Post on 14-Oct-2018
Contributors:
RMS MACOASMIESAR
Date : 25 april 2008
Non Destructive Testing in LCPCNon Destructive Testing in LCPCan overviewan overview
Non Destructive Testing in LCPC: an overviewNon Destructive Testing in LCPC: an overview
Methods applied in France / LCPC expertise / illustrative examples
− concrete− steel− pavement− soil
Recent research projects with a NDT LCPC contribution
− ACTENA, SENSO, MAREO, replacement of gamma techniques
Research perspectives
Visual inspection
@GHYMAC
@ MACOA
Non Destructive Testing in LCPC: an overviewNon Destructive Testing in LCPC: an overview
Methods applied in France / LCPC expertise / illustrative examples
− concrete− steel− pavement− soil
Recent research projects with a NDT LCPC contribution
− National: ACTENA, SENSO, MAREO− European:
Research perspectives
Visual inspection
@GHYMAC
@ MACOA
French state of the art (2005, 555p) − mechanical waves (ultrasons-transmission mode-, impact echo, acoustic emission,
tomography, surface waves)
− electromagnetic methods (BF, radar, capacity),
− Infrared thermography
− electric methods (resistivity*, corrosion rate, corrosion potentiel)
− radiography (gamma, X)
− optic methods (shearography, holography, fringe projection)
Yellow: Method currently applied
Underline: LCPC Expertise
Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / CONCRETECONCRETE
air permeability
Example / Example / CONCRETE CONCRETE / Infrared thermography/ Infrared thermography
©Christophe AUBAGNAC - Hervé CANNARD – Marie-Paule THAVEAUCETE LYON – LRPC Autun – Service OAIP- Section MP
damp proofing membranewater proofing course
defect
manual automatic
Ensuring quality construction / 100% coverage
Example / Example / CONCRETE CONCRETE / Capacitive sensor/ Capacitive sensor
0 2 π
Capacitive sensor to evaluate the external post-tension cables
Detection of the injection problems:
- void
- white paste (no hardened grout with a high water content)
Typical signal (1 turn)Capacitive sensor
void
White paste
Angular position
)(
/1r
CFr
eque
ncy
ε≈
13,4
kH
z13
kH
z
Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / STEELSTEEL
acoustic monitoring of cables ruptures
acoustic emission
ultrasonic (weld)
eddy current
guided waves
Yellow: Method currently applied
Underline: LCPC Expertise
Wire rupture
Acoustic event Accelerometer
with a data
Preprocessing
Localisation
Example / Example / STEEL STEEL / Acoustic monitoring/ Acoustic monitoring
New generation:
- To record and to exploit acoustic signals for better ruptures localization and new criteria of detection,
- To perform the acoustic system in its sensor-network topology and the real-time monitoring of cables,
- Wireless generation of the system already developed.
First generation: An efficient system industrialized and installed on several bridges in France (Aquitaine, Tancarville,…).
