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Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition
Rose Marie Nieswiadomy
Note of slide 7
Lectures : 13/4 + 15/4
Notes written in green color
Done by : nursing lijan
FOUNDATIONS OFNURSING RESEARCH
Sixth Edition
CHAPTER
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Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition
Rose Marie Nieswiadomy
Qualitative Research
Designs
10
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بالبداية لازم نفهم هاد الجدول ونميز بين النوعين
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Learning Objective One
Discuss Six Common Types Of Qualitative
Research Designs
هاد النوع بفهم السلوك الانساني لمجموعة معينة من منظورهم هم
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Qualitative Research Designs
راح نشرح عن كل نوع بالتفصيل
• Phenomenological
• Ethnographic
• Grounded theory
• Historical
• Case study
• Action research
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Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition
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Learning Objective Two
Describe The Most Important Features Of
The Six Types of Qualitative Research
Designs
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Phenomenological Studies
• Examines human experiences
• Goal: describe meaning experience holds
for subject
• Study areas: areas with little known
knowledge
تتعلق بدراسة ظواهر معينة
بسال الاشخاص كيف مروا بهاي الظاهرة وشو كان شعورهم
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Phenomenological Studies (cont’d)
• Understand experience from subject’s
vantage point
– No literature review
– Bracketing: researcher identifies personal bias.
اي توقع عند الباحث لازم احطه على جنب لانه اذا دخلناه راح يؤدي
الى عدم صدق بالنتائج لانها بتكون من وجهة نظر الباحث وليس
المشاركين
ام كانت مع طفلها المصاب بالسرطان فالباحث بتوقع تكون : مثال
حزينة وكئيبة لكن لما عمل معاها مقابلة وجد انها تاقلمت مع المرض
فظهرت النتائج عكس توقعات الباحث
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Phenomenological Process
• Data collection (interviews) or diary
• Data analysis
• Process simultaneously at same time
Saturation عشان اشوف اذا وصلنا ل
وبستدل عليه من خلال انه كل ما جمعت بيانات اكثر بتطلع
معاي نفس النتائج فهون خلص لازم اوقف اما اذا ضل يطلع معاي نتائج جديدة كل مرة فهون لسه بستمر بجمع البيانات
• Search for themes and patterns
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Ethnographic studies
• Systematic collection and analysis of data
about cultural groups
• Goal: grasp patterns of people in their
familiar environment
• Subjects: entire culture or subgroup of the
culture
تعنى بدراسة الاعراق المختلفة وتوصف ثقافة معينة
بحتاج الباحث انه ينخرط بالعمل الميداني اكثر عشان يكون اقربللمشاركين ولازم يعكس رايهم هم وليس الباحث
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Ethnographic Goals
• Provide insightful descriptions
• Test established social or cultural theories
• Develop new theories
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Ethnographic Process
• Live with subjects
• Become part of their culture
• Simultaneous data collection and analysis
– Participant observations
– Key informant interviews
اكثر )ممكن يلجا للمقابلة مع حدا معين عنده معرفة ومعلومات كبيرة
(الاشخاص يلي عندهم معلومات
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Grounded Theory
• Glaser and Strauss (1967) الاشخاص يلي
حطوها
• Inductive and deductive approaches
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Grounded Theory Process
• Simultaneous data collection and analysis
– Field setting
– Constant comparison
انه بقارن بالنتائج يلي طلعت معاي مع اول مشارك مع يلي طلع معاي مع ثاني
مشارك وبنشوف اذا طلع معاي نفس النتائج او لا وبنفس الوقت بجاول اطلع
نظرية جديدة بناءا على هاي النتائج
• Theory developed
• Theory “grounded” in data from which it was derived
مرتبطة بتطور النظرية من خلال جمع البيانات يلي قام فيها الباحث
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Sampling in Grounded
Theory Studies
• Purposeful sampling ( not random )
• Diversity rather than similarity
• Shed new light on phenomenon
تستخدم عادة اذا كنت بدي افهم عملية معينة زي مثلا لو بدي افهم كيف بنوخذ الform concentمن مرضى الكلى
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Literature Review in Grounded
Theory Studies
• Not performed prior to study
– Avoid preconceived notions
• After concepts identified and relationships
specified
– Determine similar associations discovered in
past
biase عشان نمنع الLiterature review يفضل ناجل ال
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Aim of Grounded Theory Studies
• Discovery of basic social processes
• Hypothesis generation, not testing
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Historical Studies
بحث تاريخي
• Identification, location, evaluation, and
synthesis of data from the past
• Goal: relate past events to present and
future
بشوف شو الاشيتء يلي صارت بالماضي وبسقطها عالحاضر
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Process of Historical Research
• Identification of problem or area of interest
• Careful and thorough review of literature
• Formulation of research questions
• Data collection
– Primary and secondary sources
Primary: المصدر الاول للمعلومة سواء مذكرات للشخص نفسه او شهود
عيان على حادثة معينة ويفضل استخدامها
Secondary : المصدر الثانوي للمعلومة
– Documents, relics, artifacts
• Data analysis
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Evaluating Data in
Historical Studies
• External criticism—authenticity of data
بدور اذا المعلومة اصلية وصادقة
هل هي مكتوبة باللغة تاعت الزمن يلي وجدت فيه : من الاشياء يلي بدور عليها ؟؟هل حدث عليها اي تغيير وليش ووين ومتى ؟؟
