StefanoAlianiCNR-ISMAR,LaSpezia- Italy

OCEANOGRAPHICTIMESERIESFROMDIRIGIBILEITALIAMOORINGINKONGSFIORDEN:ASYNTHESISOFITALIANACTIVITIESANDAPLATFORMFORCOLLABORATION

L.Langone,S.Miserocchi,F.Giglio,A.D’Angelo,M.Azzaro,G.Bruzzone,M.Caccia,F .DelBianco.T.Tesi,C.Cantoni,S.Cozzi,M.Doveri,M.Lelli.ARibotti,R.LaFerla

CNRistheItalianNationalResearchCouncil

ISMARwasevaluatedastheexcellenceinstituteoftheCNREarthSystemScienceDepartment

• Headquarter inVenice ,plus6regionalbranchs

• 180Permanent Staff;

• About 80people intraining(PhD, postdoctoral)

www.ismar.cnr.it

Svalbard

BarentsSea

Arctic Ocean

KongsfjordenProjectstructure

ü WP1- Theintegratedatmosphere-hydrosphere-cryospheresystemq WP2- EvolutionandDynamicsoftheglacialcapandoutletglaciersin

Greenlandq WP3- Reconstructionofextrememeltwatereventsq WP4- Conceptualmodelanddistributedsystemforthemanagement,use

anddisseminationofdata

Fjords

ü Shapeandorigin

ü Most distributed at highlatitudes

ü AmplificationoftheclimatechangeintheArcticOcean,butfjordsevenmoresensible

ü Only0.1%oftheworld'soceansurfacebutaccountfor11%ofannualOCburial

Smithetal.,2015

WP1- Theintegratedatmosphere-hydrosphere-cryosphere system

- NWSpitsbergen Island(Svalbard)

- ca.20kmlong,4-10kmwide

- outerfjord >200mdeep- sill- shallowerinnerpart(<100mdeep).

Ny-Ålesund

Kongsfjorden

Ny-Ålesund researchcentre- 11researchstationsinNy-Ålesund- researchprojectsandmonitoring

activitiesallyearround- coordinatedbyNySMAC (Ny-Ålesund

ScienceManagerCommittee)

BaseDirigibileItalia- CNRLabs,surface330m2 withofficesandlabs,upto7researchers

- Openallyearround- Researchesonatmosphericchemistryandphysics;marine biology;physicsofthehighatmosphere;technologicalresearch,geologyandgeophysics;glaciologyandpermafrost;paleoclimate;oceanographyandlimnology;terrestrialecosystems;humanimpactontheenvironment,humanbiologyandmedicine.

From2009-10,setupof3multidisciplinaryobservationplatforms:

a) Amundsen-NobileClimateChangeTower(CCT),

b) AerosolandGruvebadetinterfaceprocesseslab(GVB)

c) OceanographicmooringMDIintheKongsfjorden.

Conceptual models

Integratedmeasurementsatthemaininterfacesofthefjord

Mainpartsofthesystem1. Fjord2. Glaciers3. Seaice4. Ocean5. Land6. Atmosphere7. Sediment

Fluxmeasurements• Water• Salt• Heat• Dissolvedand• Particulatematter

Glacier

Atmosphere

Sediment Pore water

PermafrostSea ice

fjord

Atmosphere

Glacier

Land

Sediment

Ocean

Seaice

OC flux (g m-2 y-1)

MooringDirigibile ITALIA(MDI)stefano.aliani@ismar.cnr.it

Thankswww.kartverket.no forthebasemap

MooringDirigibile ITALIA(MDI)

AncillaryCTDcasts

MDI

OC flux (g m-2 y-1)

78.9˚N

78.95˚N

79˚N

11.8˚E 12˚E 12.2˚E 12.4˚E 12.6˚E

Ocea

n Da

ta V

iew

MooringDirigibile ITALIA

(MDI)- CTDCasts(September)

OC flux (g m-2 y-1)

7-yearlongtime-seriesarenowavailable

• SedimentTraps

• TandCdata

• Watercurrents

MooringDirigibile ITALIA(MDI)- Timeseries

Sep2011

Sep2014

Thecontributionofheatfromtheoceanattheinterfacebetweenthefjordwaterandtidewaterglaciershasbeensuggestedasapossibletriggerthatdestabilizetheglacierfront.

OceanHeatContent(OHC)derivedfromtherecordofhydrographicprofilesisusuallyneglectedinmostofpapersonoceantidewaterglacierinteraction

TheOHCdoesnotdependonlyontemperaturebutalsoonthevolumeofwaterinteractingwiththeicefront.

SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)

whererho=1027kg/m3iswaterdensityCp =4000J/kgCisseawaterspecificheatcapacity,VisthevolumeoftheAtlanticwaterlayerandTisthedepthaveragedtemperatureofthelayer.

OHCsummarizesthethermalpropertyofthewatercolumninaintegratedvalueoveraverticalprofile.

SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)

SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)

BasedonbathymetricsurveyandCTDcasts,OHCwascalculatedforSeptember2014

Aliani etal.,2016a&b

theinputofheatintheinnermostfjordwasconsistentwithlargeicemelting.

ThethesisofstudentValentinaRibezzo isimprovingtheideaoftheroleofthesillusingtimeseries fromMDI

• Bathymetricmap

• CTDcastsfromdifferentyearsprovidedifferentvolumes

• MDIprovidestimeseries (assumptionsarerequired)

Days of the year

EW -

Velo

city

[cm

/s]

NS -

Velo

city

[cm

/s]

(a)

(b)

(c)

Days of the year

SeawaterpropertiesandOceanHeatContent(OHC)

Insummer2015,foundhighsurfacewaterpHvaluesinKongsfjorden (upto8.6)

Tomaintainsuchahighvalue,pHoffreshwaterinputsdischarging intothefjordshouldbealkaline

Inthelonger term,whenthemeltwaterdischargewilldecline,pHwilldecreaseveryrapidly,theoreticallyreachingatippingpoint

NecessaryspecificexperimentstofollowthetemporaltrendofpHandalkalinity

Fieldwork :21July – 18August2016,peak ofmelting season

Cantoni C.Cozzi S.- ISMARTS

HopwoodM.andClarkJ.- GEOMAR,Kiel

carolina.cantoni@ts.ismar.cnr.it

Carbonatechemistryinthefjord

MooringMDIsince2010inKongsfjorden

Timeseriesofparticlefluxesandcomposition• Avg.TMF,ca.20gm-2 d-1(7to100gm-2 d-1inwinterandsummer,inrespectively)

• %OCpeakspring-earlysummerbyphytoplanktonbloom(lessnegativeδ13C)

• TMFpeaksinsummerbyglaciermeltingandsurfacerunoff(turbidwaters)

• Highdetritalcarbonates(20-30%)• Highinterannualvariability(in2013,TMFpeakca.8timeshigherthanremainingyears)

D’Angeloetal.,2016

Particle fluxes inKongsfjordenstefano.miserocchi@ismar.cnr.it

Modern sediment distributionandcompositionstefano.miserocchi@ismar.cnr.it

ü Sedimentation rate decreases with increasing distance from glacier termini (Kronebreen and Kongsvegen)

ü The geochemical fingerprint displayslarge along-fjord variability of bothinorganic (Ca/Ti) and organic (OC) parameters

Miserocchi etal.,2016

AB C

D

Repeatedsampling:Jun2012,Sept2012,Jul2014, Jul2015

Suspended particulatematter:anthropogenicinputbyAtlanticwaterforsomeelements(Ba,Cr,Cu,Mn,Mo,Ni,Pb,Zn),naturalinputbyglacialrunoff forothers(Al,Co,Fe,K,Ti,V),bothhigher insummer

Sediments:negligibleanthropogenic impactfortraceelements(althoughminorenrichment forAs,Cd,Cr,Ni,V),onlyasmallpercentageisbioavalaible (<5%,exceptforAs,Cd)

Grotti etal.,2013,Bazzano etal.,2014Ardini etal.,2016

Tracemetals inTSMandsedimentPaolaRivaro,FrancescoArdini,MarcoGrottiUniv Genovarivaro@chimica.unige.it;grotti@unige.it

ISMOGLACProjectISotopic andphysical-chemicalMOnitoring ofGLACial drainagesandsea

waterintheNy-Ålesund area-Svalbard (start:June2015)

Investigatesthedynamicprocessesoftheglacialmelting(supraglacial,englacialandsubglacial outputs)andevaluatestheconsequenttransfersoffreshwatertowardstheKongsfjorden

Inlandactivities(glacialdrainages)

Flow-ratemeasurements

Watersamplingandphysical-chemicalmeasurements

DOVERI100 - 87350 - [25/07/2016 19:00:00 - 30/07/2016 12:00:00]

Pressure (cmH2O) Temperature (Celsius) 2:Spec.cond. (mS/cm)

