0.306035705 0.277206399
300349_47 0.005782014 9.51902E-05 0.046590701 0.002104886 37.16471484 1.220118271 46.23609535 4.079934767 0.365014491 0.196196942
300349_48 0.005851401 8.61345E-05 0.061976626 0.005823862 37.60940974 1.103974331 61.0538258 11.10569715 0.157997172 0.383995855
300349_49 0.006929069 0.00011468 0.051127312 0.001256131 44.5121696 1.468247899 50.62769651 2.425258617 0.673909692 0.120794097
300349_50 0.00839164 0.000433666 0.143826057 0.02667108 53.86853535 5.543277764 136.4390628 46.80623146 0.281259963 0.605182459
300349_51 0.006920856 0.000148754 0.046375355 0.001513063 44.45959631 1.904478077 46.02715891 2.934226366 0.65913453 0.03405734
300349_52 0.005980463 7.71089E-05 0.046333626 0.001919916 38.43648046 0.98817252 45.98666711 3.722646576 0.31173119 0.16418208
300349_53 0.005824998 8.95287E-05 0.050472624 0.002213804 37.44020184 1.147504739 49.99510751 4.274989722 0.351010893 0.251122686
300349_54 0.008001841 0.000114887 0.055789832 0.001295137 51.37623995 1.469325219 55.12147696 2.489486599 0.618735441 0.06794515
124
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300349_55 0.005994831 0.000112253 0.05683815 0.00294283 38.52854896 1.438504001 56.12912302 5.646646795 0.362355011 0.313572939
300349_56 0.007887333 0.000114863 0.05347178 0.000876552 50.64391311 1.469192487 52.88980273 1.68893061 0.888488019 0.042463566
300349_57 0.007928909 9.56465E-05 0.055455193 0.000987535 50.90982274 1.223355945 54.79961017 1.899097725 0.677590517 0.070982027
300349_58 0.005644863 6.01003E-05 0.053351881 0.004342289 36.28563322 0.770465581 52.77423868 8.353904487 0.131984178 0.312436633
300349_59 0.010657851 0.000718807 0.152417869 0.019094679 68.33917341 9.166177133 144.0371919 33.37081901 0.539881196 0.525544948
300349_60 0.006430113 0.000107785 0.052145631 0.001758708 41.31713796 1.380652625 51.61086167 3.391509995 0.4974315 0.199448786
300349_61 0.005922491 0.000102023 0.039780834 0.002312346 38.06499338 1.307507511 39.60803606 4.510933825 0.297160551 0.038957818
300349_62 0.008699074 0.000217229 0.065844376 0.002639601 55.83352749 2.776149598 64.7449754 5.022790326 0.623363467 0.13763922
300349_63 0.005971528 9.86273E-05 0.039658319 0.003304328 38.37922128 1.263933842 39.48839449 6.443786259 0.199411187 0.028088587
300349_64 0.006479179 8.40058E-05 0.042712251 0.00061387 41.6314005 1.076020423 42.46649635 1.195149175 0.902211722 0.019664816
300349_65 0.007658639 0.000160225 0.052365439 0.001267291 49.18107825 2.049829827 51.82295579 2.443916581 0.86464299 0.050978905
300349_66 0.006117258 0.000111137 0.08092092 0.00558849 39.31298587 1.424030321 79.00637785 10.47172352 0.264033549 0.502407439
300349_67 0.005976315 8.27635E-05 0.051986593 0.002632695 38.40990016 1.060639215 51.45737666 5.07557631 0.274167988 0.253558913
300349_68 0.005813271 6.23984E-05 0.038683345 0.000822269 37.3650437 0.799791243 38.53578657 1.606928469 0.505233084 0.030380666
300349_69 0.006692028 6.37799E-05 0.051506751 0.002431837 42.99449466 0.816784432 50.99414815 4.690924795 0.202533111 0.156873951
300349_70 0.006535689 0.000104401 0.04637872 0.001426326 41.99332242 1.337171203 46.0304242 2.766125977 0.519794351 0.087705075
300349_71 0.006041009 8.9571E-05 0.071445791 0.004627958 38.82443623 1.147800905 70.06695406 8.75227185 0.229814029 0.44589519
300349_72 0.006537179 6.48554E-05 0.045731107 0.000898902 42.00286423 0.830684746 45.40183284 1.744791125 0.504971276 0.074864128
300349_73 0.008160498 0.000194408 0.058643658 0.001947092 52.39077811 2.485863324 57.86224114 3.731431567 0.717852707 0.094560164
300349_74 0.007735784 0.000112567 0.05219702 0.000901838 49.67457154 1.440042905 51.66045055 1.739735158 0.842354247 0.038440993
300349_75 0.007173876 5.61218E-05 0.053172642 0.001870683 46.07919661 0.718371154 52.60145464 3.60373643 0.222861971 0.123993872
300349_76 0.008056657 0.00011037 0.055855166 0.000990573 51.72678129 1.411490321 55.18430526 1.90421633 0.772620571 0.062654118
300349_77 0.007025787 0.000171515 0.058583447 0.002881263 45.13131362 2.195630753 57.80449176 5.519571418 0.496982298 0.2192421
300349_78 0.005997487 7.14652E-05 0.051036033 0.00340899 38.54556494 0.91583373 50.53952249 6.575709534 0.179345623 0.237318379
300349_79 0.008032135 0.000878365 0.100413102 0.06231847 51.56996869 11.22912444 97.15266132 111.8618829 0.185045149 0.469186248
300349_80 0.008236439 0.000171675 0.06271024 0.002709752 52.87632902 2.195030969 61.75497488 5.171295957 0.4829132 0.143772156
300349_81 0.008429432 9.23922E-05 0.057805654 0.001208568 54.11012007 1.181147003 57.05820374 2.318756244 0.524505311 0.051668007
300349_82 0.008055589 0.000105845 0.056763109 0.001191381 51.71995259 1.35362657 56.05702682 2.288053002 0.626260275 0.077368966
125
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300349_83 0.012217227 0.001140787 0.598248775 0.082085615 78.27756962 14.52179568 476.0975879 101.7043376 0.68198379 0.835585032
300349_83Rim 0.006342176 6.3674E-05 0.060367272 0.005835581 40.753875 0.815712424 59.51399216 11.14482736 0.105252676 0.315221958
300349_84 0.00702298 9.65683E-05 0.047763432 0.001166931 45.11335006 1.236256788 47.37316272 2.260362379 0.563105147 0.047702381
300349_85 0.006030133 7.26021E-05 0.052238438 0.004945602 38.75475318 0.930371667 51.70041656 9.521913119 0.128534223 0.250397661
300349_86 0.006036293 9.18362E-05 0.075173698 0.005741963 38.79421846 1.176832965 73.59349017 10.8158966 0.200267046 0.472858015
300349_87 0.006343823 0.000160055 0.052273543 0.001922264 40.76442556 2.050329442 51.73428999 3.706174608 0.686489073 0.212042427
300349_88 0.008636455 0.000946809 0.166994858 0.040968101 55.4333414 12.09645462 156.799621 70.06495842 0.450048494 0.646470182
300349_89 0.005990708 3.35577E-05 0.075087862 0.00610569 38.50212504 0.430056732 73.51242835 11.50001206 0.070065507 0.476250127