• Internal criticism—accuracy of data
بدور على صحة المعلومة ومحتواها
هل يلي كتب كان شاهد يلي صار ؟؟هل هو موثوق ؟؟ : من الاشياء يلي بدور عليها هل كتبت تحت ضغط او بسبب دافع ؟؟في اشي بدعم المكتوب ؟؟
:1ملاحظة external بداية ببلش ب
2ملاحظة Internal اصعب
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Need for Historical Studies
• Preference for action-oriented
experimental research
• Increasing historical studies of nursing
leaders
• Need for studies of nursing practice
هاد النوع قليل الاستخدام بالتمريض
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Case Study Research
• In-depth examinations of people, groups of
people, or an institution
• Hypothesis generation, not testing
• Goals
– Formalize experimental knowledge
– Promote quality nursing care
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Case Study Research
• Qualitative—interest in meaning of
experiences to subjects themselves
• Quantitative—generalize results
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Case Study Process
• Data collection
– Questionnaires
– Interviews
– Observations
– Written accounts by participants
• Content analysis
– Search for patterns and themes
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Disadvantages of
Case Study Research
• Subject selection process
• Time consuming
• Costly
• Participant dropout اذا كان بحاجة وقت
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Action Research
• Goals
– Improve practice
– Study effect of action taken
• One particular hospital or health care
setting
• No goal to generalize findings
• Solution implementation immediate, part of
research process
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Participatory Action Research
(PAR)
• Special kind of community-based action
research
• Participants and researcher or co-
researchers collaborate throughout study.
كلهم بشتغلوا مع بعض ليحلوا المشكلة
ير لو باحث بده يعمل بحثه على الطلاب يلي بتغيبوا كت: مثلا
عن المدرسة فيقوم الباحث مع الاهل ومع الطالب ليشوفوا الاسباب ويحاولوا يحلوها
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Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition
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Learning Objective Three
Recall The Disciplines Associated With
Some Of The Various Qualitative Research
Designs
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Phenomenological Design
• Derived from phenomenological
philosophy
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Ethnographic Research
• Philosophical orientation
• Discipline of anthropology
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Grounded Theory Research
• Based on symbolic interaction theory
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Historical Research
• Philosophical orientation
• Discipline of history
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Case Study Research
• Philosophical orientation
• Discipline of sociology
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Learning Objective Four
Identify The Most Common Qualitative
Designs Reported In The
Nursing Research Literature
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Qualitative Research Designs in
Published Nursing Research
• Phenomenological
• Ethnographic
• Grounded theory
• Historical
• Case study
• Action research
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Learning Objective Five
Recall Some Of The Reasons That Nurse
Researchers Are Using Qualitative Designs
In Their Studies
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Quantitative Versus
Qualitative Research
• Quantitative approach not always
appropriate
• Uncover new phenomena
• Not for generalizations
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Focus of Quantitative Research
• Gain insight
• Individual’s perception of events and
circumstances
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Learning Objective Six
Critique The Design Section Of Qualitative
Research Studies
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Critiquing the
Qualitative Research Design
• Criteria different from quantitative critiques
• No standard set of criteria
• Each qualitative method unique
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Critiquing the Qualitative
Research Design )cont’d(
• General guidelines
– Would a quantitative approach have been
more appropriate?
– Is the focus on the subjective nature of human
experience?
– Is the specific qualitative approach named
and described?
– Will the findings have significance for
nursing?
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Critiquing the Qualitative
Research Design (cont’d)
• General guidelines
– Is the participant selection process clearly
described?
– How was the sample size determined?
– Is the data collection and recording process
fully presented?
– Is it clear how researcher bias was avoided?
– Is the data analysis method consistent with
the study’s purpose and approach?
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Foundations of Nursing Research, Sixth Edition
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Critiquing the Qualitative
Research Design (cont’d)
• General guidelines
– Are the findings clearly presented and
limitations acknowledged?
– Are suggestions made for further research?
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Determine Trustworthiness
هدول جدا جدا مهمين • Credibility
• Dependability
قديش ممكن تتشابه مع ابحاث اخرى
• Confirmability
عاي بقارن نتائجي مع نتائج باحث اخر وبرجع بحكي النتائج يلي طلعت ممع المشارك
• Transferability
• Authenticity
قديش كان ممثل للي حكوه المشاركين