Foundations of Group Behavior

Presented by: Atta Ullah Afridiattaullah1075@gmail.com

Contents

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Stages of Group DevelopmentGroup PropertiesGroup Decision MakingGroup Decision-Making Techniques Conclusion

Defining Group

What is Group?

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Stephen P. Robins:

“Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to

achieve particular objectives”

What is Group?

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Fred Luthans says:If a group exists in an organization, its members:

1. Are motivated to join

2. Perceive the group as a unified unit of interacting people

3. Contribute in various amounts to the group processes (that is, some people contribute more time or energy to the group than do others)

4. Reach agreements and have disagreements through various forms of interaction

Classification of Groups

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Formal Group:“A designated work group defined by the organization’s structure”Example:Six members crew making up an airline flight.

Informal Group:“A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; appears in response to the need for social contact”Example:Three students who regularly go to school together.

Sub Classification of Groups

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1. Command Group2. Task Group3. Interest Group4. Friendship Group

Forming

Storming

Stages Of Group Development

Norming

Adjourning

Performing

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Group Properties

Roles Norms

CohesivenessSize

Status

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Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness, Performance Norms And Productivity:

High productivity

Moderate productivity

Low productivity

Moderate to low

productivityPerf

orm

an

ce

N

orm

sCohesivenessHigh

High

Low

Low

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Group Decision Making

What Is Decision?

What Is Decision Making?

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Group Decision Making

Broad RepresentationMore Ideas GeneratedEvaluation Of OptionsCoordinationQuality Decision

Time ConsumingLevel of TrustDominated PersonalitiesCapabilities of MembersAmbiguous Responsibility

Strengths & Weaknesses of Group Decisions:

Group Think & Group Shift

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Group Think: Imposing unpopular view Opposing Popular viewGroup Shift: Exaggerating less important view Avoiding more important view

How to minimize Group Think?

Monitor Group SizeImpartiality of LeaderSeeking View From Each Member

Group Decision-Making Techniques

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Interacting Groups

Brainstorming

Nominal Group

Techniques

Electronic Meeting

Evaluating Group Effectiveness

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Effectiveness Criteria Interacting Brainstorming Nominal Electronic

No. & of Quality of Ideas Low Moderate High High

Money Costs Low Low Low High

speed Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

Commitment to solution High Not applicable Moderate Moderate

Group Cohesiveness High High Moderate Low

Conclusion

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Illustration of Group by(CEO of Continental Airline)

“ We are like a wristwatch-lots of different parts, but the whole has value only when we all work together. It has no value when any part fails.”

Gordon Bethune

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In other words group is all about Teamwork.

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Your Turn…. To Ask

Questions

Forming

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Forming

Characteristics

Members tend to be:

• Tentative

• Polite

• Having little conflicts

Activities

Team needs to

• Identify its purpose

• Group processes

• Develop group norms

Storming

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Storming

Characteristics

Members tend

to:

• Exhibit increased conflict

• Less conformity

• “Jockeying” for power.

Activities

Members need

to learn

• How to resolve conflict

• Clarify their roles

• Power

• Structure

Norming

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Norming

Characteristics

Demonstrate an:

• Improved ability to complete tasks

• Solve problems

• Resolve conflict.

Activities

Members must

• Exhibit good behaviors

• Mutual trust

• Motivation

• Open communication

Performing

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Performing

Characteristics

• Energetic

• Creative

• Participative

• Motivated

• Show high levels of loyalty

• Group decision-making.

Activities

• Self-directing in development of plans

• Strategy to meet their goals

• Carry out work

Adjourning

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Adjourning

Characteristics

• Purpose achieved

• Ready to move on to new things

• A positive feeling about the group achievement.

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Group Properties - Roles

A set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit.

Role identity Role perception Role expectation Role Conflict

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Group Properties - Status

A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others.

Group Norms

Group interaction

Status Equity Status Equity

Group MemberStatus

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Group Properties - Status

Status Characteristics Theory

1. The Power a person wields over others2. A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s

goals3. An individual’s personal Characteristics

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Group Properties - Norms

Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members.

Classes of Norms

Performance Norms

Appearance Norms

Social Arrangement Norms

Allocation of Resources Norms

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Group Properties - Size

The size of a group affects the group’s overall behavior. Social Loafing:

The tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually.

Other Conclusions:• Odd number groups do

better than even.• Groups of 7 or 9 perform

better overall than larger or smaller groups.

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Group Properties - Cohesiveness

Degree to which group members are attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. Suggestions to Encourage Group Cohesiveness:

Stimulate competition

Make the group smaller

Encourage agreement

Increase interaction

Increase the status

Isolate the group

Give rewards

Command Group

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“A group composed of the individuals who report directly to a given manager.”

Example:An army officer and his subordinate soldiers form

a command group.

Task Group

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“Task group Represents those working together to complete a job task.”

Example:A panel of employers to conduct interviews

for the new post

Interest Group

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“Those working together to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned.”

Example:Employees who band together to support a

peer who has been fired.

Friendship Group

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“Those brought together because they share one or more common characteristics.”

Example:Groups based on similar age, heritage etc.

Electronic Meeting

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Nominal Group Techniques

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Brainstorming

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Interacting Groups

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