300351_01 0.007356941 3.4185E-05 0.053382261 0.000992622 47.25076134 0.437500601 52.80352168 1.912630563 0.250152432 0.105158902
300351_02 0.007417634 3.42376E-05 0.054974501 0.001086481 47.63912979 0.438147413 54.33708721 2.090231723 0.23382708 0.123266773
300351_03 0.007375403 4.59054E-05 0.059626821 0.002028561 47.36890203 0.587485255 58.80474185 3.883806287 0.183434865 0.194471389
300351_04 0.007773858 9.66004E-05 0.079665476 0.007674093 49.91811321 1.23574545 77.82642744 14.38257941 0.130383913 0.358596882
300351_05 0.008577153 0.000211002 0.165215074 0.023517915 55.05433222 2.696910184 155.2499569 40.57740317 0.174852836 0.645382625
300351_06 0.007435344 7.57849E-05 0.075175175 0.006944402 47.75245055 0.969802561 73.59488435 13.07358493 0.111668486 0.351144431
300351_07 0.007316981 3.67028E-05 0.056667381 0.000777833 46.99504496 0.469742058 55.96504732 1.494259018 0.365623917 0.160278652
300351_08 0.007252226 4.31764E-05 0.05051107 0.000465788 46.58064387 0.552628124 50.03226588 0.900179234 0.645716993 0.068987921
300351_09 0.007722793 0.000897419 0.064258402 0.008153043 49.59146873 11.47611515 63.23303928 15.49716603 0.916599345 0.215734855
300351_10 0.00715264 3.65726E-05 0.051776635 0.000971202 45.94328063 0.468151343 51.25471387 1.874231672 0.2728539 0.10362819
300351_11 0.00728343 2.4458E-05 0.050627763 0.00081033 46.78034124 0.313038294 50.14504523 1.565608925 0.210029774 0.067099431
300351_12 0.007465154 3.55458E-05 0.064969189 0.002042622 47.94319442 0.4548673 63.91092295 3.891102608 0.15190059 0.249843498
300351_13 0.007288487 4.58497E-05 0.070674099 0.00616646 46.81270173 0.586822367 69.33541414 11.66188658 0.073360153 0.324837065
300351_14 0.007318181 3.1642E-05 0.063982089 0.00112777 47.0027284 0.404971712 62.9693946 2.151266286 0.245548401 0.253562327
300351_15 0.007238264 4.71497E-05 0.050207074 0.000808066 46.49128801 0.603491494 49.73840796 1.561862925 0.40494103 0.065283954
300351_16 0.007199116 1.94431E-05 0.050489875 0.000759407 46.24074128 0.248874567 50.01178066 1.467450387 0.179777503 0.075403022
300351_17 0.045086987 0.000334875 0.341208206 0.00332546 284.2784934 4.13042542 298.0717375 5.028698451 0.762168882 0.046274914
300351_17B 0.045429273 0.000255128 0.353413811 0.004367525 286.389406 3.145903456 307.2699252 6.542487256 0.454593985 0.067954972
300351_18 0.007160532 5.24715E-05 0.058119702 0.003172018 45.99379064 0.671656947 57.3595971 6.078390781 0.135050269 0.19815004
126
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300351_19 0.00697507 3.9039E-05 0.050192452 0.001443073 44.80665975 0.499811138 49.72427186 2.788425379 0.195079632 0.098897619
300351_20 0.007860718 3.21601E-05 0.05304536 0.000581909 50.47369196 0.411380725 52.47873821 1.121826244 0.373095017 0.03820683
300351_21 0.007226656 2.90944E-05 0.049216144 0.000468822 46.41699748 0.372400677 48.77993331 0.907159086 0.422766949 0.048440735
300351_22 0.007761763 4.61604E-05 0.062704139 0.002777948 49.8407482 0.590521826 61.74914648 5.301302161 0.134876535 0.192851221
300351_23 0.007179608 4.84507E-05 0.061732099 0.00474434 46.11588335 0.620178652 60.82001216 9.053785419 0.088918406 0.241764648
300351_24 0.007205929 4.57973E-05 0.054313657 0.001859017 46.28434551 0.586199655 53.70087607 3.577410273 0.186172098 0.138108185
300351_25 0.007480403 0.000168907 0.157906238 0.014340861 48.04076331 2.161271181 148.8612111 24.99562876 0.249901694 0.677278164
300351_26 0.007132476 3.9153E-05 0.048760423 0.000786808 45.81422202 0.501192184 48.33883395 1.522886988 0.340411455 0.052227407
300351_27 0.007080208 2.89495E-05 0.051078388 0.001204843 45.47966797 0.370600054 50.58043789 2.326400338 0.173678327 0.100844716
300351_28 0.007615898 3.82273E-05 0.060241093 0.001827807 48.90764662 0.489108148 59.39316546 3.497756268 0.165864388 0.176544199
300351_29 0.007226948 2.78874E-05 0.050126994 0.000856694 46.4188633 0.356950841 49.6609841 1.65594008 0.22602833 0.06528507
300351_30 0.008722511 8.18028E-05 0.092963927 0.004937782 55.98330278 1.045474144 90.25607187 9.153448643 0.177325154 0.379728127
300351_31 0.007371679 2.92401E-05 0.052639623 0.001179625 47.34507473 0.374211344 52.08745705 2.274357972 0.177323134 0.091046532
300351_32 0.007113478 3.02109E-05 0.049993077 0.001104926 45.69262149 0.386734669 49.5314964 2.135779453 0.192472522 0.077503714
300351_33 0.007679933 6.63024E-05 0.085220176 0.003200031 49.31730009 0.848255409 83.03674821 5.979084443 0.230441169 0.40607862
300351_34 0.007386139 2.92547E-05 0.056325944 0.001039277 47.43760103 0.374393363 55.63691448 1.996906527 0.214923709 0.147371822
300351_35 0.007283993 3.92648E-05 0.051364603 0.000979062 46.78394229 0.502547776 50.85688117 1.890134292 0.283070549 0.080086289
300351_36 0.007510854 3.30647E-05 0.050270175 0.000368438 48.2355965 0.423099117 49.79941181 0.71223714 0.600735557 0.031402285
300351_37 0.007334158 4.58789E-05 0.054147213 0.0021333 47.10496864 0.587169756 53.54057395 4.105343761 0.159340856 0.120200529
300351_38 0.00737955 3.93364E-05 0.059696203 0.002266543 47.39543731 0.503415816 58.87122145 4.338667275 0.140938785 0.194930288
300351_39 0.007132119 2.77892E-05 0.049407161 0.000845806 45.81193597 0.355727866 48.96476378 1.636024691 0.227843986 0.064389728
300351_40 0.006701351 0.000104614 0.073835623 0.010356281 43.05419066 1.339675429 72.32910224 19.49027882 0.113319465 0.404745955
300351_41 0.007380049 3.67535E-05 0.049229221 0.000397608 47.39863324 0.470360839 48.79258702 0.769378156 0.61669755 0.028568966
300351_42 0.00704724 3.52017E-05 0.048499689 0.001135767 45.26863939 0.45065105 48.08637947 2.198485127 0.21363359 0.058597468
300351_43 0.007327661 3.41597E-05 0.050263788 0.000925408 47.06339561 0.437190147 49.79323744 1.788468692 0.253462567 0.054823546