Scope : TO DETECT AND LOCALIZE on-site WIRE-BREAKS IN CABLES
Structural Health Monitoring of Cables using acoustic monitoring (CASC System)using acoustic monitoring (CASC System)
Example / Example / STEEL STEEL / Acoustic emission/ Acoustic emission
Acoustic emission monitoring of SCC mechanisms
Differentiation between crack initiation and propagation stages
Feasibility of AE monitoring in laboratory testing already validated
t
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
durée (h)
com
ptag
es c
umul
és Ecorr
Ecorr (sans Cl)
E = -1300 mV ECS
E = -400 mV ECS
AE
Co
un
ts
Scope 1 : Detection of Stress corrosion cracking Scope 2 : Detection of wires breaks in anchorages
Damage diagnostic on multistrand cables Civil engineering structures : cable-stayed and suspension bridges
AE source : interwire fretting between undamaged and damaged wires
Fre
quen
cy c
entr
oid
Log (Absolute Energy)
Class A: interwire friction by Broken wires
Class B: interwire friction by healthy wires
Hydrogen embrittlement
Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / Existing technologies & techniques NDT in France / PAVEMENTSPAVEMENTS
GPR Radar
Mechanical Impedance
Fringe projection
Yellow: Method currently applied
Underline: LCPC Expertise
Exemple / Exemple / PAVEMENTS PAVEMENTS / RADAR/ RADAR
Accuracy requested: +/- 1mm 4 * 2460 m length (1 profile / lane) Metallic deck / No coring allowed 1 layer of asphalt + sealing (60 + 10
mm) Survey at ~10 km/h
Millau viaduct (FR)Millau viaduct (FR)
Surface
Deck
Multiple echoe
Distance (m)
Tim
e (n
s)
Methods for pavement thickness measurement
ND calibration on the amplitude Av. radar thickness: 74 +/- 2 mm Min / Max: 87 / 52 mm Estimation of the reality: 75 mm
Example / Example / PAVEMENTS PAVEMENTS / COLIBRI/ COLIBRI
17 cm concrete
Bitumen boundgranular material
17 cm concrete
Bitumen boundgranular material
Methods for pavement interlayer bonding
Methods works as well for bridges
stop and go every one minute
6 cm
10 cm
10 cm
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
D3B
Distance (m)
D2C← D1C →
Fre
qu
en
cy (
Hz)
← D1B →← D1A →
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Bituminous Materials
Sand (5 mm thick) Teflon (0.2x0.2 m)
Exemple / Exemple / PAVEMENTS PAVEMENTS / DEFLECTION/ DEFLECTION
High speed continuous deflection device for pavements
White light – 20cmx30cm to be White light – 20cmx30cm to be extended by several devicesextended by several devices
50 – 60 km/h50 – 60 km/h
Tim
esProportional to deflection level
Load is nearbythe image system
Load arrives
Load moves away
Deflection bassin can be Deflection bassin can be deduced with this static imagesdeduced with this static images
accuracy better than 10 accuracy better than 10 μμmm
Example / Example / PAVEMENTS PAVEMENTS / PAVEMENT CRACK DETECTION/ PAVEMENT CRACK DETECTION
Original images
Binary images
Continuous wavelet transform
Original image Crack detection Extraction→ → →
Example / Example / SOIL SOIL / APPLIED GEOPHYSICSsurface waves
30 cm
600 m/sbase layer
with hydraulic binders
420 m/ssoil plateform
InversionExperiments
Surface waves at LCPC:
- soil, concrete, pavements....
applications:
soil:- mechanical properties (compaction) - detection of cavities- excavated damaged zone (tunnel gallery)
Pavements:mechanical properties (multilayer)
concrete:- mechanical characterisation of cover concrete (porosity, carbonation, water content), functionally graded material- surface open crack characterisation
Under study : non contact high speed measurements- laser interferometer- air coupling
Example / Example / SOIL SOIL / APPLIED GEOPHYSICS
electric method / ERINOHsoil density and moisture content measurement (soil characterisation, embankments and levees monitoring, …)
ERINOH ANR Project Internal Erosion in Hydraulic Works » - identification of mechanisms and in situ detection
Realisation of a ditch in the enclosing sand
1,8 m
Experimental platform compaction
Combined traditional electric and electromagnetic methods (EM38)
Resistivity (Ohm.m) at T=25°C
w = 8,9 %
w=10,8%
w = 13,1 %
4045505560657075808590
1.7 1.8 1.9 2Dry density (g/cm3)
Ele
ctric
al r
esi
stiv
ity (
mS
/m)
