Post on 06-May-2015
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology and the LexiconWeek 2: An Introduction
Shu-Kai Hsieh
Lab of Ontologies, Language Processing and e-HumanitiesGIL, National Taiwan University
February 26, 2014
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
..1 Background of the OntoLex ResearchSemantic WebWhat is OntologyOntology for Linguistics
..2 OntoLex Resources
..3 Lab
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Semantic Web
..1 Background of the OntoLex ResearchSemantic WebWhat is OntologyOntology for Linguistics
..2 OntoLex Resources
..3 Lab
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Semantic Web
Semantic Web and Web Semantics
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Semantic Web
The Need and Trend of Shared Semantics
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Semantic Web
Your Agent or Enemy needs this
注意!
我們需要共享的 Conceptual Schema 才能逮到⼈人類
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Semantic Web
Ontology-based Applications
We need a shared and common understanding (of a domain) thatcan be communicated across people and machines (applications),and it will play a major role in supporting information exchangeand discovery, we well as many applications:
• e-Government, e-Health, e-Commerce,..• open data integration and interoperability.• ontology-backboned search engine
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Semantic Web
Languages representing Ontologies
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Semantic Web
Languages representing Ontologies
Can we use Glossaries, Terminologies, Meta data orother Controlled Vocabulary instead? No: they are just notprecise enough to capture linguistic and cognitive complexity.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Semantic Web
Ontological Precison (Bechhofer, 2011)
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Semantic Web
Why do we need Linguists for Ontology?
• ambiguity, polysemy, underspecification,...OH, 沒有語言學的
介入,知識整理工作好無趣也無頭緒。
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
What is Ontology
..1 Background of the OntoLex ResearchSemantic WebWhat is OntologyOntology for Linguistics
..2 OntoLex Resources
..3 LabOntology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
What is Ontology
What is Ontology
• In Philosophy (dating back to Artistotle), → Ontos (thatwhich exists) + logos (knowledge of).
• In Computer Science, → ”an explicit specification of aconceptualization (Gruber (1995))”, ”an engineering artefactthat represents the shared conceptualisation of objects in adomain of interest”.
explicit specification : Written in logic, as a set of axioms.conceptualization : the set of objects and relations in a
domain. <Objects,Relations,Functions>
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
What is Ontology
What is Ontological Representation
• Not what it is (ontology) but how it is represented(ontological representation).
• There are many ways to represent ontologies (recall that it isan engineering artefact) → that at best approximate our realconcepts and conceptualisations, even we don’t quiteunderstand what we are approximating.
• The evaluation of an engineering artefact turns out to bewhether it is fit for purpose or not.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
..1 Background of the OntoLex ResearchSemantic WebWhat is OntologyOntology for Linguistics
..2 OntoLex Resources
..3 LabOntology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Cognitive-Functional Take
Linguistic meaning is ultimately a matter ofconceptualizing the things we talk about: when we putthings into words, we are not just giving a one-to-onemapping of what the world is like - we make a choice byputting things in the particular way we do. [2].
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Empirical Epistimological Stance
• OntoLex (Lexicalized Ontology) is exclusively concerned withthe ”conceptual meanings” of lexical units (that can beempirically represented), NOT with the those of actions orphenomena.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Language, Meaning and Reality• [單位-意義]可以切割出來觀察嗎?
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Language, Meaning and Reality
跨語言觀察可能更接近
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Meaning(s)
• Meaning has many readings!• 他的意思應該是如果不給他意思一下就很沒有意思
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Meaning(s): levels
Linguistic approach to meaning requires us to break down thenotion of meaning into different levels at which we interpretelinguistic expressions [2].
expression level the meaning of a simple or complex expressiontaken in isolation.
utterance level the meaning of an expression when used in a givencontext of utterance resulting from fixing reference.
communication level the meaning of an utterance as acommunicative act in a given social setting.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Meaning(s): levels
Example
I don’t need your bicyle.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Meaning(s): dimensions
[2] provides three dimensions of meaning:
• descriptive dimension: propositional meaning; related toreference and truth.
• social dimension: related to honorifics.• expressive dimension: conventionally serves the expression
of subjective sensations, emotions, affections, evaluations orattitudes.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
A clear boundary in the Study of Meaning?
• Lexical Semantics: the investigation of expression meaningsstored in the mental lexicon.
• Semantics vs. Pragmatics: Semantics ends wherecontextual knowledge comes in? (i.e., utterance meaning andcommunicative meaning are beyond semantics?)
• Meanings are Concepts?
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
為什麼我們相信詞意 (word meaning; sense) "不是"詞彙概念
(concept)?e.g.,http://lope.linguistics.ntu.edu.tw/cwnvis_beta/index.php/senses?lid=066992
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
For the sake of communication, we perceive the world (entities,events, relations) linguistically via sound and/or orthographic form,which trigger our MENTAL SOMETHING for further processingand production.
• A Concept is a general mental description of something that isstored in our mental lexicon.
• Word Sense is the instantiation and differentiation of Conceptin varied contexts.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
From Meanings to Concepts and Back
usage-based exercise
我小時候養了13條狗; 狗是人類的好朋友;她看到狗就
怕;狗仔隊毀了這個社會的善良風俗
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
From Semantics to Cognitive Semantics, and Back?
