Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear Chemistry Objectives• Students will be able to identify what radioisotopes

are and why they undergo radioactivity.• Students will be able to compare properties of

nuclear reactions with chemical reactions.• Students will demonstrate understanding of

radioactive decay through application and graphing. • Students will assess the application of nuclear

chemistry as a continual alternative resource of energy for developed countries.

• Students will understand and classify nuclear reactions by the types of radiation produced.

Nuclear Chemistry Objectives• Students will be able to identify what radioisotopes

are and why they undergo radioactive decay.

• Students will demonstrate understanding of radioactive decay through applications and graphing.

• Students will understand and classify nuclear reactions by the types of radiation produced.

Chemistry I : 10/28

Objectives:• Atomic Structure Unit Exam• I can use the band of stability graph to predict if

an isotope is radioactive.

Homework: Band of Stability Wksht.: Read and plot isotopes

on band of stability graph.

Chemistry I : 10/29Due:Band of Stability Worksheet

Objectives:• I can use the band of stability graph to predict if

an isotope is radioactive.

Homework: Band of Stability Wksht.: Graph isotopes and

predict if radioactive.

Band of Stability Graph Analysis

1. What subatomic particles determined if each isotope had a stable nucleus?

2. Explain how the band of stability graph helps you determine if an isotope has a stable nucleus or not?

3. Does Xe-131 or Xe-135 have an unstable nucleus? Explain how you know this.

4. How many neutrons are needed to stabilize Gd-160?

5. Does most atoms need equal, more, or less neutrons to stabilize the protons in the nucleus?

Nuclear Band of Stability

http://www.hasdeu.bz.edu.ro/softuri/fizica/mariana/Atomica/Table/lessons/11nuclear/nuclear.htm

Radioisotopes Radioisotopes • Atoms with unstable nuclei.• The ratio of protons-to-neutrons is not adequate

for nuclear stability.• Most elements need more neutrons than protons to

maintain stability within the nucleus.• Elements with 83 or more protons are

radioisotopes. • Elements with less than 83 protons have at least

one radioisotope.

Nuclear Reactions: Half-Life

radioisotope parent decays α + daughter isotope isotope(unstable) (stable)

Transmutation: An element is converted into a new element during a nuclear reaction.

• Half-Life: The time it takes for half of a radioisotope sample (parent isotope) to decay into a more stable isotope (daughter isotope). Nuclear Equation:

Chemistry I : 10/30Objectives:• I can use the band of stability graph to predict

if an isotope is radioactive.• I can model, graph, and interpret radioactivity.

Homework:• Radiometric Dating Graph Worksheet

Radioactive Decay Graph

astronomy.nmsu.edu

Chemistry I : 10/31Objectives:• I can use the band of stability graph to predict

if an isotope is radioactive.• I can model, graph, and interpret radioactivity.• Complete M&Mium Lab

Homework:• Complete post-lab qts. for M&Mium lab.• Study for Radioactive quiz (tomorrow).

Radioactive Decay LabPurpose: Simulate and graph the radioactive decay

of an artificial radioisotope, M&Mium.

Pre-Lab Questions: 1. What side of the candy represents the parent isotope?2. What side of the candy represent the daughter isotope?3. What is the half-life of the M&Mium radioisotope?

Hypothesis: Complete on lab.

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usd314.k12.ks.us

Chem I : 11/1Infinite Campus Update:• Atomic Structure Exam (34pts.)• Band of Stability Wksht./Bell Ringer (11pts.)• Radioactivity Graphing Wksht. (10pts.)Due: • M&Mium Radioactive Decay LabObjectives:• I can use the band of stability graph to predict

if an isotope is radioactive.• I can model, graph, and interpret radioactivity. • Radioactive Decay Quiz.