300351_44 0.00702487 3.39034E-05 0.047010489 0.000491385 45.12544695 0.43404063 46.64326343 0.952810772 0.461854214 0.032540958
300351_45 0.007127358 3.78473E-05 0.048499247 0.000726827 45.78146504 0.484480776 48.08595074 1.407182016 0.354535176 0.047924303
300351_46 0.007089748 3.14326E-05 0.048487455 0.000428264 45.54073221 0.402382414 48.07453205 0.829273238 0.502067927 0.052705658
127
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
300351_47 0.00738882 8.67942E-05 0.078071887 0.005441212 47.45475891 1.110731489 76.32668874 10.22332386 0.169540745 0.378267816
300351_48 0.007196194 3.15295E-05 0.048454687 0.000649641 46.22203674 0.403580762 48.04279998 1.257844694 0.326979785 0.037898774
300351_49 0.007288367 4.32008E-05 0.053022163 0.001392389 46.8119335 0.552920836 52.45637121 2.683328727 0.226085083 0.107602519
300351B_01 0.058587695 0.0026664 0.42464023 0.019352966 367.0189962 32.43294179 359.3454275 27.39977055 0.998636774 -0.021354296
300351B_01B 0.051526718 0.000666981 0.389845285 0.005309999 323.8775565 8.175037144 334.2394512 7.743504592 0.950401165 0.031001411
300351B_02 0.007606945 8.54899E-05 0.053366292 0.00109569 48.85037338 1.093803736 52.78812912 2.111155969 0.547622784 0.074595478
300351B_03 0.007702142 7.7265E-05 0.052118071 0.000819923 49.45936683 0.988480874 51.58426565 1.581893197 0.637832233 0.041192771
300351B_04 0.007497095 7.03212E-05 0.051081205 0.001011483 48.14756187 0.899832555 50.58315876 1.953221218 0.473944693 0.048150352
300351B_05 0.007460684 8.54381E-05 0.050349515 0.000896516 47.91459159 1.093300319 49.87610947 1.732514508 0.643344811 0.039327804
300351B_06 0.007822365 0.000100769 0.062051608 0.003014311 50.22838355 1.289003717 61.12551171 5.755257253 0.2658664 0.178274633
300351B_07 0.007616771 0.000100705 0.051123261 0.000903255 48.91323293 1.288457667 50.62378432 1.744246395 0.748495433 0.033789481
300351B_08 0.00760797 5.81148E-05 0.053465 0.001473448 48.85692877 0.743561448 52.88326842 2.838239461 0.277558182 0.076136362
300351B_09 0.007732629 8.41567E-05 0.05277655 0.001094617 49.65439061 1.076612613 52.21952235 2.110270601 0.52499143 0.049122083
300352_01 0.007158588 0.000126993 0.05157041 0.002032346 45.98135095 1.625509079 51.05561515 3.920828808 0.450658875 0.099386996
300352_02 0.007165364 0.000106126 0.048089459 0.00091577 46.02471967 1.358414916 47.68904806 1.773520996 0.77793612 0.034899593
300352_03 0.007160837 0.000124208 0.050009382 0.001302373 45.99574648 1.589857847 49.54726346 2.51716026 0.666324248 0.071679377
300352_04 0.007218219 9.92003E-05 0.047698274 0.001031881 46.36300387 1.26970362 47.31001925 1.999021302 0.635509012 0.020017227
300352_05 0.009188846 0.000141404 0.061414321 0.001819716 58.9627123 1.80631711 60.51607623 3.478439969 0.519726218 0.025668616
300352_06 0.007514384 0.000168913 0.050270978 0.001538761 48.25817855 2.16127575 49.80018763 2.972963995 0.734673845 0.030963921
300352_07 0.007123712 9.91729E-05 0.04865147 0.000967882 45.758125 1.269471717 48.23334801 1.873393182 0.699983724 0.05131767
300352_08 0.006739004 0.000100454 0.044980593 0.001274389 43.29529302 1.286361407 44.67287442 2.474953586 0.526481331 0.030837089
300352_09 0.006896005 8.94005E-05 0.052625927 0.003672718 44.30049729 1.144643728 52.0742464 7.072856397 0.186755456 0.149282028
300352_10 0.006935294 0.000100508 0.047758288 0.001464449 44.55202447 1.286797002 47.36817773 2.83626981 0.47300829 0.05945243
300351B_10 0.007503846 6.62214E-05 0.053909772 0.002083497 48.19075432 0.847367475 53.31184971 4.010499126 0.228889499 0.096059233
060065_01 0.005842208 3.96502E-05 0.043049601 0.001482271 37.55049402 0.508208075 42.79493459 2.883713708 0.197600303 0.122548162
060065_02 0.006134216 5.90937E-05 0.040262552 0.000405776 39.42163304 0.757193274 40.07831813 0.791947664 0.955909344 0.016385046
060065_03 0.006050781 8.97213E-05 0.078103562 0.005390812 38.88705198 1.149715931 76.35651983 10.12856712 0.215810417 0.490717334
128
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
060065_04 0.005769953 7.85449E-05 0.058989391 0.007483112 37.08741322 1.006784032 58.19377433 14.2987662 0.109138157 0.36269105
060065_05 0.005746444 5.62683E-05 0.040424027 0.000633215 36.93674073 0.721269615 40.23591036 1.235511723 0.625282263 0.08199565
060065_06 0.005797806 6.1836E-05 0.043432435 0.002741926 37.26592762 0.79259486 43.16752619 5.329166549 0.169843657 0.136713847
060065_07 0.005808737 2.86527E-05 0.045733732 0.001551628 37.33598409 0.36726375 45.40438149 3.010803269 0.145876253 0.177700855
060065_08 0.005908374 6.88059E-05 0.056132944 0.004001074 37.97452696 0.881833205 55.45138688 7.678466869 0.164399711 0.315174442
060065_09 0.005678977 3.96228E-05 0.038065711 0.000723084 36.50430265 0.507939205 37.93185882 1.414003334 0.367556005 0.037634754
060065_10 0.008557367 0.00036365 0.377424352 0.038121299 54.92787042 4.647712138 325.1247273 55.43655607 0.422060249 0.831056005
060065_11 0.005715129 3.41146E-05 0.103808646 0.02663867 36.73602764 0.437313079 100.2808457 48.42482264 0.02698216 0.63366855
060065_12 0.005796966 4.24065E-05 0.038319979 0.000700153 37.26054311 0.543559537 38.1805286 1.36884221 0.400614913 0.024095672
060065_13 0.005878774 5.62841E-05 0.04941771 0.00215405 37.78483783 0.721377117 48.97497016 4.163897046 0.220264022 0.228486761
060065_14 0.005935185 3.4158E-05 0.053249934 0.001779762 38.14633415 0.437773431 52.67596631 3.428480811 0.172670483 0.275830387
060065_15 0.005654634 3.4103E-05 0.041850273 0.00273506 36.34826839 0.43719005 41.62680557 5.323900829 0.093226278 0.126806204
060065_16 0.00571349 5.34856E-05 0.040288927 0.000869158 36.72551908 0.685623118 40.10406075 1.695903745 0.434214829 0.084244378
060065_17 0.005655412 4.93134E-05 0.037510129 0.001701647 36.35325579 0.632177417 37.38829949 3.327814107 0.192857178 0.027683626