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Exercise
What can be opened? (Searle, 1983)
Examplea. John opened the window.b. John opened his mouth.c. John opened his book.d. John opened his briefcase.e. John opened the curtains.f. The carpenter opened the wall.g. The surgeon opened the wound.h. The sapper opened the dam.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Underspecified Meanings: ExerciseWhat can be opened? more figurative ... (Evans, 2009)
Examplea. The discussant opened the conversation.b. John opened a bank account.c. John opened the meeting.d. John opened a dialogue.e. John opened the curtains.f. The Germans opened hostilities against the Allies in 1940.g. The skies opened.h. He opened his mind to a new way of thinking.g. He finally opened up to her.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Underspecified Meanings: Exercise
What can be opened again, in Chinese?
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Underspecified Meanings: Exercise
My two cents ..
Example車,穴,店,窗,會,視野,燈,口,頭,花,槍,心,源,天,門,箱,戶,工,瓶,國,同學
會,隧道,玩笑...
Each relates to distinct sorts of actions, events, and situations.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
In sum, open appears to be a function of (1) (sentential) contextwhich guides the (2) encyclopedic and conceptual knowledge(ontology) to which open relates in a given instance of use. (wordmeaning)
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
In the Context of Cognitive Science ...
Cognitive linguistics practice can be divided approximately into twoareas: (Evans, 2009)
..1 Cognitive semantics: the study of semantic representation,the human conceptual system,and meaning constructionprocesses as revealed by language.
..2 Cognitive (approaches) to grammar: the study of thesymbolic linguistic units that comprise language, and theirprinciples of organization.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Cognitive Lexical Semantics
To develop a cognitive linguistic account of
..1 lexical concept: the linguistic knowledge that word encode.
..2 cognitive model: the conceptual system, i.e., thenon-linguistic knowledge that words facilitate access to. →This provides a level of non-linguistic knowledge which isspecialized for being accessed via lexical concepts.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Ontology-based Linguistic Studies [1]A variety of polysemy that gets a fair amount of linguisticattention is regular (or systematic) polysemy. This refers to wordsenses that are distinct, but which follow a general pattern or rulein the language.
• container/contents:I put some sand into a box/bottle/tin/canister.I dumped the whole box/bottle/tin/canister onto the floor.
• location/government/inhabitants:city• physical object/information: book• .......
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Ontology-based Linguistic Studies [2]
Example (組合的概念痕跡)
schoolboy (小中学校の)男子生徒 a boy attending school.schoolmate 学校の友達 a person who attends or attended the
same school as oneself.schoolhouse 校舍 a building used as a school, especially in a small
community or village.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Ontology for Linguistics
Non-hierarchical Ontologies: Qualia Structure
Pustejovsky (1995,p76,85-86): qualia as information about ”fouressential aspects of a word’s meaning”, should enter into individualitems’ meaning representations. These are:
• Formal: the basic category which distinguishes it within alarger domain;
• Constitutive: the relation between an object and itsconstituent parts;
• Telic: its purpose and function;• Agentive: factors involved in its origin or ”bringing it about”.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
..1 Background of the OntoLex ResearchSemantic WebWhat is OntologyOntology for Linguistics
..2 OntoLex Resources
..3 LabOntology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
OntoLex Resources
• Wiki Family (today)• Lexical Resources• Ontological Resources
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Wiki: its role
• A good review of current state-of-arts can be found in [1].• Resolving the Knowledge acquisition bottleneck: The
creation of very large knowledge bases has been made possibleby the availability of collaboratively-curated online resourcessuch as Wikipedia and Wiktionary.
• structured, semi-structured, unstructured resources.• what are the advantages and disadvantages, respectively?
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Wiki as semi-structured content for Ontologies
• Transforming Wikipedia into machine-readable knowledge• Acquiring related terms: thesaurus extraction• Relation extraction
• Leitmotif: generating semantics by exploiting the shallowstructure found in Wikipedia.
• Building and enriching ontologies from Wikipedia: YAGO,WikiNet and BabelNet.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Multilingual case of collaboratively-generatedsemi-structured resources
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
• WikiTaxonomy (Ponzetto and Strube, 2007; Ponzetto andStrube, 2011)(100k is-a relations)
• WikiNet: (Nas- tase et al., 2010; Nastase and Strube, 2013)is a project which heuristically exploits different aspects ofWikipedia to obtain a multilingual concept network by derivingnot only is-a relations, but also other types of relations.
• MENTA (de Melo and Weikum, 2010), creates one of thelargest multilingual lexical knowledge bases by interconnectingmore than 13M articles in 271 languages.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
..1 Background of the OntoLex ResearchSemantic WebWhat is OntologyOntology for Linguistics
..2 OntoLex Resources
..3 LabOntology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Homework
• Install Protégé http://protege.stanford.edu/, and• Read the tutorials
Next class: Creating your first (Pizza) ontology following http://protegewiki.stanford.edu/wiki/Protege4Pizzas10Minutes
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh
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Background of the OntoLex Research OntoLex Resources Lab
Eduard Hovy, Roberto Navigli, and Simone Paolo Ponzetto.Collaboratively built semi-structured content and artificialintelligence: The story so far.Artificial Intelligence, 194:2–27, 2013.Sebastian Löbner.Understanding semantics.Routledge, 2013.
Ontology and the Lexicon Shu-Kai Hsieh