Post on 27-Mar-2015
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What’s FRBR?
Eric Childress
OCLC Research
COASIS&T Program
2005-07-21
OCLC
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Outline
Overview & history
FRBR 101 – First lessons
FRBR 102 – More FRBR
Since the FRBR Study Group…
FRBR inspiration
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Overview & history of FRBR
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“The FRBR model is revolutionary. The (computer) catalogue is not seen as a sequence of bibliographic records and a replica of the traditional card catalogue, but rather as a network of connected data, enabling the user to perform seamlessly all the necessary functions.”
-Dr. Maja Žumer. National and University Library, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Quickly…
FRBR = Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
Developed by cataloging experts working under the auspices of IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions)
FRBR is from a document issued by IFLA:
Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report (1998)
FRBR is a conceptual model (not a standard!)
FRBR systematically models the bibliographic universe
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Impetus: a changing environment
Automated systems for creation & processing of bibliographic data
Growth of large-scale databases (national & international)
Shared cataloging programs
Economic pressure to reduce cataloging costs
Adapting practice to accommodate new formats & a networked environment
Changing user expectations and needs
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On the shoulders of giants…
The heritage of cataloging theory and practice:
Sir Anthony Panizzi's Rules (1841)
Charles Ammi Cutter’s Principles (1874)
S.R. Ranganathan's Five Laws (1931)
The Paris Principles (1961)
Seymour Lubetzky’s Principles (1969)
The International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions (1969-)
Stockholm Seminar on Bibliographic Records (1990)
Issued a resolution calling for the commissioning of a study to define the functional requirements of bibliographic records
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The FRBR Project
IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
Study (1992-1995): Against the changing environment within which cataloging
principles & standards operate…
Conceptualize a cataloging code- and implementation-agnostic, generalized view of the bibliographic universe
Deliver (1996-1998): A reference (i.e. conceptual) model
A report: Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report Münich : K.G. Saur, 1998. [viii, 136 pages. ISBN 3-598-11382-X]
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Value of FRBR
FRBR study process and report:
Fresh look at what functions bibliographic records perform
FRBR systematically models the bibliographic universe
Helps us answer important questions:
What information is of the most value to users of the catalog?
How can that most valuable information be used more effectively?
Promises to inspire next generation catalogs, etc.
Illuminates user tasks
Clarifies how catalogs should function
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FRBR 101 – First lessons
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About the FRBR study…
Primary objectives of the FRBR study:
Provide a clearly defined, structured framework for relating bibliographic data to user needs
Recommend a basic level of functionality for records created by national bibliographic agencies
Modeling the bibliographic universe:
Utilizes an entity-relationship framework: Entities (a class of things)
Relationships (associations among entities)
Attributes (characteristics of the entities)
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What FRBR says catalog users do:
Four User Tasks:
Find entities that match the search criteria
Identify entities (confirm that the user has found what they were looking for)
Select an entity that matches the user’s criteria
Obtain access to the entity through purchase, loan, or through electronic remote access
And, maybe a fifth:And, maybe a fifth:
Navigate
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FRBR defines 3 groups of entities
Group 1: products of intellectual or artistic endeavor that are named of described in bibliographic records
work, expression, manifestation, item
Group 2: entities responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of such products
person, corporate body
Group 3: entities that serve as the subjects of intellectual or artistic endeavor
concept, object, event, place
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Group 1 - Bibliographic Entities
Work
A distinct intellectual or artistic creation
Expression
The intellectual or artistic realization of a work
Manifestation
The physical embodiment of an expression of a work
Item
A single example of a manifestation
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is realized through
is embodied in
is exemplified by
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
recursive
one
many
Physical
Intellectual/Artistic
Group 1
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FRBR Entity LevelsFRBR Entity Levels
Work:
Expression:
Manifestation:
The Novel
Orig.Text
Transl. CriticalEdition
Paper PDF HTML
The Movie
Orig.Version
From: Tillett, Barbara "AACR2's Strategic Plan and IFLA Work towards an International Cataloguing Code“ (2002)
Group 1
Group 1
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FRBR Entity Levels revisitedFRBR Entity Levels
Work:
Expression:
Manifestation:
The Novel
Orig.Text
Transl. CriticalEdition
The Movie
Orig.Version
Paper PDF HTML
Item: Copy 1Autographed
Copy 2
Family of works
Group 1
From: Tillett, Barbara "AACR2's Strategic Plan and IFLA Work towards an International Cataloguing Code“ (2002)
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Edna Ferber's Show B oat
Statek kom edjantowW arsaw, 1929
Polish Translationby T. Jakubow icz
Show Boat(the novel)
1926
Show Boat(the m otion picture directed
by Jam es W hale)1936
Show Boat(the m otion picture directed
by George S idney)1951
Santa M onica,1970
Vocal Selections(score)
Colum bia1941?