060065_18 0.00568823 4.37735E-05 0.040951321 0.001535819 36.56361391 0.561142256 40.75035676 2.99383154 0.205725187 0.102741256
060065_19 0.005808303 4.51761E-05 0.03995934 0.000550694 37.33320607 0.579052673 39.78232956 1.07502175 0.564539173 0.061563099
060065_20 0.005764995 3.55002E-05 0.04343887 0.00198901 37.05563986 0.455051624 43.17378872 3.867179261 0.135142843 0.141709798
060067_01 0.005743102 3.8253E-05 0.050241616 0.002080047 36.91531878 0.490347724 49.77180234 4.017834846 0.161475264 0.258308579
060067_02 0.005576313 3.40881E-05 0.038080893 0.001235908 35.84621137 0.437033033 37.94670812 2.416209366 0.188816841 0.055353859
060067_03 0.005684929 2.72596E-05 0.040561044 0.002216779 36.54245074 0.34945126 40.36961464 4.32145926 0.088526468 0.094803082
060067_04 0.005626447 2.58842E-05 0.039467342 0.001758106 36.16758954 0.331837906 39.30186947 3.431665771 0.103917037 0.079748876
060067_05 0.005657331 2.7253E-05 0.040371695 0.001160156 36.36555266 0.349375802 40.18483917 2.263203567 0.168045477 0.095042971
060067_06 0.005654087 3.41029E-05 0.044073638 0.002125338 36.34476189 0.437188945 43.79126945 4.129457302 0.12577147 0.170045483
060067_07 0.00587357 6.46267E-05 0.0620404 0.007058946 37.75148273 0.828301633 61.11479715 13.45232565 0.098346251 0.382285723
060067_08 0.005665174 3.27302E-05 0.044517812 0.003617456 36.41582662 0.419587472 44.22312431 7.020600503 0.072274988 0.176543331
060067_09 0.00615089 9.94926E-05 0.08980591 0.006008381 39.52846373 1.274795602 87.31811941 11.16481934 0.242710247 0.547305141
060067_10 0.005524067 3.54559E-05 0.038061365 0.001059581 35.5112835 0.454592852 37.92760794 2.071703531 0.230950562 0.063708854
129
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
060067_11 0.005676894 2.72577E-05 0.03845697 0.001075455 36.49094899 0.349429251 38.31447684 2.101923926 0.172096013 0.047593704
060067_12 0.005569418 2.58699E-05 0.038073858 0.000526577 35.80201345 0.331673984 37.93982774 1.02982078 0.336042326 0.056347496
060067_13 0.005693016 3.27358E-05 0.048085912 0.001878651 36.59428747 0.419647398 47.68561223 3.636622682 0.14774158 0.232592689
060067_14 0.005553675 3.54612E-05 0.041760246 0.002516485 35.70109303 0.454647974 41.53906673 4.899371784 0.106829116 0.140541764
060067_15 0.005669409 3.13584E-05 0.038541335 0.000484336 36.44296984 0.401999737 38.39695998 0.946802464 0.440308905 0.050889189
060067_16 0.005651868 3.27276E-05 0.038057542 0.000872746 36.33053702 0.419558951 37.92386947 1.706561138 0.252829341 0.042013974
060067_17 0.005652598 3.96185E-05 0.037420617 0.001172338 36.33521801 0.507896659 37.30069727 2.29345725 0.224164268 0.025883679
060067_18 0.005647922 2.18341E-05 0.038799035 0.00055002 36.30524161 0.279909707 38.64886961 1.074903799 0.272899899 0.060638979
060067_19 0.005526515 2.99572E-05 0.038972097 0.001052952 35.52697681 0.384092423 38.81800831 2.056943807 0.201013731 0.08478105
060067_20 0.005680601 2.99905E-05 0.041439694 0.002041954 36.51471338 0.384460215 41.22659855 3.977628268 0.107852648 0.114292358
060072_01 0.010354252 3.60255E-05 0.078342681 0.001763931 66.40246351 0.459687072 76.5816915 3.319002942 0.154850817 0.132919864
060072_02 0.010412848 5.5395E-05 0.082458688 0.00227087 66.77630422 0.70679553 80.449809 4.255627057 0.193564289 0.169963173
060072_03 0.010753474 5.5579E-05 0.071972778 0.000524456 68.94905052 0.708904787 70.56621828 0.993245746 0.709360764 0.022917025
060072_04 0.013540986 0.000286177 0.123131855 0.004376268 86.70229099 3.639708962 117.9013929 7.897075238 0.595050417 0.2646203
060072_05 0.013730789 6.99879E-05 0.490116673 0.008190555 87.90933689 0.890059964 404.96946 11.13115053 0.305240333 0.78292354
060072_06 0.010442595 4.14466E-05 0.069861662 0.000567547 66.96607585 0.528813121 68.5646788 1.076952928 0.488662249 0.023315255
060072_07 0.01026204 6.97364E-05 0.069900074 0.000680508 65.81411137 0.889906691 68.60113272 1.291188954 0.698124487 0.040626462
060072_08 0.011384271 0.000143915 0.076447054 0.001062111 72.97078194 1.834401313 74.79526151 2.002631138 0.90998183 0.024392983
060072_09 0.01060416 4.02119E-05 0.075185476 0.001269234 67.99671177 0.512977829 73.60461241 2.395741657 0.224869796 0.076189527
060072_10 0.010298555 8.58472E-05 0.07066144 0.001682368 66.04709456 1.095449221 69.32340904 3.188347566 0.350439058 0.047261301
060072_11 0.01096835 9.49005E-05 0.077021498 0.000846538 70.31930744 1.210165024 75.33694664 1.595473053 0.787311508 0.066602636
060072_12 0.01082418 7.87095E-05 0.098819136 0.007135591 69.39997142 1.003849603 95.68087152 13.14423345 0.101745081 0.274672457
060072_13 0.010477843 5.97171E-05 0.069717917 0.000750402 67.19094093 0.761891289 68.42825105 1.424000043 0.529646194 0.018081861
060072_14 0.012017305 0.000166389 0.290788182 0.020563394 77.00425572 2.119511902 259.1664388 32.09527281 0.196799964 0.702877209
060072_15 0.010362978 6.97786E-05 0.068900696 0.00062282 66.45813479 0.890357154 67.65228277 1.182868466 0.744989311 0.017651259
060072_16 0.010627 5.83608E-05 0.106706859 0.003777842 68.14240091 0.744477626 102.9432553 6.920044067 0.155624029 0.338058616
060072_17 0.01046473 5.1172E-05 0.06997321 0.000980491 67.10728623 0.652881137 68.67053594 1.859985176 0.349163934 0.02276449
130
Table C. Continued
Grain Name 206Pb/238U 1s error *207Pb/235U *1s 206Pb/238U 2 s error *207Pb/235U 2 s error RHO Discordance
060072_18 0.011999099 8.50114E-05 0.283006279 0.005867471 76.88829292 1.082961782 253.0266825 9.26550013 0.342005225 0.696125752
060072_19 0.010571874 4.84296E-05 0.079967173 0.001816715 67.79076993 0.617828273 78.11010831 3.413100288 0.201966221 0.132112714
060072_20 0.010739687 4.43857E-05 0.111227097 0.005264192 68.86112478 0.566145385 107.0818332 9.597100763 0.088007085 0.356929904