30/07/201629/07/201628/07/201627/07/201626/07/2016

Pres

sure

(cm

H2O

) 1,140

1,120

1,100

1,080

1,060

Tem

pera

ture

(C

elsi

us)

54.5

43.5

32.5

2

2:S

pec.

cond

. (m

S/c

m)

0.095

0.09

0.085

0.08

0.075

0.07

ActivitieswithinKongsfjordenPhysical-chemicallogsand

samplingofwateratdefineddepth

Laboratoryactivities(IGGPisa)

Analysisof isotopicsignatures(δ18O‰,δ2H‰,3Handδ13C‰)andchemicalconcentrations(majorand

minorcompounds )

DoveriM.,LelliM.,Baneschi I.,Provenzale A.– IGG,PISA

Between10-15mdepth, layerofcolderwaterfromtheglaciermelting

Extinctionofthesolarradiationobservedinthefirst5m

Insuchconditions,photic layeravailabletothephytoplanktonstronglylimited

Azzaro M.,Zappalà G.,CarusoG.,LaFerlaR.,Denaro R.,Crisafi F.

DailyvariabilityofthemicrobialcompartmentandtrophicstructureatmooringsiteMDImaurizio.azzaro@cnr.it

Developmentofintegratedsystemsofunmanned surfacevehicles(USV)forperforming atmospheric, seawaterandicedatasensingandwatersampling

Tooperateandtransmit datainrealtimeindangerous sites,such as glacierfronts,ordifficult toaccess tohumanbeings

Zappalà etal.,2016

Bruzzone &coworkers

UnmannedVehiclesforAutonomousSensingandSampling(UVASS)gabriele.bruzzone@ge.issia.cnr.it

The34-m- highAmundsen-NobileClimateChangeTower(CCT)providesverticalprofilesofmeteorologicalparameters,sinceOctober2009.

AtmosphericobservationsattheAmundsen-NobileClimateChangeTowerVito.vitale@isac.cnr.it

7-yearlong time-seriesofradiationandenergybudgetsarenowavailable

http://www.isac.cnr.it/~radiclim/CCTower/

Mazzolaetal.,2016

2steps inthefuture

ARCAresults arejustasnapshot

Ø Next stepà need toextendmonitoring at longer timescaleto obtainmorereliabletrendsandestablishhowclimatechangeisaffectingtheKongsfjorden

Openquestions:

Ø Arefjordsabletomitigatetheeffectsofglobalchangebylocallyreducinggradientswithrespecttotheadjacentocean?

Ø HowsillaffectOHC?

Someobservationsseemtoconfirmit:

Ø Theincreasedfluvialrunoffincreasedtransferofsoil-derivedOCtothefjord,anditsmineralizationinfjordwaterscouldfurtherincreasetheatmosphericCO2 concentration.Butfjordsalsobehaveasnaturalsedimenttraps,rapidlysequesteringtheterrestrialOCandreducingthepotentialnegativeeffect

Ø Duetoveryalkalinefreshwaterinputs,fjordscancontributetomitigatetheoceanacidification,atleastuntilthemeltwaterdischargewillnotdecline

What has tobedone

Intheproject ARCA,aneffort ofintegrationbetween different italiangroupswaspursued,butwe still need toincrease:

• Coordination among italian groups

• Cooperation withgroups ofdifferent nations

• Interdisciplinarity andmultidisciplinarity

• Increase thesharing ofinfrastructures

• Upgradeinstrumentation, adding newsensors (newparameters,moreperforming)

• Promote anintegrated approach combining modelling anddataacquisition viaoceanographic cruises,autonomous stations (fixed,drifting,USV)andsatellite

• Developing anewgenerationofsmallmodularaerial andmarinedrones tocollectdatasimultaneously

• Datasharing anddatabases

• Make constant theflowoffunds(timeseries arecontinuosly at risk ofinteruption)

Svalbard

BarentsSea

Arctic Ocean

Kongsfjorden

leonardo.langone@ismar.cnr.it

Thanks foryour attentionand thanks toArctic station Dirigibile ItaliaCNR DTA Kings Bay and TeistenSysselmann of SvalbardAll Ny Alesund colleagues

photocourtesy byPaoloPetrignani

Credits:CNR-DTA,CNRArcticBaseDirigibile Italia,KingsBayCo.,projectsSnow,ARCA,Hermione, Eurofleets2–Prepared &Burster,PNRA-Defrost,PRIN2007&2009,bilateral Italy-Korea,AWI,OceanCertain,ISMOGLAC ...