Radioactive Decay Lab: Data Table Number of Half-Lives

Total Time(seconds)

# of M&Miums(parent isotope)

Daughter Isotope(decayed)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Chem I : 11/4Infinite Campus Update:• M&Mium Lab (25pts.)• Radioactivity Quiz (16pts.)Objectives:• Review Radioactivity Quiz• I can model, graph, assess radioactivity.• Review Atomic Structure Exam

Homework:• Radioactivity problems• Radioactivity article (due Wednesday)

Radioactive Decay Quiz

Nuclear Band of Stability

http://www.hasdeu.bz.edu.ro/softuri/fizica/mariana/Atomica/Table/lessons/11nuclear/nuclear.htm

Radioactive Decay Graph

astronomy.nmsu.edu

Radioactive Decay Problems1. a. A patient is given a 100 mg sample of I-131.

How much of the isotope will remain in the body after 16 days? The half-life of I-131 isotopes is 8 days.

b. How many days will pass for a 1.0g sample of I-131 isotope to decay to 0.25g.

Chem I : 11/5Due:M%Mium Lab Corrections• Radioisotopes and Radioactive DecayObjectives:• Review Atomic Structure Exam• I can model, graph, calculate radioactivity.• I can classify and predict products of nuclear

reaction. Homework:• Radioactivity article (due Wednesday)

Radioactivity Decay Review Wksht. Key4a. I-131 b. C-14 c. U-2385. No, only 75% of parent isotope decays, still

25% remaining.6. 1 million radioactive atoms7. a.0.625 mg of I-131 remaining b. 24 days8 a. 20% b. about 85 grams c. about 83 days d. about 28 days*9. 915 B.C. (bonus qts.)

Radioactive Decay

Atomic Structure Exam

Nuclear Chemistry Objectives• Students will understand, classify, and predict

nuclear reactions by the types of radiation produced.

Nuclear Radiation• Types of radiation can be classified by changes in

mass number and atomic number between the parent isotope and the daughter isotope.

Chem I (2nd) : 11/5Due:• M&Mium Lab corrections• Radioactivity Article Qts.

Objectives:• I can classify and predict products of nuclear

reaction.

Homework:Nuclear Reactions wksht.

Radioactivity Article

Chem I (3rd/5th) : 11/5Due:• M&Mium Lab corrections• Radioactivity Article Qts.

Objectives:• I can model, graph, and calculate radioactivity.• I can classify and predict products of nuclear

reaction.

Homework:Nuclear Reactions wksht.

Nuclear RadiationNuclear Radiation:• Matter and energy produced during a

nuclear reaction.

• Three main types of nuclear radiation:1.Alpha radiation (α )2.Beta radiation (β)3.Gamma radiation (ϒ)

Nuclear Radiation

paper

wood

concrete or lead

Types of radiation can be classified by type of shielding.

(alpha particle)

(beta particle)

(gamma particle)

Types of Nuclear Radiation•Types of radiation can be classified by their charges.

Alpha (α ) Reaction

parent decays α + daughter isotopeisotope particle (stable) (unstable) (He nucleus)

• change in mass number:decreases by 4

• change in atomic number: decreases by 2

•Has a transmutation occurred? Yes, new element

Beta (β) Radiation

parent daughter β particle isotope isotope

• change in mass number: stays the same

• change in atomic number: increases by one

• Has a transmutation occured? Yes, new element

Gamma (ϒ) Radiation

parent decays α + daughter isotope + ϒ

isotope particle (stable) gamma(unstable) (He nucleus) particle

+ϒ

• change in mass number:does not change

• change in atomic number:does not change

Gamma is just energy NOT matter.

Chem I : 11/7Due:• Nuclear Reaction WorksheetObjectives:• I can classify and predict products of nuclear

reaction.

Homework:Complete Nuclear Reaction WorksheetReview over nuclear radiation/reactions(quiz Fri.)

Nuclear Radiation: Bell Ringer1. Why do nuclear reactions exist in nature?2. T or F: The increase in temperature or the

addition of a catalyst will speed up a nuclear reaction.