060072_21 0.010886597 3.64673E-05 0.084294052 0.000906198 69.798006 0.465080271 82.16989698 1.696416318 0.311739727 0.150564762
060072_22 0.010674738 4.84935E-05 0.107025402 0.002497366 68.44688416 0.618580205 103.2354553 4.575864123 0.19501631 0.336982784
060072_23 0.010281182 5.39012E-05 0.070575 0.000700532 65.93624614 0.687826614 69.24143285 1.32833176 0.528298196 0.047734233
060072_24 0.01049111 8.15104E-05 0.071210063 0.000677664 67.27557369 1.039913848 69.84354722 1.284222887 0.816509014 0.036767513
060072_25 0.007381906 3.11151E-05 0.049947499 0.000446645 47.41051169 0.398203272 49.48742169 0.863656141 0.471475534 0.041968442
060072_26 0.010773342 4.71658E-05 0.082557925 0.001000319 69.07576215 0.601585587 80.54288729 1.875533222 0.361487885 0.142372909
060072_27 0.010951237 5.28641E-05 0.099220582 0.001907206 70.21018564 0.674145013 96.05174855 3.520254607 0.25140167 0.269037923
060072_28 0.010413946 6.83479E-05 0.085088717 0.002451581 66.78330954 0.872057534 82.91374848 4.582776506 0.228197264 0.194544804
060072_29 0.023708278 0.001276824 1.360129612 0.11925512 151.0449382 16.07008773 871.8819554 100.0992987 0.615236823 0.826759876
060072_30 0.014425117 9.47496E-05 0.424567574 0.022185145 92.32298739 1.204124855 359.2936452 31.38030329 0.126454009 0.743043083
131
APPENDIX D IGNEOUS AND DETRITAL Hf RESULTS
Table D. Hf-isotopic analyses. Sample 176Lu/177Hf 1 s error 176Hf/177Hf 1 s error e(0) 2 s error t(Ga) 2 s error 176Hf/177Hf(t) e(t) Error
060065_03 0.000860622 0.0000095 0.283077 0.000016 10.32586594 1.131601747 0.0389 0.0011 0.28 11.17 1.16
060065_04 0.00160185 0.00021 0.283056 0.000011 9.583252294 0.777976201 0.0371 0.0010 0.28 10.37 0.81
060065_05 0.00491353 0.000035 0.282895 0.000019 3.889881005 1.343777074 0.0369 0.0007 0.28 4.59 1.36
060065_06 0.00167724 0.000013 0.283072 0.000012 10.14905317 0.84870131 0.0373 0.0008 0.28 10.94 0.87
060065_07 0.00276099 0.000022 0.28303 0.000021 8.663825875 1.485227293 0.0373 0.0004 0.28 9.43 1.49
060065_08 0.00237915 0.000027 0.282996 0.000019 7.461499019 1.343777074 0.0380 0.0009 0.28 8.25 1.37
060065_09 0.00386648 0.00013 0.282981 0.000016 6.9310607 1.131601747 0.0365 0.0005 0.28 7.65 1.15
060065_10 0.000871307 0.000037 0.283033 0.000015 8.769913539 1.060876638 0.0000 0.0000 0.28 8.77 1.06
060065_11 0.000884926 0.000054 0.283062 0.000013 9.795427622 0.919426419 0.0367 0.0004 0.28 10.59 0.93
060065_12 0.00200123 0.00015 0.283041 0.000014 9.052813975 0.990151529 0.0373 0.0005 0.28 9.83 1.01
060065_13 0.00378916 0.000041 0.282969 0.000019 6.506710045 1.343777074 0.0378 0.0007 0.28 7.25 1.36
060065_15 0.00136711 0.000011 0.28302 0.000016 8.310200329 1.131601747 0.0363 0.0004 0.28 9.08 1.14
060065_16 0.00466346 0.00017 0.282956 0.00002 6.046996835 1.414502184 0.0367 0.0007 0.28 6.75 1.44
060065_18 0.00174686 0.000049 0.283004 0.000016 7.744399455 1.131601747 0.0366 0.0006 0.28 8.51 1.15
060065_20 0.00226763 0.000034 0.282949 0.000019 5.799458953 1.343777074 0.0371 0.0005 0.28 6.57 1.36
060067_01 0.00226428 0.000016 0.283057 0.000015 9.618614849 1.060876638 0.0369 0.0005 0.28 10.38 1.07
060067_04 0.00332007 0.000017 0.283026 0.000018 8.522375656 1.273051965 0.0362 0.0003 0.28 9.25 1.28
060067_06 0.00345326 0.000069 0.283068 0.000018 10.00760295 1.273051965 0.0363 0.0004 0.28 10.73 1.29
060067_08 0.00298945 0.000073 0.283065 0.000019 9.901515285 1.343777074 0.0364 0.0004 0.28 10.64 1.36
060067_09 0.00137953 0.000096 0.283041 0.000017 9.052813975 1.202326856 0.0395 0.0013 0.28 9.89 1.24
060067_10 0.00346495 0.000016 0.283019 0.00002 8.274837774 1.414502184 0.0355 0.0005 0.28 8.98 1.43
060067_11 0.00257991 0.00013 0.283075 0.000016 10.25514083 1.131601747 0.0365 0.0003 0.28 11.00 1.15
060067_12 0.00488642 0.00004 0.283033 0.000019 8.769913539 1.343777074 0.0358 0.0003 0.28 9.45 1.35
060067_14 0.00183695 0.000024 0.283044 0.000018 9.158901639 1.273051965 0.0357 0.0005 0.28 9.91 1.28
060067_15 0.00559047 0.000056 0.283055 0.000022 9.54788974 1.555952402 0.0364 0.0004 0.28 10.22 1.57
060067_16 0.00321233 0.0000058 0.28304 0.00002 9.017451421 1.414502184 0.0363 0.0004 0.28 9.75 1.42
060067_17 0.00350832 0.000024 0.283052 0.000012 9.441802076 0.84870131 0.0363 0.0005 0.28 10.16 0.86
060067_18 0.00228935 0.000044 0.282991 0.00002 7.284686246 1.414502184 0.0363 0.0003 0.28 8.04 1.42
132
Table D. Continued Sample 176Lu/177Hf 1 s error 176Hf/177Hf 1 s error e(0) 2 s error t(Ga) 2 s error 176Hf/177Hf(t) e(t) Error
060067_19 0.00394359 0.0000087 0.283085 0.000019 10.60876638 1.343777074 0.0355 0.0004 0.28 11.31 1.35
060067_20 0.0015958 0.000043 0.283085 0.0000079 10.60876638 0.558728363 0.0365 0.0004 0.28 11.38 0.57
060072_02 0.00363986 0.000094 0.282911 0.000027 4.455681878 1.909577948 0.0668 0.0007 0.28 5.78 1.93
060072_03 0.00401909 0.00026 0.283024 0.000016 8.451650547 1.131601747 0.0689 0.0007 0.28 9.80 1.17
060072_05 0.059749 0.0011 0.295882 0.0097 463.1433775 686.0335591 0.0000 0.0000 0.30 463.14 686.03
060072_06 0.00530033 0.00036 0.282925 0.0001 4.950757643 7.072510918 0.0670 0.0005 0.28 6.20 7.12
060072_07 0.00450136 0.00011 0.282726 0.000038 -2.086390721 2.687554149 0.0658 0.0009 0.28 -0.82 2.72
060072_09 0.00447498 0.0001 0.282803 0.000037 0.636525983 2.61682904 0.0680 0.0005 0.28 1.95 2.64
060072_13 0.00594335 0.00024 0.282948 0.000085 5.764096398 6.01163428 0.0672 0.0008 0.28 6.99 6.05
060072_14 0.0044717 0.00032 0.282918 0.000042 4.703219761 2.970454586 0.0000 0.0000 0.28 4.70 2.97
060072_16 0.00375163 0.00026 0.282962 0.000023 6.259172163 1.626677511 0.0681 0.0007 0.28 7.60 1.67
060072_17 0.00140699 0.000033 0.283029 0.000021 8.62846332 1.485227293 0.0671 0.0007 0.28 10.06 1.50
060072_18 0.102079 0.0038 0.266283 0.13 -583.5528759 9194.264194 0.0000 0.0000 0.27 -
583.55 9194.26
060072_19 0.00281676 0.000098 0.283126 0.00013 12.05863112 9.194264194 0.0678 0.0006 0.28 13.44 9.22
