Post on 20-Jan-2015
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HistorySugarcane:•16th century: Portuguese introduce plantations and sugarcane to NE Brazilian coast•By the end of the 16th century, Brazil is one the world’s richest colonies due to high European demand for sugar•Indigenous slave labor not valued; sugar demand and african slave import•“Ideal’ model of success assumed and sugar plantations w/ African labor grows into Amazon region. Not successful due to unsuitable land.
Bahia Amazon
Ethanol Properties• Fermentation: Prime process; microbial conversion of
sugar in plant material. It leads directly to ethanol, CO2 and other by-products.
• Recovery of ethanol from fermentation broth:1. Distillation of the dilute alcohol to its azeotrope (95-57% ethanol by weight);2. Distillation utilizing a 3rd component (organic solvent or strong dehydrating agent) to break up the azeotrope and remove the remaining H20;3. Distillation to separate H20 from the 3rd component to give absolute alcohol and allow the 3rd component to be recycled.
Sugarcane Ethanol Yields
SugarcaneCrop yield t/ha Commercial mean Realistic range
8050-120
Ethanol: ton of crop required to give 1 ton ethanol Equivalent mean range
18.914-30
Ethanol: litres of ethanol produced by 1 ton of crop Equivalent mean range
7060-75
Ethanol: ton ethanol/ha Equivalent mean range
4.73-9.5
Ethanol: litres/ha Equivalent mean range
60003800-12000
Carbohydrate content % mean range
Sucrose1512-17
Source: Humphreys and Glasgow Ltd., 1980
Sugarcane Characteristics
Material % of sugar as glucose
Growth cycle (months)
Agricultural Productivity t/ha
Average Yield
litre/ton litre/ha
Sugarcane 13-17 18 50 67 3350Source: Ribeiro Filho, 1979
•Stalks of sugarcane over 20 years old still stand•Agricultural productivity must be >40 t/ha to be industrially and financially viable
HistoryEthanol:
1897Nikolas A. Otto used pure alcohol in an engine for the 1st time
Conference in Bahia on the Sugar Industry leads to document on Industrial Applications based on ethanol 1902
1907US Dept of Agr. publishes report called “Use of Alcohol and Gasoline in Farm Engines”
Use of alcohol in official vehicles made compulsory for 1st time in Pernambuco 1919
1925Ford makes pure alcohol circuit
Locomotive travels from Rio to São Paulo on methanol mixture of 5% ethyl ether 1930
1931Commision of Defence for Alcohol Production created
HistoryMinistry of Agriculture authorized to assign contracts to support sugar mills for pure alcohol production 1932
1933Institute of Sugar and Alcohol (IAA) established
European consumption of alcohol based fuel tops ½ mill. tons /yr 1939
1942Minimum price (P) for alcohol is established for a 4 yr min.
Avg. annual ethanol content in ethanol/gasoline blends reaches 40% in NE Brazil 1942-1956
1960-1965 sugar P in intl. market and low petroleum P reduces role of ethanol in Brazil. Law No. 4.452 modifies tax legislation on fuels and introduces an additional one alcohol
History sugar P in intl. market. Upper limit of alcohol/gasoline blends from 5%-10% 1966-1967
Fleet tests begin for neat-ethanol (Otto) car engines. Blend reaches 45% ethanol and deploys 5% of Brazil’s gasoline D 1977
198210% of total passenger cars or 1.2 million Otto engines projected
197850 blending centers supply ethanol/gasoline blends of up to 60% ethanol. 11% Brazilian D for gasoline displaced
1973Oil Crisis beginsPNA (Natl. Alcohol Program) created to promote ethanol production. Plan was to alcohol use and displace Brazil’s gasoline demand (D)
Beginning of manufacture of neat-ethanol cars by auto industry and selling of neat alcohol fuel at service stations.14% of Brazil’s gasoline D is displaced 1979
1970 1973 1976 19790%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%
% of expenses w/ crude oil import related to total incomeof Brazilian
exports
Expansion Period
1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 19850
2
4
6
8
10
12
E Production
E ProductionLinear (E Production)
Mill
m3
of E
History
90% of Brazil’s automotive industry were E100
Late 1980’s
2003Flex Fuels introduced. cars may run on E100, on E25, or any combination if the 2
Ethanol market is deregulated and subsidies are removed
2000
1990Brazil automotive industry reduces to only 10% due to ethanol shortage
Mandate of atleast E25 in all vehicles established.
June 2007
October 2008Brazil has 33,000 gas stations offering ethanol next to gasoline
Food vs. Fuel and Environment
Anti-energy crops• Compete w/ food crops for land• Compete for rural investment
which might be used to raise food crops
• Use food as a feedstock for industry rather than food for people and their animals
• Compete for water supplies-fermentation requires large quantities of water (16 litres/litre of alcohol)
Energy crop enthusiasts• Energy crops are in addition
to food crops• Energy crop programmes
will reduce oil import bills and save foreign exchange- which might be used to buy necessary food on the world grain market
1980 arguments
Food vs. Fuel and Environment
Anti-energy crop
• Cattle and food crops being displaced
• Deforestation• Soil Degradation• October 2008: speculation
that 400,000 jobs will be lost due to growing mechanization
• Increased mechanization will decrease GHG emission reduction
Energy crop enthusiasts• Food + Fuel• Sugarcane mills are self-
sufficient. • 1975-2000: Deployment of
gasoline w ethanol reduced carbon emissions by 100 million tons.
• Brazil is energy independent• Government promises that not
a single stalk of sugar cane will be found in the rainforest
Current Arguments
Source: Unicamp 2007
Multigrain• Owned by Japan’s Mitsui & Co Ltd; U.S. CHS Inc.;
and Brazil’s PMG Trading SA• Pres. Paulo Garcez: “We plan to sell the ethanol
on the local market initially and, in a 2nd phase, export it”
• 2003: bought 1st farm in Bahia for cotton and soy• Owns Xingu, large farm (50mi width)• Invested over $400mil just in land•
Xingu• Owned by Multigrain, large farm (50mi width)• Invested over $400mil just in land• Includes:– Grain crushing plant– 200 houses for workers– School– Hospital– Church
Xingu• Self sufficient in water• Plans for self sufficiency in electricity:– Construct $350mil ethanol mill cogeneration
thermal energy plant
Sustainability Criteria
• Certification process: could impose new barriers for Intl trade
• Zoning: Adequate areas determined by:– a) soil and weather adequacy – b) topography – c) water availability and requirements – d)sugarcane can’t be planted in sensible
ecosystems – e) areas where other crops have been produced
Agro-environmental ProtocolSão Paulo
Future•Europe: Discussion of certification process•Majority of growth to take place in Centre-South•An additional 7 mill hectares will be cultivated this year•Satellite monitoring system and supervision of the rainforest will be strengthened•Domestic consumption: Export:
35 bil litres by 2015 15 bil litres by 202050 bil litres by 2020
Future• From 2008-2012 US $33 billion should be
invested. US $23 billion in new mills.• Industrial units controlled by foreign capital
should rise from about 7%-12% by 2012.