3. What do we call atoms that undergo a nuclear reaction?

4. Distinguish between the three types or radiation particles that can be products of a nuclear reaction.

Radioactive Decay Graph

astronomy.nmsu.edu

Nuclear Reactions: classification and prediction

ICP : 10/28

Objectives:• Atomic Structure Exam

ICP : 10/29Objectives:• I can use the band of stability graph to predict if an

isotope is radioactive.

Homework:• Classify isotopes as radioactive by graphing on Band

of Stability worksheet.

Nuclear Band of Stability

http://www.hasdeu.bz.edu.ro/softuri/fizica/mariana/Atomica/Table/lessons/11nuclear/nuclear.htm

ICP : 10/30Due:Band of Stability Graph wksht.Objectives:• I can use the band of stability graph to predict if an

isotope is radioactive.

Homework:• Classify additional isotopes as radioactive by applying

Band of Stability graph.

Band of Stability Graph Analysis

1. What subatomic particles determined if each isotope had a stable nucleus?

2. Explain how the band of stability graph helps you determine if an isotope has a stable nucleus or not?

3. Does Xe-131 or Xe-135 have an unstable nucleus? Explain how you know this.

Nuclear Band of Stability

http://www.hasdeu.bz.edu.ro/softuri/fizica/mariana/Atomica/Table/lessons/11nuclear/nuclear.htm

Radioisotopes Radioisotopes • Atoms with unstable nuclei.• The ratio of protons-to-neutrons is not adequate

for nuclear stability.• Most elements need more neutrons than protons to

maintain stability within the nucleus.

• A reaction that occurs within the nucleus of a radioisotope in order to stabilize it.

• Also called: radioactive decay; radioactivity

• Spontaneous Reactions (occurs naturally).

• Reaction rates (speed of reactions) remain constant.

Nuclear Reactions

ICP : 10/31

Due: Band of Stability Graph Objectives:• I can use the band of stability graph to predict

if an isotope is radioactive.• I can model, graph, and interpret radioactivity. • Complete and analyze M&Mium lab. Homework:Complete post lab qts. Radioctivity Quiz tomorrow

Nuclear Reactions: Half-Life

• Half-Life: The time it takes for half of a radioisotope sample (parent isotope) to decay into a more stable isotope (daughter isotope).

Radioactive Decay LabPurpose: Simulate and graph the radioactive decay

of an artificial radioisotope, M&Mium.

Pre-Lab Questions: 1. What side of the candy represents the parent isotope?2. What side of the candy represent the daughter isotope?3. What is the half-life of the M&Mium radioisotope?

Hypothesis: Complete on lab.

thefoxisblack.com

usd314.k12.ks.us

ICP : 11/1Infinite Campus Update: Band of Stability Graph Due: M&Mium Lab

Objectives:• I can use the band of stability graph to predict

if an isotope is radioactive.• I can model, graph, and interpret radioactivity. • Complete and analyze M&Mium lab.

Radioactive Decay Lab: Data Table Number of Half-Lives

Total Time(seconds)

# of M&Miums(parent isotope)

Daughter Isotope(decayed)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Radioactive Decay Graph

astronomy.nmsu.edu

ICP : 11/4Infinite Campus Update: M&Mium Lab (25 pts.)Radioactivity Quiz (10pts.)Due: M&Mium LabObjectives:• Review Atomic Structure Exam• Review Radioactivity Quiz• I can model, graph, and interpret radioactivity. Homework:Radiometric Dating GraphAtomic Structure Review- Make-up qts. Wed.

Atomic Structure Exam

Radioactivity Quiz

Nuclear Band of Stability

http://www.hasdeu.bz.edu.ro/softuri/fizica/mariana/Atomica/Table/lessons/11nuclear/nuclear.htm

Radioactive Decay Graph

astronomy.nmsu.edu

ICP : 11/5

Due: • Radiometric Dating Graph• M&Mium Lab corrections

Objectives:• I can model, graph, and interpret radioactivity.

