Post on 13-Jan-2016
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NELSON MANDELA
NUR PERÇİN Department of Chemistry IZTECH/2012
OUTLİNE OF PRESENTATİON
Historical Background Apartheid in South Africa Childhood Education and Early Career Political Activism Travel and Arrest Imprisonment Release The End of Apartheid Presidency Retirement
HİSTORİCAL BACKGROUND
South Africa populated by native tribesXhosa, Zulu, and Sotho people
Dutch arrived in 17th century Attracted by fertile land, mines with gold,
diamondsDescendents referred to as Boers or Afrikaners
Friction between two groups Afrikaner National Party created in 1940’s
Asserted economic and social control over blacks
Invented apartheid to maintain control“Separateness”
APARTHEİD İN SOUTH AFRİCA
Apartheid laws first appeared in 1949 Prohibited interracial marriages Reserved better paying jobs for whites Segregation
1950 Population Regulation Act Required that all citizens be racially classified
Black Africans forced to carry credentials 1951 Bantu Authorities Act
Created four “homelands” Denationalized nine million
1953 Public Safety Act & Criminal Law Amendment Act Severe punishment for even non-violent protesting
Fines, imprisonment, whippings Could be detained without a hearing for up to six
months Thousands died in custody, often after torture Punished with death, exile, life imprisonment
CHİLDHOOD
Born July 18, 1918 in Mvezo, East Cape Province Small village
Region a.k.a. Transkei• Home to Xhosa-speaking Thembu
tribe Named Rolihlahla (“troublemaker”) Son of Henry Mandela, Chief of Mvezo
Advisor to Jongintaba Dalindyebo Paramount Chief of Thembu Guardian after father died in 1930
Attended meetings conducted by Jongintaba Learned about governance
Descendent of Thembu royalty Guaranteed position as royal advisor
EDUCATİON AND EARLY CAREER
Attended Methodist missionary schools Renamed Nelson
Enrolled at University of Fort Hare in 1938 Befriended Oliver Tambo
Both expelled in 1940 for political activism
Worked at law firm in Johannesburg Took course provided by
University of South Africa at night Obtained Bachelor’s degree in art in
1941 Studied law at University of
Witwatersrand Opened firm with Oliver Tambo in
1952 First black African legal practice
POLİTİCAL ACTİVİSM
Joined African National Congress in 1944
Formed Youth League with Oliver Tambo Secretary of ANCYL in 1947
National Party won election of 1948 New ANC president approved by
ANCYL
President of ANCYL in 1951
Banned from ANC in 1952 Prohibited from attending meetings or
holding an office
Confined to Johannesburg area
ANC operated underground
THE TREASON TRİAL 156 nationalists arrested
December 5th, 1956 Included Mandela and Albert
Luthuli, President of ANC
Leaders of Congress Alliance
Combination of five major anti-apartheid organizations
Charged with high treason Punishable by death
Acquitted in March of 1961
THE PAN AFRİCANİST CONGRESS
Formed by more radical members of ANC
Rivalry between ANC and PAC
69 demonstrators killed at Sharpeville on March 21, 1960
Both groups formed military wings in 1961
Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”)
Mandela appointed first commander of MK
PAC’s Poqo and MK prepare sabotage
THE SHARPEVİLLE MASSACRE
TRAVEL AND ARREST
Mandela left country in secret in 1962
Attended Conference of Pan-African Freedom Movement of East and Central Africa Conference of African nationalist leaders in Addis
Ababa
Provided with Ethiopian passport by Haile Selassie
Traveled to Algeria for military training Guerilla warfare
Next to London to visit Tambo Arrested upon return
THE RİVONİA TRİAL Charged for leaving country
Sentenced to five years in prison
MK HQ at Lilieslief raided onJuly 11th, 1963 Arrested leaders charged
with 221 counts of sabotage
Mandela delivered four hour statement “I am Prepared to Die”
Sentenced to life imprisonment plus five years
“ During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to
this struggle of the African people. I have fought
against white domination, and I have fought
against black domination. I have cherished the
ideal of a democratic and free society in which all
persons live together in harmony and with equal
opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for
and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which
I am prepared to die.”
IMPRİSONMENT
Gained local and international support
Pressured South African government to release Mandela
Hidden from media
Moved several times
Offered freedom in 1976
Told that in exchange he must withdraw from political activism
Refused this and subsequent offers
RELEASE
Frederik Willem de Klerk became president in 1989
Lifted ban on all political parties
Released all political prisoners not guilty of violent crimes
On February 11th, 1990 Mandela was released
THE END OF APARTHEİD Replaced Tambo as president of ANC Convention for Democratic South
America formed in 1991 To negotiate transitional
government Both Mandela and de Klerk
involved Jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize in
December of 1993 First multiracial election in South
Africa in April of 1994 ANC won by 62% Government of National Unity
Maximum of five years while new constitution formed
Mandela became president of South Africa
PRESİDENCY Inaugurated May 10th, 1994 First black president of South Africa Aimed to improve social and
economic conditions for black majority Large scale redistribution of wealth
Truth and Reconciliation Commission Human rights violations from old
regime Improved living standards of black
population Better housing and education
Violence control Afrikaner Resistance Movement
Extremists opposing new government using terrorism
Legislation to protect workers Workplace safety, overtime pay,
minimum wage
RETİREMENT
Decided not to run for reelection in 1997
Supported Thabo Mbeki Inaugurated June 16,
1999
Retired from public life in 2004
Committed to fight against HIV/AIDS epidemic Son Makgatho Mandela
died of AIDS on January 6th, 2005
“ We have at last achieved ourpolitical emancipation. We
pledgeourselves to liberate all our
peoplefrom the continuing bondage ofpoverty, deprivation, suffering,gender, and other discrimination. . . Never, never, and never
againshall it be that this beautiful
landwill again experience theoppression of one by another. . .Let freedom reign.”
REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela,2012 http://www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/
biography,2012 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
mandela/,2012 http://www.anc.org.za/list_by.php?by=Nelson
%20Mandela,2012 http://archive.nelsonmandela.org/#!home,2012