Post on 21-Jan-2016
Nervous System: Functions
SensorySenses internal and external changes
IntegrativeAnalyzes sensory
informationStores information
Decides what to do with information
MotorResponds to Stimuli
Involuntary Control Voluntary
ControlComposed of two divisions
1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
Controls
Heart, GI Tract, Glands,
Hormones, Respiration
Controls
Skeletal MusclesPeripheral Nervous System
Autonomic vs. Somatic
Two (2) – Neuron Pathway
One (1) – Neuron Pathway
Neuron extends from CNS Neuron extends to effector organs
Antagonists
“Fight or Flight” “Rest and Digest”
•Exercise
•Emergency
•Excitement
•Embarrassment
Digestion
Defecation
Diuresis (Urination)
The effects produced upon stimulation of the sympathetic
division of the autonomic nervous system
Facilitated by the release of large amounts of catecholamine
(epinephrine) from the adrenal medullae (superior portion of
kidney) Fight or Flight
SCARED??????
Noticeable Effects
Hidden Effects
Pupils Dilate
Sweating
Oxygen Debt = Muscles demand for more oxygen
Mouth Goes Dry
Brain Stimulates Action Potential
Neck & Shoulder Muscles Tense
Heart Beat Increases
Muscles acquire action potential
Respiratory Rates Increase
Possible Hyperventilation
Blood Pressure Increases
Adrenaline released by
Adrenal GlandsGlycogen broken down
to glucose and released into blood for
immediate energy source
Digestion Ceases
Sphincters Tighten
Cortisol released depresses the
immune system
Blood Vessels Dilate
Everyday Responses• Music
– Jazz = Parasympathetic– Rap & Rock = Sympathetic
• Television– Anger = Sympathetic– Sports & Excitement = Sympathetic
• Screaming/Arguing = Sympathetic• Excitement
– Bell Rings for end of school = Sympathetic• Colors
– Light Colors = Parasympathetic– Dark Colors = Sympathetic
Can You Think of Any Other Responses?
Males• Stress response
– Social Withdrawal– Substance Abuse– Aggression
• Mortality– Believed responses to
stress contribute to early mortality when compared to women
Women“Tend and Befriend”
– Social Support• Emotions• Sympathy
– Aggression• Protective responses
towards offspring and affiliate with together for shared emotional responses to threat
•Disruption of Sexual Response
•Digestive System Disorders
~ Diarrhea
~ Constipation
~ Vomiting
•Chronic Stress = Suppression of Immune System
Mental Disorders ~ Post-Traumatic Stress ~ Anorexia & Bulimia
Cardiac Arrest
Aneurysm
Migraine Headaches
Neurons
• Functional Properties– Irritability
• Respond to stimulus and convert to a nerve impulse
– Conductivity• Transmits nerve impulse
to other neuron, muscle, or gland
• Occurs at synapses where neurotransmitters diffuse and bind chemoreceptors
• Ability to be Altered, Controlled, or Destroyed– Nerve impulses can be
blocked and cause membrane to become impermeable to diffusing sodium ions
• Cold• Pressure• Sedatives & Anesthetics• Limbs falling “asleep”
then influx of “pins and needles feeling”
Neuron Neuron StructureStructure
3 main parts
1. Dendrites
2. Cell Body
3. Axon
Axons - Neurological messenger
Dendrites - Neurological Receiver
Progressive Develop from Infancy to Adulthood
Helps 1.Protect2.Insulate
3. Increase Speed of Impulse
Neurolemmocytes – PNSOligodendrocytes-CNS
Pipe Cleaner Neuron
• 1. Take one pipe cleaner and roll it into a ball. This is will be the cell body. • 2.Take another pipe cleaner and attach it to the new "cell body" by
pushing it through the ball so there are two halves sticking out. Take the two halves and twist them together into a single extension. This will be the axon.
• 3.Take other pipe cleaners and push them through the "cell body" on the side opposite the axon. These are dendrites. These can be shorter than your axon and you can twist more pipe cleaners to make more dendrites.
• 4.Wrap small individual pipe cleaners along the length of the axon. These will represent the myelin sheath.
• 5. Wrap another pipe cleaner on the end of the axon. This will be the synaptic terminal.
~Propagation along unmyelinated fibers
Functional Classification of Neurons
• Sensory (Afferent) neurons– Carry impulses from the sensory receptors
• Cutaneous sense organs• Proprioceptors – detect stretch or tension
• Motor (Efferent) neurons– Carry impulses from the CNS to the
effectors
• Interneurons (Association Neurons)– Found in neural pathways in the central
nervous system– Connect sensory and motor neurons
~~ Rapid, predicted, involuntary response to a stimuli
Autonomic vs. SomaticAutonomic vs. Somatic
Autonomic – Regulate activity of Smooth & Cardiac Muscle, and Glands
Somatic – Stimulate Skeletal Muscle
Receptor Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron Effector
ReflexesSomatic vs. Autonomic
• Pupillary Autonomic• Salivary Autonomic• Patellar Somatic• Hand on hot stove Somatic• Sudoriferous Glands Autonomic• Peristalsis Autonomic
1. Faster Communication2. Synchronize (Heart)
3. Two-Way Transmission
Synapses
Neurotransmitters
• Endorphins – Inhibit pain impulse
• Acetylcholine– Muscular Contraction, R.E.M Sleep
• Dopamine– Emotional responses
• Serotonin– Muscle Relaxor, Induces sleep– Hyposecretion = Depression (Prozac)
• Melatonin– Regulates Circadian Rhythm
• Epinephrine– Vasodilator
• Norepinephrine– Arousal, Dreaming, Mood
Nervous Tissue : Supporting Cells
“Neuroglia”• Astrocytes– Maintains K+ Balance for Nerve Impulse Propagation– Brain Development– Helps Form Blood-Brain Barrier
• Microglia– Phagocytes of the brain
• Ependymal Cells– Forms Cerebrospinal Fluid– Helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid and forms
protective cushion around CNS• Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
– Form Myelin sheaths
Protective Coverings
Meninges “P.A.D.” the Brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid• Produced by the Choroid Plexus• Circulates Through Subarachnoid Space• Clear, Colorless – Contains Glucose, Lactic Acid,
Proteins, Urea, Anions(- ions), Cations (+ ions), WBC
• Major Function– Mechanical Protection
•Shock Absorber•Allows Brain to “Float”
– Chemical Protection•Regulates ionic balance responsible for
neuron signaling– Circulation
•Nutrient/Waste Exchange Between Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems
Choroid PlexusArachnoid Villus
Circulation
Brain Blood Supply
Less PermeableEasy Passage – Glucose, O2, CO2, Water, Caffeine,
Nicotine, Narcotics, and Anasthetics
• Frontal– Primary Motor Area– Concerned with reasoning, planning, parts of speech (Broca’s Area),
movement (motor cortex), emotions, language comprehension and problem-solving , learned skills
• Parietal– Contains Somatic Sensory Area– Concerned with perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature ,
and pain. • Occipital
– Concerned with many aspects of vision • Temporal
– Concerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing), Olfactory (Smell), and memory (hippocampus).
