Presentation of Information Technology

Presented To:

Sir Salman Ashar

Group Members:

• Mirza Ali Raza. 90

• Syed Ali Kamran. 50

• M.Jafar Tayar. 48

• Hussain zain-ul- abiden. 85

• Amjad Abbas. 71

• Samiullah warrich. 62

• Raja shoaib Azam 59

Presentation Outline:

Networks.(LAN,MAN,WAN)

Interconnecting/Linking Devices

Signals.

Network: A computer network is a system for communication between computers.

Components of Networks: People.

Hard ware.

Software.

connectivity.

Procedure.

Network Diagram:

Local Area Network:A local area network is data communication system in a limited geographical area. Like a home, office, or small group of buildings

Metro-Politan Area Network:

A Metro-politan area network is a network designed to extend over an entire city.

Wide Area Network:

A wide area network provides long distance transmission of data over a large geographical areas Comprising a country,a continent or the whole world.The most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet.

Network Topology:

. The logical layout of the cables and devices that connects the nodes of a computer.

Star Topology.

Bus Topology.

Ring Topology.

Mesh topology.

Tree Topology.

Hybrid Topology.

Types of Topologies:

Bus Topology:All devices are connected to a central cable, called the bus or

backbone.

Star Topology:

All devices are connected to a central hub.Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub.

Ring Topology:

All devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop, so that each device is connected directly to two other devices, one on either side of it.

Mesh Topology:

In a true mesh topology every node has a connection to every other node in the network

Tree Topology:

Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a bus.

Hybrid Topology:

A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected. Two common examples for Hybrid network are: star ring network and star bus network.

Linking devices:

A type of linking mechanism needed to interconnect at least two computers.They are used to create a network. For example Cables,Switches or Hubs.

Connecting Devices

Networking Devices Networking Devices Internetworking DevicesInternetworking Devices

Repeaters Bridges Routers Repeaters Bridges Routers Gateways Gateways

Repeater Bridges Routers Gateways

Networking Devices Internetworking Devices

Repeaters : A network device used to regenerate or replicate a signal. Repeaters are used in transmission systems to regenerate analog or digital signals distorted by transmission loss.

Bridges :

A Bridge is an interface used to connect the same types of networks.

Bridges Diagram:

1) Simple Bridge

1) Multipoint Bridge

2) Transparent / Learning Bridge

Types of Bridges:

Router :

A Router is a special computer that directs communicating messages when several networks are connected together.

Routing concepts

Least cost Routing

Non adaptive Routing

Adaptive Routing

Routing:

Gateways:

A Gateway is an interface permitting communication between dissimilar networks.

Other Devices:

• Multiprotocol Routers

• Brouters

• Switches

MULTIPROTOCOL ROUTERS:

Multiprotocol routers have been designed to route packets belonging to two or more protocols

BROUTER:

A Brouter is a single protocol or multi protocol router that sometimes acts as a router and sometimes as a bridge.

Switches :

Switches are the hardware or software devices capable of creating temporary links between two or more devices linking to the switch but not to each.

Hubs:A Hub is the simple connection point for different type of devices on a network. It sends all the data to all devices connected to it.

Nodes:

Any device that is attached to a network.A node may be a microcomputer,terminal,storage device or peripheral device which enhance the usefulness of the network.

Signals:The electronic transformation of data and information through a medium is called signal.

Types of Signals:

i) Analog signal.

ii) Digital signal.

Analog signals:

The transformation of data in the form of waves.

Digital signals:

The signals which travels in form of 0s and 1s .

Periodic signal:Periodic signals consist of a continuously repeated pattern.

Aperiodic signal:

Aperiodic signals consist of a non repeated pattern.

Types of Analog signal:

Simple signal.

Composite signal.

Simple Signal:

A simple analog signals consist of a single sine wave or a single frequency signals.

Composite signals:

The signals which composed of more than one sine waves having different frequencies.

Frequency spectrum and bandwidth:

The frequency spectrum of a signals is the collection of all the component frequencies that it contain .

The bandwidth of a signal is the width of frequency spectrum.

Digital Signal:

The signals which travels in form of 0s and 1s .

Bit interval and bit rate:

The bit interval is the time required to send a single bit.

The bit rate is number of bit intervals per second,usually expressed in bits per second.

Any Questions?

Thank You.