EM38 at w=13.1%EM38 at w=10.8%EM38 at w=8.9%
Non Destructive Testing in LCPC: an overviewNon Destructive Testing in LCPC: an overview
Methods applied in France / LCPC expertise / illustrative examples
− concrete− steel− pavement− soil
Recent research projects with a NDT LCPC contribution
− National: ACTENA, SENSO, MAREO, (ERINOH)− European:
Research perspectives
Visual inspection
@GHYMAC
@ MACOA
LCPC research on NDT in running research projectsLCPC research on NDT in running research projects
SENSOSENSO
Aims at evaluation strategy development by→ building a data base to calibrate & validate numerical model,→ using innovative ND method for concrete cover evaluation,
→ studying NDT complementarity by data fusion models
Partners: Research labs & universities, Structure owners, Private Companies
LMDC (Toulouse) LCPC (Nantes) LCND (Aix) CDGA (Bordeaux) GEA (Lille) LEAT (Nice) ONERA (Toulouse) PANSN GETEC SOVEP EDF
Global cost of the project : 1407 k€ANR funding 500 k€
Strategy of Non destructive Evaluation for Strategy of Non destructive Evaluation for concrete structure Surveyconcrete structure Survey
LCPC research on NDT in running research projectsLCPC research on NDT in running research projects
SENSOSENSO
ND methods used by LCPC team (RMS) use of capacitive and radar techniques, as well as impact echo
development of new electromagnetic set-ups conception of a robot using LASER interferometry to measure surface waves
Complementarities: US sensitive to porosity & Radar sensitive to water content
y = 0,37x + 6,01
R2 = 0,99
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Volumic water content W (%)
Rad
ar d
iele
ctric
Per
mitt
ivity
(-)
G1 - E/C=0,31
G2 - E/C=0,47
G3 - E/C=0,59
G3a - E/C=0,57
G7 - E/C=0,63
G8 - E/C=0,90
Concrete G3
y = 0,03x + 1469,81
R2 = 0,97
1900
2100
2300
2500
2700
20000 30000 40000
Elastic Modulus (great deformations) (MPa )
Pha
se v
eloc
ity
=3c
m (
m/s
)
Saturated concrete
Dry concrete
Robot with LASER interferometer
LCPC in present research projects on NDTLCPC in present research projects on NDT
ACTENAACTENA
ND methods of evaluation of non accessible cables
in civil works (pre-stressed concrete, retaining wall tendons)
Localizing and idendifying existing ruptures
− US reflectometry : LCPC, LMP – Univ Bordeaux, CEA – LIST− EM reflectometry : LCPC, TELICE – Univ. Lille− Acoustic Emission of active corrosion :
LCPC, INSA – Univ. Lyon, INSA Univ. Toulouse, Univ. Techno. Compiègne, Europhysical Acoustics
Localizing, Imaging risky zones
− Impact Echo : LCPC, LRPC – Lyon, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées− Infra-Red imaging : Univ. d'Artois – Bethune
Evaluation of stress level
− stress in the concrete ; Acousto-elasticity – Ecole des Mines de Douai − stress in the cable ; Acousto-elasticity – IUTAix – Univ. Marseilles
LCPC in present research projects on NDTLCPC in present research projects on NDT
ACTENAACTENA
ND methods of evaluation of non accessible cables
in civil works (pre-stressed concrete, retaining wall tendons)
US Reflectometry 610 k€
EM Reflectometry 180 k€
Acoustic Emission 635 k€ IR Imaging 129 k€
Impact Echo 319 k€
Acousto-élasticity Concrete 202 k€
Acousto-élasticity Cable 118 k€
Common Test pieces 200 k€
Coordination 285 k€
Research Investment of the partners
Funding from the National Research Agency (ANR): 530 k€
Funding from Electricité de France (EDF – R&D): 260 k€
Total cost of the program : 2680 k€
LCPC research on NDT in running research projectsLCPC research on NDT in running research projects
MAREOMAREOMAintenance and REpair of coastal concrete structures: risk based OptimizationMAintenance and REpair of coastal concrete structures: risk based Optimization
Aims at maintenance and repair optimization by→ evaluating material performance indicators,
→ monitoring repair material durability ,→ developing probabilistic numerical re-engineering models
Partners: Research labs & universities, Structure owners, Private CompaniesGeM LCPC IFREMER CERIB LMDC CETE Ouest ETPO SEMEN-TP
ARCADIS-ESG OXAND County Council 44 PANSN Trinity College of Dublin
ND methods used by LCPC teams (RMS, MI & MACOA)→ to evaluate concrete cover performance indicators with regards to chloride attack:
capacitive and radar techniques, surface waves and infra-red thermography→ to characterize corrosion rate and steel reinforcement degradation in marine environment:
electrochemical test, corrosion potential and acoustic emission
Concrete beam from Lorient harbour wharf to be repaired and exposed in tidal zone
French Enterprise Competitiveness Found: 409 k€Region Pays de la Loire: 109 k€Total cost of the program: 1339 k€
4.70 m
1.90 m
1.0 m
0.6 m
Cores for destructive tests
Area for non destructive tests
Beams repaired with various repair materials
LCPC in present research projects on NDTLCPC in present research projects on NDTPavement compaction quality controlPavement compaction quality control
Future trends: developping alternative techniques to nuclear density gauges
1/ Emerging X-Ray technology (radiation on demand)
2/ Electromagnetic methods (dielectric cell, radar, capacitive)
3/ Seismic surface wave methods
Non-ionizing techniqueNon-ionizing technique
Non Destructive Testing in LCPC: an overviewNon Destructive Testing in LCPC: an overview
Methods applied in France / LCPC expertise / illustrative examples
− concrete− steel− pavement− soil
Recent research projects with a NDT LCPC contribution
− National: ACTENA, SENSO, MAREO− European:
Research perspectives
Visual inspection
@GHYMAC
@ MACOA
Emerging technologies & techniques NDT in FranceEmerging technologies & techniques NDT in France
Radar− very high frequency (sup à 2GHZ)− step frequency radar− antennas arrays− inversion in functionaly graded material
Shearography− Evaluation of FRP bonding quality (concrete-C/epoxy)− Detection of micro-crack
Fringe projection for deflection measurementsMulti techniques drones and robotsInterpretation and analysis of NDT measurements
− Data combination/fusion− Development of data bases− Development of strategies of survey and monitoring− Guidelines
TC RILEM INR207
Four diameters of disbond (10 to 40
mm)
Four qualities of adhesive properties
(20% to 100%)
Emerging technologies & techniques NDT in FranceEmerging technologies & techniques NDT in France
Ultrasonic / seismic / mechanical waves− non contact ultrasonic technique (air coupling, laser interferometer) → towards “high”
speed measurements (high energy source)
− high frequency ultrasonic (sup à 100kHz) for material characterisation: coherent & incoherent field, structure noise, coda ...
− guided/surface waves
− pulse echo, impact echo
− non linear acoustics
− measurement of stress
− Modelisation of wave propagation (em+ultrasonic) (with regards to physico-chemical material properties)
Acoustic emission− Corrosion detection of pre-stressing reinforcements
− Detection of existing broken wires
impact echo scanner witha non contact sensor
Béton
tendon
guided waves
grout
propagation modes
Transducteur
Unfulfilled needs based on current and emerging Unfulfilled needs based on current and emerging technologies/techniques of NDTtechnologies/techniques of NDT
LCPC focus LCPC focus
Replacement of methods using gamma rays :− Methods to measure density (pavements)− investigations on prestressing tendons to detect corrosion or failures (research project ANR ACTENA)
Measurement of residual stress
Measurement below coating (paint)
Measurement of concrete porosity, water content,
chloride content (research project ANR SENSO, FCE MAREO)
Measurement of thin layers (pavements) : below 1 inch
Detection of small fatigue cracks in welds of steel structures
Measurement of the depth of cracks in concrete structures
Use of acoustic emission to detect corrosion of steel wires
NDT applied to masonry structures
Data fusion for NDT techniques (research project ANR SENSO)
Detection of leakage in waterproofing membranes (radar and thermography)
Wireless measurement techniques
7th International Symposium on 7th International Symposium on Non Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering Non Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering
NDTCE'09NDTCE'09Nantes, France June 30Nantes, France June 30thth -> July 3 -> July 3rdrd 2009 2009
http://heberge.lcpc.fr/ndtce09/http://heberge.lcpc.fr/ndtce09/