Post on 17-Jul-2020
OPTO435
Microbiology II
Gamal El-Hiti
Introduction to OPTO435
Lecture One
OPTO435
Lecture Notes
http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/gelhiti/home
http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/gelhiti/home
http://fac.ksu.edu.sa/gelhiti/home
OPTO435
Handbooks
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OPTO435
Course Calendar
Week 01
06/01/2019
L01
Week 02
13/01/2019
L02
Week 03
20/01/2019
L03
Week 04
27/01/2019
L04
Week 05
03/02/2019
L05
Week 06
10/02/2019
1st Mid-term exam
Week 07
17/02/2019
L06
Week 08
24/02/2019
L07
Week 09
03/03/2019
L08
Week 10
10/03/2019
L09
Week 11
17/03/2019
2nd Mid-term exam
Week 12
24/03/2019
L10
Week 13
31/03/2018
L11
Week 14
07/04/2019
Revision
Week 16
21/04/2019
Final Exam
All the best for your exams
Course Calendar Course Calendar
OPTO435
Learning Outcomes
Ou
tco
mes
To provide the basic concepts of antibiotics
To acquire the basic understanding of bacteria infectious diseases
To provide the basic knowledge of infectious diseases caused by fungi
To provide the basic knowledge of infectious diseases caused by Protozoa
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Learning Outcomes
Ou
tco
mes
To provide the basic knowledge about the
types of viruses
To provide the basic concepts of non-enveloped DNA viruses
To provide the basic concepts and causes for the red eye infection
To provide the basic knowledge about the diagnostic methods in microbiology
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Learning Outcomes
OPTO435
Weekly Plan
Antimicrobial Drugs
Lecture Two
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Antibiotics
Antibiotics are of biological origin and produced by microbes to inhibit others. It is difficult to treat Gram-negative bacteria in comparison to Gram-positive bacteria. Natural and semisynthetic penicillins contain β-lactam ring. Penicillins are still widely used today, but many bacteria have now become resistant. Semisynthetic penicillins can be made in the laboratory.
Antibiotics mode of action
Different antibiotics have different modes of action depending on their structure and degree of affinity to certain target sites within bacterial cells.
Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
Inhibitors of cell membrane function
Inhibitors of protein synthesis
Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis
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Antibiotics
Penicillin (-lactams)
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Action of Antibiotics
A variety of mutations can lead to antibiotic resistance.
Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
1) Enzymatic destruction of drug
2) Prevention of penetration of drug
3) Alteration of drug's target site
4) Rapid ejection of the drug
A single regimen of antibiotics (i.e. ca. 10 days) makes a person 3 to 4 times more likely to get another infection.
Antibiotic Resistance
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Antifungal drugs are pharmaceutical fungicide used to treat fungi. Antiparasitic drugs are medications that can be used to treat parasitic diseases by killing the worms. Antiviral drugs are medications used specifically for treating viral infections.
Other Drugs
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Staphylococci
Lecture Three
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Bacteria
Staphylococci have remarkable ability to resist antibiotics.
Generally stain darkly Gram positive.
They are facultative anaerobe organisms (can grow with or without oxygen).
They make ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but use fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent.
They produce catalase that breaks hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
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Staphylococci
S. aureus diseases may be the result of:
Invasive infection to overcome host defense.
Production of toxins.
A combination of invasive infection and intoxication.
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Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
S. aureus produce toxins and causes diseases by infecting tissues through:
1 Localized skin infections
2 Deep and localized infections
3 Acute endocarditis
4 Septicemia
5 Pneumonia
6 Nosocomial infections
7 Toxinoses
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Staphylococcus aureus
Treatment: Serious S. aureus infections require aggressive treatment, including incision and drainage of localized lesions, as well as systemic antibiotics. Choice of antibiotics is complicated by the frequent presence of acquired antibiotic resistance determinants. S. aureus infections are now resistant to penicillin G. β-Lactamase resistant penicillins, such as methicillin, can be used.
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Staphylococcus aureus
PVL = Panton–Valentine leukocidin
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Streptococci
Lecture Four
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Streptococci Streptococci are Gram + and catalase negative bacteria and Streptococci pyogenes is the most important type. α-Hemolytic streptococci cause a chemical change in hemoglobin. -Hemolytic streptococci cause a complete lysis of red cells. -Hemolytic streptococci cause no color change or lysis of red blood cells.
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Streptococci
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Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococci pneumoniae (-Hemolytic) are Gram-positive, non-motile, encapsulated cocci. S. pneumoniae is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia and adult bacterial meningitis. The risk of disease is highest among young children, older adults, smokers and persons with certain chronic illnesses.
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The bacterial capsule of S. pneumoniae is the most important virulence factor. Two types of vaccine can be used to immunize against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV; 1983): 2 years. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13; 2010): It is effective in infants and toddlers (ages 6 weeks to 5 years).