Selections(recording)
Columbia Masterw orks1948
Original Cast Recording1946 Revival
Show Boat(the m usical by
Kern and Ham merstein)1927
Group 1
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Attributes
A set of characteristics that serve as the basis for formulating queries and interpreting responses
Can be either inherent or externally applied
E.g., inherent: the physical medium and dimension of an object
E.g., externally sourced: assigned identifiers (e. g., thematic catalog numbers for musical compositions)
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Attributes of Group 1 Entities
Work
Work title, form or genre, date, performance medium, intended audience
Expression
Expression title, form of the expression, language of the expression, type of score, scale of a map
Manifestation
Manifestation title, publisher, date of publication, form of carrier, dimensions, manifestation identifier (e.g. ISBN), terms of availability
Item
Location or call number, barcode, provenance, condition, access restrictions on an item
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FRBR 102 – More FRBR
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Group 2 – Responsible Entities
Entities responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of such products
Group 2 entities:
Person
Corporate Body
And perhaps a third …
Family
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Attributes of Group 2 Entities
Attributes of Group 2 entities:
Person
Names, dates, titles or other designations
Corporate body
Name, number, place, date, other designation
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Group 3 - Subject Entities
Entities that serve as the subjects of intellectual or artistic endeavor
Group 3 entities:
Concept: topical subject heading
Object: name for an object
Event: name for an event
Place: name for a place
Plus the Group 1 and 2 Entities:
Works about Works/Expressions/Manifestations/Items
Works about Persons and/or Corporate Entities
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Attributes of Group 3 Entities
Attributes of Group 3 entities:
Concept
term
Object
term
Event
term
Place
term
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Relationships
Link entities to one another
Entities of different groups (person and work)
Entities of the same group (work and expression)
Collocation and navigation
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Relationships (between different FRBR groups)
Work Person
Expression Person
Manifestation Corporate body
Item Corporate body
Concept Work
Created by
Translated by
Produced by
Owned by
Is subject of
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Relationships (within a group)
Work to work
Successor
Supplement
Complement
Summarization
Adaptation
Transformation
Imitation
Work to work
Whole/part
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Making Relationships
Uniform titles
In cataloging, historically:
Not consistently applied over time
Not consistently applied to all materials
Role and function identifiers
In cataloging, historically:
Not consistently applied
Buried in “natural language”
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Authority
Bibliographic
Holding Item
Work/Expression
UniformTitle
Concept
Manifestation
PersonSeries
(work/expression)Uniform
Title
Scenario A (Now)
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Scenario B (Future)
Work/ExpressionUniform
Title
Manifestation
Authority
Bibliographic
Holding
Concept
Item
Person
Series (work/expression)
UniformTitle
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Since the FRBR Study Group…
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Paris Principles reborn
Statement of International Cataloguing Principles Approved by the IFLA Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloguging Code (Frankfurt, 2003)
Adapts and expands the Paris Principles (1961)
Expands scope from:
Textual works to all types of materials
Choice and form of entry to all aspects of bibliographic & authority records
First principle remains: Serve the convenience of the users of the catalogue
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Working the FRBR/FRANAR framework…
All work now under the FRBR Review Group:
Group 1 entities [bibliographic]:
The IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, 1992-1998
Various follow-on work underway (Clarifying “expression” ; Clarifying FRBR for continuing resources, more…)
Group 2 entities [authorities]:
Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR) Working Group
Group 3 entities [subject access]:
Working Group on Subject Relationships
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FRBR inspiration
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Applying FRBR in services
Incorporating the concepts of the FRBR model in systems:
Superior presentation of search results
Esp. in large files – more intuitive clustering
May help streamline library cataloging
Reduces repeated keying of work-related info
Bibliographic & management intelligence
New insights into works (e.g., OCLC’s 1000 list)
Libraries can operate at workset level (e.g., ILL)
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Show & tell
OCLC Research:
Top 1000 titles http://www.oclc.org/research/top1000
xISBN http://www.oclc.org/research/researchworks/xisbn/
Fiction Finder http://fictionfinder.oclc.org/
Curiouser http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/curiouser
OCLC production services
Open WorldCat http://www.oclc.org/worldcat/open
FRBR-inspired FirstSearch WorldCat (coming soon)
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Note cards from FRBR-land…
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IFLA-related resources
IFLA FRBR Review Group
http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/wgfrbr.htm
Functional requirements for bibliographic records : final report / IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records ; Approved by the Standing Committee of the IFLA Section on Cataloguing. Münich : K.G. Saur, 1998.
viii, 136 pages. ISBN 3-598-11382-X
also online: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm
• FRBR Bibliography: http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/bibliography.htm
• FRBR in 21st century catalogues (Workshop held at OCLC)
http://www.oclc.org/research/events/frbr-workshop
• Statement of International Cataloguing Principles
http://www.ddb.de/news/pdf/statement_draft.pdf
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Selected additional resources Boston, Tony, Bemal Rajapatirana and Roxanne
Missingham “Libraries Australia: Simplifying the Search Experience” (2005)
http://www.nla.gov.au/nla/staffpaper/2005/boston1.html
Denton, William. “FRBR and Fundamental Cataloguing Rules.” (2003)
http://www.miskatonic.org/library/frbr.html
Tillett, Barbara, What is FRBR?: A Conceptual Model for the Bibliographic Universe (2004)
http://www.loc.gov/cds/FRBR.html
OCLC FRBR Projects page http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/frbr
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Selected tools, projects, services, blogs
FRBR Blog http://www.frbr.org/
LC FRBR Display Tool
http://www.loc.gov/marc/marc-functional-analysis/tool.html
OCLC Research:
Top 1000 titles http://www.oclc.org/research/top1000
xISBN http://www.oclc.org/research/researchworks/xisbn/
Fiction Finder http://fictionfinder.oclc.org/
Curiouser http://www.oclc.org/research/projects/curiouser
VisualCat (Denmark)
http://www.portia.dk/pubs/VisualCat/Present/VisualCatOverview20050607.pdf
VTLS
http://www.vtls.com/Corporate/FRBR.shtml
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Questions?