060072_20 0.00619307 0.00036 0.282749 0.000067 -1.273051965 4.738582315 0.0689 0.0006 0.28 -0.03 4.78
060072_23 0.00542854 0.00029 0.282955 0.000029 6.01163428 2.051028166 0.0659 0.0007 0.28 7.24 2.09
060072_24 0.00444509 0.00033 0.282967 0.000034 6.435984936 2.404653712 0.0673 0.0010 0.28 7.73 2.46
070242_01 0.0046991 0.00036 0.28292 0.000028 4.77394487 1.980303057 0.0464 0.0007 0.28 5.66 2.02
070242_02 0.0114905 0.0003 0.282531 0.000042 -8.982088866 2.970454586 0.0477 0.0005 0.28 -8.29 3.00
070242_04 0.00917214 0.000053 0.282654 0.000039 -4.632494651 2.758279258 0.0481 0.0013 0.28 -3.86 2.79
070242_05 0.0114905 0.0003 0.282531 0.000042 -8.982088866 2.970454586 0.0490 0.0012 0.28 -8.27 3.02
070242_06 0.00822276 0.00026 0.282745 0.000036 -1.414502184 2.546103931 0.0487 0.0011 0.28 -0.60 2.59
070242_07 0.00659779 0.000079 0.28306 0.000095 9.724702513 6.718885372 0.0515 0.0008 0.28 10.65 6.74
070242_08 0.00601823 0.000049 0.282931 0.000028 5.16293297 1.980303057 0.0480 0.0012 0.28 6.04 2.01
070242_12 0.00199553 0.000048 0.283048 0.000015 9.300351857 1.060876638 0.0504 0.0020 0.28 10.35 1.11
070242_14 0.0120711 0.00039 0.282397 0.000059 -13.72067118 4.172781442 0.0494 0.0009 0.28 -13.02 4.22
070242_15 0.00300284 0.000093 0.283143 0.000027 12.65979454 1.909577948 0.0485 0.0009 0.28 13.64 1.94
070242_18 0.00884767 0.00011 0.28275 0.000038 -1.237689411 2.687554149 0.0493 0.0009 0.28 -0.43 2.72
070242_19 0.00307022 0.00013 0.283058 0.000033 9.653977403 2.333928603 0.0522 0.0011 0.28 10.71 2.37
070242_21 0.00207834 0.000014 0.28301 0.000017 7.956574783 1.202326856 0.0568 0.0012 0.28 9.14 1.23
133
Table D. Continued Sample 176Lu/177Hf 1 s error 176Hf/177Hf 1 s error e(0) 2 s error t(Ga) 2 s error 176Hf/177Hf(t) e(t) Error
070242_22 0.00364353 0.000079 0.283031 0.000018 8.699188429 1.273051965 0.0636 0.0021 0.28 9.96 1.33
070242_24 0.00180464 0.00003 0.283077 0.000017 10.32586594 1.202326856 0.0594 0.0018 0.28 11.58 1.25
070242_25 0.00148468 0.000011 0.283079 0.000015 10.39659105 1.060876638 0.0565 0.0011 0.28 11.60 1.09
070242_26 0.00913619 0.00006 0.28268 0.000032 -3.713068232 2.263203494 0.0571 0.0015 0.28 -2.79 2.30
070242_27 0.00285182 0.000042 0.283077 0.000013 10.32586594 0.919426419 0.0581 0.0013 0.28 11.51 0.95
070242_29 0.00663715 0.0000054 0.282881 0.000025 3.394805241 1.76812773 0.0587 0.0012 0.28 4.44 1.80
070242_30 0.0052919 0.000033 0.282916 0.00002 4.632494651 1.414502184 0.0597 0.0014 0.28 5.75 1.45
070242_31 0.00916286 0.000012 0.28268 0.000028 -3.713068232 1.980303057 0.0590 0.0010 0.28 -2.76 2.01
070242_32 0.00249784 0.000038 0.283084 0.000024 10.57340382 1.69740262 0.0599 0.0020 0.28 11.81 1.75
070242_33 0.0143903 0.00014 0.28244 0.000054 -12.20008133 3.819155896 0.0598 0.0013 0.28 -11.44 3.86
070242_34 0.00495398 0.000045 0.282982 0.000015 6.966423254 1.060876638 0.0583 0.0016 0.28 8.07 1.10
070242_35 0.00320476 0.000093 0.283028 0.000019 8.593100766 1.343777074 0.0611 0.0020 0.28 9.82 1.40
070242_36 0.00796976 0.000025 0.282912 0.000026 4.491044433 1.838852839 0.0569 0.0011 0.28 5.45 1.87
070242_38 0.00149073 0.000024 0.283086 0.000013 10.64412893 0.919426419 0.0587 0.0012 0.28 11.89 0.95
070242_40 0.00501929 0.000018 0.282977 0.000022 6.789610481 1.555952402 0.0567 0.0012 0.28 7.86 1.59
070242_41 0.0190919 0.0003 0.282562 0.000096 -7.885849674 6.789610481 0.0600 0.0016 0.28 -7.31 6.85
070242_42 0.00824372 0.00012 0.282877 0.00002 3.253355022 1.414502184 0.0592 0.0013 0.28 4.25 1.45
070242_43 0.00304414 0.00011 0.28301 0.000028 7.956574783 1.980303057 0.0650 0.0018 0.28 9.27 2.03
070242_46 0.00742864 0.00019 0.282943 0.00002 5.587283625 1.414502184 0.0594 0.0015 0.28 6.61 1.46
070242_48 0.00471076 0.000029 0.283 0.000017 7.602949237 1.202326856 0.0615 0.0020 0.28 8.78 1.25
070242_50 0.00174827 0.000039 0.283118 0.000013 11.77573068 0.919426419 0.0604 0.0021 0.28 13.05 0.97
070242_52 0.00433879 0.000014 0.282983 0.000022 7.001785809 1.555952402 0.0610 0.0025 0.28 8.18 1.62
070242_53 0.00444693 0.000014 0.283035 0.000016 8.840638648 1.131601747 0.0602 0.0021 0.28 10.00 1.18
070242_55 0.00644335 0.00016 0.282896 0.000084 3.92524356 5.940909171 0.0710 0.0026 0.28 5.20 6.02
070242_57 0.00603589 0.0000071 0.282978 0.000027 6.824973036 1.909577948 0.0598 0.0020 0.28 7.91 1.96
070242_59 0.00401872 0.00012 0.2831 0.000021 11.1392047 1.485227293 0.0599 0.0021 0.28 12.31 1.55
070242_60 0.00995365 0.00056 0.282751 0.000033 -1.202326856 2.333928603 0.0623 0.0025 0.28 -0.23 2.44
070242_62 0.00949111 0.00013 0.282765 0.000066 -0.707251092 4.667857206 0.0625 0.0007 0.28 0.29 4.69
070242_64 0.00225511 0.00012 0.283103 0.000016 11.24529236 1.131601747 0.0622 0.0026 0.28 12.53 1.20
070242_65 0.00801131 0.000065 0.282847 0.000034 2.192478385 2.404653712 0.0647 0.0028 0.28 3.29 2.48
070242_67 0.00797811 0.000071 0.282776 0.000029 -0.318262991 2.051028166 0.0632 0.0020 0.28 0.75 2.10
134
Table D. Continued Sample 176Lu/177Hf 1 s error 176Hf/177Hf 1 s error e(0) 2 s error t(Ga) 2 s error 176Hf/177Hf(t) e(t) Error
300351_01 0.00267678 0.000062 0.282977 0.000015 6.789610481 1.060876638 0.0473 0.0004 0.28 7.76 1.08
300351_02 0.00168727 0.000059 0.283101 0.000019 11.17456725 1.343777074 0.0476 0.0004 0.28 12.18 1.36
300351_03 0.00313398 0.000047 0.282985 0.000018 7.072510918 1.273051965 0.0474 0.0006 0.28 8.03 1.29
300351_04 0.00134078 0.000034 0.283056 0.000011 9.583252294 0.777976201 0.0499 0.0012 0.28 10.65 0.81
300351_05 0.00652731 0.00008 0.282869 0.000025 2.970454586 1.76812773 0.0551 0.0027 0.28 3.96 1.84
300351_06 0.00237227 0.000078 0.283 0.000014 7.602949237 0.990151529 0.0478 0.0010 0.28 8.59 1.02
300351_07 0.00543529 0.000077 0.282928 0.000018 5.056845307 1.273051965 0.0470 0.0005 0.28 5.93 1.29
300351_08 0.00897377 0.00018 0.282847 0.000028 2.192478385 1.980303057 0.0466 0.0006 0.28 2.95 2.00