Homework:Radioisotopes and Radioactive Decay WorksheetStudy for make-up exam over Atomic Structure

Radioactive Decay Graph

astronomy.nmsu.edu

Nuclear Reactions: Half-Life

Transmutation: An element is converted into a different element during a nuclear reaction.

• Half-Life: The time it takes for half of a radioisotope sample (parent isotope) to decay into a more stable isotope (daughter isotope). Example: C-14 converted to N-14

ICP : 11/6

Objectives:• I can model, graph, and interpret radioactivity. • I can model electron arrangement in an atom.

Homework:Radioisotopes and Radioactive Decay WorksheetStudy for make-up exam over Atomic Structure (Thurs.)

ICP : 11/7Due:Radioactivity Article

Objectives:• Atomic Structure Make-up Exam• I can model, graph, and interpret radioactivity. • I can model electron arrangement in an atom.

Homework:Radioisotopes and Radioactive Decay WorksheetStudy for make-up exam over Atomic Structure (Thurs.)

Radiometric Dating Article

• Read and summarize the article on radiometric dating.

Electron Arrangement

Radioisotope Worksheet

• In class: Work on qts. 1a.-b.; 4a., 5a.-d.

Radioactive Decay Exit Slip

Nuclear Radiation Problems

Transmutation

parent decays α + daughter isotopeisotope particle (stable) (unstable) (He nucleus)

Transmutation: •An element is converted to a new element during

radioactive decay.•A parent isotope is converted to daughter isotope•An unstable atom converted to a more stable atom.•Atomic number changes during radioactive decay

Stopping Here

Nuclear Chemistry Objective

• Students can explain the difference between fission and fusion.

• Students can analyze the benefits and risks of nuclear energy

TransmutationTransmutation occurs during:1. Radioactive Decay

2. Bombarding an atom’s nucleus with particles.-can occur naturally or artificially-fission and fusion nuclear reactions

Fission vs. FusionFission Fusion

Similarities

Nuclear Fission• Fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus by

bombarding it with neutrons.

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Nuclear Fission Application

chm.bris.ac.ukenglish-online.at

• Generates electricity where only steam is released into the environment.

Nuclear Fission Problem

• Nuclear Waste: Spent fuel rods must be disposed of properly. (pg. 812 in text)

• On-site or off-site holding tanks called pools.

coto2.wordpress.com

Nuclear Fusion• Nuclear Fusion – Small radioisotope nuclei

combine.

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Nuclear Fusion

• Produces immense amount of energy.

• Does not produce nuclear waste• Applications? Not yet. Requires immense amount of energy.

Example: sun (40,000,000 0C)

scienceknowledge.org

Nuclear Chemistry Objectives

• Students will assess the application of nuclear chemistry as a continual alternative resource of energy for developed countries.

Assessment by:-reading and annotating literature that addresses pros

and cons of nuclear energy.- Debating with peers why we should or should not

depend on nuclear energy.- Formulating an opinion based on facts as to why the

U.S. should continue to support the research and development of nuclear energy. (ORQ format)

Exit Slip

1. What is the difference between fission and fusion and give an example of each?

2. Should the United States continue the research, development, and application of nuclear energy through nuclear fission?

Nuclear Chemistry Objective

• I can analyze the benefits and risks of nuclear energy. (SC-H-ET-S-2)

Nuclear Energy Debate

breakthrougheurope.org

earth-policy.org

firstlab.webege.com

Nuclear Energy

www.nukepills.com

Chernobyl,Ukraine Nuclear Disaster Effects

Fukushima, Japan Disaster Effects

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Gallery Walk: Nuclear Energy Pros and Cons

• Each debate group record on chart paper important pros and cons you addressed today.

• Walk around and observe what other debate groups discussed.

Exit Slip: Nuclear Energy1. Did today’s nuclear energy debate strengthen or

weaken your view on this issue?

2. What is your view on this issue now: Should the U.S. continue to support the research, development, and application of nuclear energy?

*Make sure to validate your view with several supporting facts. *