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-Negative Bacteria
Lecture Five
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Gram Negative Cocci The genus Neisseria consists of Gram-negative, aerobic cocci. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative diplococcus that causes gonorrhea infectious disease.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae N. gonorrhoeae does not produce exotoxins but has many virulence factors.
Pili
Lipooligosaccharide
Porin proteins
IgA Protease
Capsules
It cause conjunctivitis in newborns.
More than 20% of N. gonorrhoeae isolates are resistant to penicillin.
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Moraxella
Treatment is via the use of either subconjunctival injection of a tetracycline.
Gram Negative Rods
What are enteric bacteria?
Enteric bacteria are Gram-negative rod bacteria.
They are bacteria of the intestines that are associated with gastrointestinal flora (Gut flora) or disease.
The taxonomic family is Enterobacteriaceae.
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Escherichia coli
Most E. coli strains, Gram-negative rods, are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts. E. coli can get into meat, raw milk or dairy products during processing. E. coli spread from one person to another.
Gram Negative Rods
What are nonenteric bacteria?
They are Gram-negative Bacilli.
They do not ferment sugars.
They resist antibiotics.
Can cultured in the lab.
e.g. Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram negative rods found in soil, water, plants and animals.
It may colonize healthy humans without causing disease (opportunistic pathogen).
It is a major cause of nosocomial infections.
It produces numerous toxins.
It causes localized and systemic illness.
It is difficult to treat with antibiotics and aggressive antimicrobial therapy is required.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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H. influenzae is a Gram negative rod and resident upper respiratory tract in human. H. influenzae was a leading cause of meningitis (infants and young children). A conjugated vaccine can be used. Rifampin, antibiotic can be used. Brazilian purpuric fever (BPF) is a fatal illness of children caused by H. influenzae. H. influenzae causes conjunctivitis and may be associated with respiratory and sore throat infections.
Haemophilus influenzae
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OPTO435 Microbiology II
1st Midterm Exam L02—L05
Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lecture Six
Chlamydia trachomatis
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Chlamydiaceae consists of small bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites, depending on the host cell for energy in the forms of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The family has three important human pathogens: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila pneumoniae.
Treponema pallidum
Secondary lesions may be accompanied by systemic involvement, such as syphilitic hepatitis, meningitis, nephritis and chorioretinitis.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Mycobacteria are slender rods with lipid-rich cell walls that are resistant to penetration by chemical dyes such as those used in the Gram stain. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in humans that cause worldwide of death from infection.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tuberculin reaction: It is the tuberculin reaction test is a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity to protein antigens of M. tuberculosis.
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Fungi
Lecture Seven
Fungi
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Human fungal diseases (mycoses) are classified by the location on or in the body where the infection occurs.
They are called cutaneous when limited to the epidermis, subcutaneous when the infection penetrates significantly beneath the skin.
Fungi
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Candida albicans
Candida albicans is a yeast that is part of the normal body flora, which can be found in the skin, mouth, vagina and intestines.
It is the causal agent of opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans.
It grows as yeast and filamentous cells.
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Aspergillus is a genus consisting of a few hundred mould species.
Aspergilli are ubiquitous, growing only as filamentous molds.
Aspergillus
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Fungal Eye Infection
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Protozoa
Lecture Eight
Protozoa
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Protozoa
Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii
Protozoa
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Nonenveloped DNA Viruses
Lecture Nine
Nonenveloped DNA Viruses
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Nonenveloped DNA Viruses
Adenoviruses are members of the family Adenoviridae.
They are medium sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double stranded DNA genome.
Their name derives from their initial isolation from human adenoids in 1953.
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Nonenveloped DNA Viruses
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Nonenveloped DNA Viruses
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OPTO435 Microbiology II
2nd Midterm Exam L06—L09
Enveloped DNA Viruses
Lecture Ten
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Enveloped DNA Viruses
Herpesviridae is a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in humans.
Herpesviridae is more complex than nonenveloped DNA viruses.
Members of this family also known as herpesviruses.
Eight human herpesviruses species are known.
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Herpesvirus
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Uveitis They often cause blindness if left untreated.
Symptoms of uveitis
Redness of the eye
Blurred vision
Eye pain
Headaches
Photophobia or sensitivity to light
Floaters, which are dark spots that float in the visual field
Diagnostic Methods in Microbiology
Lecture Eleven
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Diagnostic Immunology
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Sample antigens are attached to a surface. A specific antibody is then applied over the surface so it can bind to the antigen. This antibody is linked to an enzyme, and, in the final step, a substance containing the enzyme's substrate is added. The subsequent reaction produces a color change in the substrate.
ELISA
Immunofluorescence Staining
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PCR is used to amplify a single copy or pieces of DNA generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
OPTO435
Revision Week
OPTO435
Final Exam