300351_10 0.00394046 0.00019 0.28297 0.000025 6.542072599 1.76812773 0.0459 0.0005 0.28 7.44 1.79
300351_13 0.00253864 0.00012 0.283037 0.000018 8.911363757 1.273051965 0.0468 0.0006 0.28 9.87 1.29
300351_17 0.000746142 0.000033 0.28254 0.000016 -8.663825875 1.131601747 0.2843 0.0041 0.28 -2.48 1.24
300351_19 0.00213605 0.00019 0.283074 0.000035 10.21977828 2.475378821 0.0448 0.0005 0.28 11.15 2.50
300351_20 0.00493289 0.00029 0.282921 0.000034 4.809307424 2.404653712 0.0505 0.0004 0.28 5.77 2.43
300351_23 0.00150814 0.000023 0.283026 0.000021 8.522375656 1.485227293 0.0461 0.0006 0.28 9.50 1.50
300351_24 0.00358314 0.000027 0.282936 0.000034 5.339745743 2.404653712 0.0463 0.0006 0.28 6.26 2.42
300351_25 0.000738564 0.000063 0.283093 0.000025 10.89166681 1.76812773 0.0480 0.0022 0.28 11.94 1.82
300351_26 0.00554552 0.0000042 0.282923 0.000023 4.880032534 1.626677511 0.0458 0.0005 0.28 5.73 1.64
300351_32 0.00184665 0.000045 0.283018 0.000016 8.23947522 1.131601747 0.0457 0.0004 0.28 9.20 1.14
300351_33 0.0022869 0.00005 0.282994 0.000017 7.39077391 1.202326856 0.0493 0.0008 0.28 8.41 1.23
300351_35 0.0061765 0.0004 0.282854 0.000054 2.440016267 3.819155896 0.0468 0.0005 0.28 3.29 3.86
300351_36 0.00456128 0.00003 0.283026 0.000027 8.522375656 1.909577948 0.0482 0.0004 0.28 9.45 1.92
300351_37 0.00250048 0.000068 0.283 0.000018 7.602949237 1.273051965 0.0471 0.0006 0.28 8.57 1.29
300351_39 0.00486845 0.00017 0.282896 0.000027 3.92524356 1.909577948 0.0458 0.0004 0.28 4.80 1.93
300351_40 0.000621998 0.000021 0.283034 0.000018 8.805276093 1.273051965 0.0431 0.0013 0.28 9.74 1.31
300351_43 0.00388493 0.00016 0.282967 0.000018 6.435984936 1.273051965 0.0471 0.0004 0.28 7.36 1.29
300351_44 0.0046224 0.000077 0.282923 0.000023 4.880032534 1.626677511 0.0451 0.0004 0.28 5.74 1.64
300351_45 0.00295063 0.000016 0.283003 0.000018 7.709036901 1.273051965 0.0458 0.0005 0.28 8.64 1.29
300351_46 0.00408734 0.00011 0.282961 0.000018 6.223809608 1.273051965 0.0455 0.0004 0.28 7.11 1.29
300351_47 0.00243356 0.000088 0.282946 0.000025 5.693371289 1.76812773 0.0475 0.0011 0.28 6.67 1.80
300351_49 0.00187268 0.000029 0.283025 0.000016 8.487013102 1.131601747 0.0468 0.0006 0.28 9.47 1.15
300339_1_01 0.00272354 0.000049 0.283083 0.000011 10.53804127 0.777976201 0.0547 0.0020 0.28 11.65 0.83
135
Table D. Continued Sample 176Lu/177Hf 1 s error 176Hf/177Hf 1 s error e(0) 2 s error t(Ga) 2 s error 176Hf/177Hf(t) e(t) Error
300339_1_02 0.0013063 0.000039 0.283113 0.000017 11.59891791 1.202326856 0.0512 0.0014 0.28 12.69 1.24
300339_1_03 0.00769312 0.00023 0.28299 0.000048 7.249323691 3.394805241 0.0618 0.0019 0.28 8.31 3.46
300339_1_04 0.00262551 0.00019 0.28294 0.000022 5.481195962 1.555952402 0.0000 0.0000 0.28 5.48 1.56
300339_1_06 0.00357786 0.000079 0.283089 0.000023 10.7502166 1.626677511 0.0492 0.0021 0.28 11.73 1.68
300339_1_07 0.00213511 0.000076 0.283048 0.000021 9.300351857 1.485227293 0.0508 0.0018 0.28 10.36 1.53
300339_1_08 0.00366665 0.0001 0.283074 0.000036 10.21977828 2.546103931 0.0473 0.0019 0.28 11.16 2.60
300339_1_09 0.00181994 0.000081 0.28302 0.000012 8.310200329 0.84870131 0.0500 0.0021 0.28 9.36 0.90
300339_1_10 0.00685337 0.0002 0.283026 0.000022 8.522375656 1.555952402 0.0476 0.0016 0.28 9.36 1.61
300339_1_11 0.0071064 0.00029 0.283115 0.00002 11.66964302 1.414502184 0.0582 0.0016 0.28 12.69 1.47
300339_1_12 0.00149733 0.000022 0.28307 0.000015 10.07832806 1.060876638 0.0454 0.0015 0.28 11.04 1.10
300339_1_13 0.00642725 0.000034 0.283116 0.000027 11.70500557 1.909577948 0.0584 0.0018 0.28 12.76 1.95
300339_1_14 0.00161005 0.00002 0.283071 0.000017 10.11369061 1.202326856 0.0468 0.0014 0.28 11.10 1.24
300339_1_15 0.00108186 0.00011 0.283005 0.000021 7.77976201 1.485227293 0.0490 0.0012 0.28 8.83 1.52
300339_1_16 0.00214085 0.000037 0.283173 0.000016 13.72067118 1.131601747 0.0450 0.0014 0.28 14.66 1.17
300339_1_17 0.00181137 0.000023 0.283074 0.000018 10.21977828 1.273051965 0.0467 0.0012 0.28 11.20 1.30
300339_1_18 0.00347708 0.00016 0.283086 0.000035 10.64412893 2.475378821 0.0468 0.0018 0.28 11.58 2.53
300339_1_19 0.00329629 0.00011 0.283097 0.000023 11.03311703 1.626677511 0.0471 0.0017 0.28 11.98 1.67
300339_1_20 0.00351469 0.000051 0.283031 0.000018 8.699188429 1.273051965 0.0458 0.0016 0.28 9.61 1.31
300339_1_21 0.00157167 0.000074 0.283034 0.000021 8.805276093 1.485227293 0.0525 0.0022 0.28 9.92 1.54
300339_1_22 0.00122372 0.000041 0.283037 0.000016 8.911363757 1.131601747 0.0479 0.0020 0.28 9.94 1.18
300339_1_23 0.00345798 0.00006 0.283129 0.000017 12.16471878 1.202326856 0.0590 0.0019 0.28 13.34 1.25
300339_1_24 0.00662392 0.00013 0.283114 0.000018 11.63428046 1.273051965 0.0588 0.0016 0.28 12.68 1.32
300339_1_25 0.0015038 0.000032 0.28308 0.000018 10.4319536 1.273051965 0.0488 0.0016 0.28 11.47 1.31
300339_1_26 0.00318503 0.000084 0.283018 0.000018 8.23947522 1.273051965 0.0461 0.0011 0.28 9.17 1.30
300339_1_27 0.00610346 0.000087 0.283095 0.000025 10.96239192 1.76812773 0.0581 0.0018 0.28 12.02 1.82
300339_1_28 0.00629073 0.000088 0.282975 0.000028 6.718885372 1.980303057 0.0469 0.0014 0.28 7.57 2.02
300339_1_29 0.00439585 0.000072 0.283115 0.000016 11.66964302 1.131601747 0.0570 0.0021 0.28 12.77 1.19
300339_1_30 0.00249954 0.000098 0.283043 0.00002 9.123539084 1.414502184 0.0476 0.0020 0.28 10.10 1.47
300339_1_31 0.00189924 0.000094 0.283033 0.000019 8.769913539 1.343777074 0.0466 0.0012 0.28 9.75 1.38
300339_1_32 0.00295491 0.000097 0.283094 0.000016 10.92702937 1.131601747 0.0467 0.0014 0.28 11.87 1.17
300339_1_33 0.00312232 0.00021 0.282996 0.000021 7.461499019 1.485227293 0.0490 0.0018 0.28 8.45 1.54
300339_1_34 0.00627842 0.0003 0.282928 0.000085 5.056845307 6.01163428 0.0484 0.0012 0.28 5.93 6.06
136