Which Fissures/Sulci Separate Lobes of the Brain?
White Matter
Myelinated fibers, Carry impulses to and from Cerebral Cortex
110,000 Miles
Corpus Callosum
Cerebral Separations
Longitudinal Fissure___________________
Central Sulcus ___________________Lateral Cerebral Sulcus ___________________Parieto-Occipital Sulcus ___________________Transverse Fissure ___________________
Broca’s Area(Motor Speech)
Wernicke’s Area(Sensory Speech)
Past vs. Present
Interpret/Store Sensations
Learned , sequential Movements
Postcentral Gyrus
Postcentral
Precentral
Paleomammalian Brain – Primitive– Regulates Survival Emotions
•Fear / Anger•Sex•Pain/Pleasure•Memory•Hunger Memory Video
Thalamus“Relay Center”
Limbic StructuresAmygdala - almond shaped mass of nuclei involved in emotional responses, hormonal
secretions, and memory. Responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain. It is thought that this determination is based on how huge an emotional response an event invokes
Cingulate Gyrus - a fold in the brain involved with sensory input concerning emotions and the regulation of aggressive behavior.
Fornix - an arching, fibrous band of nerve fibers that connect the hippocampus to the hypothalamus.
Hippocampus - a tiny nub that acts as a memory indexer -- sending memories out to the appropriate part of the cerebral hemisphere for long-term storage and retrieving them when necessary.
Hypothalamus - about the size of a pearl, this structure directs a multitude of important functions. It wakes you up in the morning, and gets the adrenaline flowing. The hypothalamus is also an important emotional center, controlling the molecules that make you feel exhilarated, angry, or unhappy.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Relaxed, Calm, Meditation
Awake, Normal Consciousness
Emotional Stress, Disorders
Sleep
Why get an EEG?Assess Brain Function due to
- Trauma- Infection- Coma
Cerebellum
“Little Brain”
• Receives impulses from proprioreceptors and eyes
• Coordination of complex voluntary muscular movement
• Posture and balance
Diencephalon
– Thalamus• Relay station for nerve
impulses to Sensory Cortex
• Recognition of impulse and (Good vs. Bad)
– Hypothalamus• Overall Autonomic NS• Regulates body
homeostasis; metabolism, body temperature, water balance
• Limbic System – Emotions• Regulates the Pituitary
Gland– Pituitary Gland
• Hormone Production – Epithalamus
• Pineal Body – Hormone Production
• Choroid Plexus – Formation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Brain Stem
Midbrain- nerve pathway of the
cerebral hemispheres and contains auditory and visual reflex centers
Pons- Involved in BreathingMedulla Oblangata- Controls heart rate,
blood pressure, breathing, swallowing
DiseasesDiseases• Multiple SclerosisMultiple Sclerosis– Myelin sheath broken down, person loses ability to control body’s muscles
• MeningitisMeningitis– Virus or bacteria infection passes into the blood stream and then into the
cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord causes bleeding in the brain
• Cerebral PalsyCerebral Palsy– Neuromuscular disability in which voluntary muscles are poorly controlled and
become spastic– Most likely due to lack of oxygen during delivery
• Cerebrovascular Accident (A.K.A Stroke)Cerebrovascular Accident (A.K.A Stroke)– Blood circulation to the brain is blocked or a blood vessel ruptures causing
necrotic brain tissue• Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease
– Persistent tremors in muscle fibers; due to deficiencies in dopamine – Not controlled by Basal Ganglia– Hard to initiate skeletal muscle movement
• Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease– Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out
daily activities. The most common form of dementia among older people is Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which initially involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language
• Huntington’s DiseaseHuntington’s Disease– Degeneration basal nuclei– Hard to control involuntary skeletal muscle movements– Constant movements
Alzheimer's Eye Test
Count Every “F” in the following text:
Finished Files are The Result of Years of Scientific Study
Combined with the Experience of Years.
How Many?
Letter from Mr. Jfreefry,I lvoe Cmarbrigde so mcuh. It is fllied wtih ltos of srmat poelpe. I Cnanot blveiee that yuo cna aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I am wirtnig. The phaonmneal pweor of the Braes mnid is fscatninag, it deosn’t mttaer in what order the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the first and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseaea the huamnn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt?
Go Bares!
Alzheimer's Eye Test
Count Every “F” in the following text:
Finished Files are The Result of Years of Scientific Study
Combined with the Experience of Years.
How Many?