Table D. Continued Sample 176Lu/177Hf 1 s error 176Hf/177Hf 1 s error e(0) 2 s error t(Ga) 2 s error 176Hf/177Hf(t) e(t) Error
300339_1_35 0.00269833 0.00015 0.283074 0.000013 10.21977828 0.919426419 0.0494 0.0011 0.28 11.23 0.95
300339_1_36 0.000975821 0.000055 0.283058 0.000022 9.653977403 1.555952402 0.0471 0.0016 0.28 10.67 1.60
300339_1_37 0.00114089 0.000019 0.283086 0.000018 10.64412893 1.273051965 0.0463 0.0017 0.28 11.64 1.31
300339_1_38 0.00166504 0.000016 0.283134 0.000014 12.34153155 0.990151529 0.0449 0.0011 0.28 13.29 1.02
300339_1_39 0.00148359 0.000012 0.283064 0.000014 9.866152731 0.990151529 0.0473 0.0016 0.28 10.87 1.03
300339_1_40 0.00797928 0.000074 0.283085 0.000027 10.60876638 1.909577948 0.0591 0.0018 0.28 11.61 1.96
300339_1_41 0.00334023 0.000095 0.283116 0.000019 11.70500557 1.343777074 0.0507 0.0012 0.28 12.72 1.38
300339_1_42 0.00215757 0.000055 0.282987 0.000014 7.143236027 0.990151529 0.0464 0.0016 0.28 8.11 1.03
300339_1_43 0.00183083 0.000053 0.28304 0.000019 9.017451421 1.343777074 0.0495 0.0018 0.28 10.06 1.39
300339_1_44 0.005329 0.00015 0.283041 0.000029 9.052813975 2.051028166 0.0477 0.0017 0.28 9.94 2.10
300339_1_45 0.00198772 0.000049 0.283003 0.000083 7.709036901 5.870184062 0.0528 0.0012 0.28 8.81 5.90
300339_1_46 0.00332373 0.00021 0.283119 0.00002 11.81109323 1.414502184 0.0498 0.0032 0.28 12.81 1.50
300339_1_49 0.00109581 0.000053 0.283044 0.000015 9.158901639 1.060876638 0.0456 0.0010 0.28 10.14 1.09
300339_1_54 0.00735514 0.000077 0.283148 0.000038 12.83660732 2.687554149 0.0558 0.0014 0.28 13.81 2.73
300339_1_56 0.00412682 0.00021 0.283045 0.000019 9.194264194 1.343777074 0.0476 0.0010 0.28 10.12 1.38
300339_1_57 0.00094793 0.000014 0.283065 0.000014 9.901515285 0.990151529 0.0410 0.0015 0.28 10.79 1.03
300339_1_59 0.00667205 0.000022 0.283189 0.000032 14.28647205 2.263203494 0.0582 0.0017 0.28 15.32 2.31
300339_1_60 0.00473171 0.000058 0.283122 0.000029 11.9171809 2.051028166 0.0575 0.0015 0.28 13.02 2.09
300339_1_61 0.0010626 0.00004 0.282988 0.00002 7.178598582 1.414502184 0.0502 0.0015 0.28 8.26 1.45
300339_1_64 0.00326718 0.000095 0.283145 0.000035 12.73051965 2.475378821 0.0449 0.0018 0.28 13.63 2.52
300339_1_65 0.00548952 0.000069 0.283208 0.000015 14.95836059 1.060876638 0.0577 0.0021 0.28 16.03 1.11
300339_1_67 0.00791866 0.00018 0.283139 0.000029 12.51834433 2.051028166 0.0565 0.0019 0.28 13.48 2.11
300339_1_68 0.00216008 0.00007 0.283028 0.000015 8.593100766 1.060876638 0.0465 0.0024 0.28 9.56 1.12
300339_1_69 0.00563762 0.000074 0.283075 0.000023 10.25514083 1.626677511 0.0556 0.0019 0.28 11.28 1.68
300334_01 0.0015878 0.00014 0.283077 0.00002 10.32586594 1.414502184 0.0428 0.0013 0.28 11.23 1.45
300334_02 0.00143172 0.0000046 0.283087 0.000022 10.67949149 1.555952402 0.0457 0.0019 0.28 11.65 1.60
300334_03 0.000914887 0.000013 0.28313 0.000015 12.20008133 1.060876638 0.0429 0.0007 0.28 13.13 1.08
300334_04 0.0018822 0.000081 0.283098 0.000016 11.06847959 1.131601747 0.0415 0.0009 0.28 11.94 1.16
300334_06 0.000603479 0.000017 0.283101 0.000014 11.17456725 0.990151529 0.0454 0.0013 0.28 12.16 1.02
300334_07 0.00172397 0.00015 0.283033 0.000027 8.769913539 1.909577948 0.0440 0.0014 0.28 9.70 1.95
300334_08 0.000924361 0.000005 0.283061 0.00002 9.760065067 1.414502184 0.0430 0.0009 0.28 10.69 1.44
137
Table D. Continued Sample 176Lu/177Hf 1 s error 176Hf/177Hf 1 s error e(0) 2 s error t(Ga) 2 s error 176Hf/177Hf(t) e(t) Error
300334_09 0.0012685 0.000042 0.28308 0.000018 10.4319536 1.273051965 0.0491 0.0023 0.28 11.48 1.33
300334_10 0.00288888 0.00012 0.282763 0.00011 -0.777976201 7.77976201 0.0442 0.0020 0.28 0.12 7.83
300334_11 0.00132689 0.000054 0.283169 0.000018 13.57922096 1.273051965 0.0420 0.0007 0.28 14.48 1.29
300334_12 0.00141127 0.000048 0.283237 0.000081 15.98387468 5.728733844 0.0448 0.0024 0.28 16.94 5.79
300334_13 0.000969623 0.000019 0.283077 0.000016 10.32586594 1.131601747 0.0414 0.0006 0.28 11.22 1.15
300334_15 0.00128647 0.000021 0.283094 0.00003 10.92702937 2.121753275 0.0432 0.0007 0.28 11.85 2.14
300334_16 0.0027259 0.00006 0.283099 0.000019 11.10384214 1.343777074 0.0400 0.0006 0.28 11.92 1.36
300334_17 0.00343475 0.00014 0.283135 0.000021 12.37689411 1.485227293 0.0450 0.0004 0.28 13.27 1.50
300334_18 0.000823962 0.000029 0.283133 0.000021 12.306169 1.485227293 0.0404 0.0005 0.28 13.18 1.50
300334_19 0.00115218 0.000028 0.283005 0.00002 7.77976201 1.414502184 0.0412 0.0005 0.28 8.66 1.43
138
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Diego A. Ramírez S. was born in “The pretty city” of Colombia, Bucaramanga.
When he was 17 years old graduated from FCUIS high school and decided to go to
study in the city of Medellín. In 2006 earned his bachelor’s degree in Geology at the
Universidad EAFIT after his research on the age and provenance of the volcaniclastic
rocks of the Combia Formation. Then he moved to Bogotá, and from 2007 to 2009
worked for the oil-field services company Geoservices (Schlumberger). In July of 2009,
he accepted an internship at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama
City, Panama, and worked alongside Dr. Camilo Montes, Dr. Carlos Jaramillo, Dr. Rory
McFadden and Dr. Austin Hendy in the Panama Geology Project. The results of this
research were compiled in three published papers in which he served as coauthor: “Arc-
Continent Collision and Orocline Formation: Closing of the Central American Seaway”,
“Evidence for middle Eocene and younger land emergence in Central Panama:
implications for Isthmus closure” and “Age and origin of earliest adakitic-like
magmatism in Panama: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Panamanian
magmatic arc system”. Now, after 2.5 years of study away from home, he is about to
earn his master’s degree in Geology from the University of Florida.