Post on 13-May-2022
NaturalLanguageProcessingvs.Logic.Islogicusefulinthecomputa8onal
interpreta8onoflanguage?
DanCristeadcristea@info.uaic.ro
Communica8onthroughlanguage
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Communica8onthroughlanguage
thought
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Communica8onthroughlanguage
thought
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
emo8on
Communica8onthroughlanguage
thought
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
emo8on
Communica8onthroughlanguage
thought
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
emo8on
Communica8onthroughlanguage
thought
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
emo8on
Communica8onthroughlanguage
thought
thought
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
emo8on
Communica8onthroughlanguage
thought
thought
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
emo8on
emo8on
LogicandNL
• Logic:theexpressionofrigour• ChallengeoflogicalformalismsinNL:codeanylanguageexpressioninlogicalform
• Usefulness:clearoutambigui8es
• Skep8cs:towhatextendcanamessagebeencodedinlogic?
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Thelogicoflanguagecommunica8on…twohorses…– theemiUerisaman,livesinEnglandin1926,aworkerofthefield– thereceiveristhisman’smaster
è– bothemiUerandreceiverhaveacommonknowledgeonthewordhorse– theemiUerknowsthatthereceiverhasthesamemeaningashimselfonhorse– theemiUerintendstomakethereceiverbuildtherepresenta8on:
S={x⏐horse(x)}^card(S)=2,where:card(S):thecardinalofthesetS,horse(x):aqualifyingfunc8onasser8ngthatxbelongstoaclassofobjects
sharingtheseman8cpropertythatiscurrentlydenominatedinEnglishbythewordhorse,andthatthepragma8ccontextinwhichtheexpressionisuUered
clearlyseparatesthedifferentmeaningsthatthisEnglishwordmayencode.MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Whenislogicofhelp…
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Chunkslevel:Genera8veLexiconandQualiaStructures
• meaningofwordsdecomposedon4coordinates:– Formal(F):encodingtaxonomicinforma8onaboutthelexicalitem(theis-arela8on);
– Cons4tu4ve(C):encodinginforma8ononthepartsandcons8tu8onofanobject(part-oformade-ofrela8on);
– Telic(T):encodinginforma8ononpurposeandfunc8on(theused-fororfunc4ons-asrela8on);
– Agen4ve(A):encodinginforma8onabouttheoriginoftheobject(thecreated-byrela8on)
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
J.Pustejovsky.TheGenera4veLexicon.Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1995.
QualiaStructures
• Representmeaningofcomposi8onsofwords– largecar(F=vehicle),– brokencar(C=motor),– speedycar(T=drive),– Italiancar(A=madeinItaly)
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Whatskep8csgrump?
• Howtomastertheenormousrangeofpossiblecombina8ons?
• Haslikesthesamemeaning?– Helikesmysister.vs.Helikesvanillaicecream.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Discourselevel:meaningofsequencesofsentencesMariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.Shecleanedthefloor.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Shecleanedthefloor.Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Shecleanedthefloor.Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Shecleanedthefloor.Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Shecleanedthefloor.Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Shecleanedthefloor.Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Shecleanedthefloor.Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Shecleanedthefloor.Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Shecleanedthefloor.Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.drops(AG:Maria,OB:egg)=>falls(REC:egg)=>touches(AG:egg,OB:X)
Qualia.Formal(egg)=container;Qualia.Cons8tu8ve(egg)={eggshell(fragile),liquid}
=>breaks(REC:eggshell)=>leaks(REC:liquid,ON:X)=>perceives(AG:Maria,OB:dirty(X))
Shecleanedthefloor.=>cleans(AG:Maria,OB:floor)=>perceives(AG:Maria,OB:dirty(floor))
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
ShecleanedthefloorMariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Tolinksentenceswemakeinferences
Mariadroppedtheeggfromherhand.Sheturnedthelighton.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Discourselevel:variabilityinlanguage
Meaning
Language Ambiguity
Variability
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Discourselevel:variabilityinlanguage
• Reducethedistancebetweenformandmeaningare:Informa8onRetrieval(IE),TextualEntailment(TE)andQues8onAnswering(QA)
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
TextualEntailment
• Texttentailshypothesish(t⇒h)ifhumansreadingtwillinferthathismostlikelytrue
Atrueentailment• t:…ashootoutattheGuadalajaraairportinMay,1993,thatkilledCardinalJuanJesusPosadasOcampoandsixothers.
• h:CardinalJuanJesusPosadasOcampodiedin1993.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
TextualEntailment
…andofafalseone• t:ReganaTendedaceremonyinWashingtontocommemoratethelandingsinNormandy.
• h:WashingtonislocatedinNormandy.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?
• t:PhilanthropicGoldingInc.cameintoexistenceinJanuary2004.Oneyeara[eritsfounda4onthecompanydeclaredbankruptcy.
• h:PhilanthropicGoldingInc.bankruptedinJanuary2005.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?
• Launchapipelineofprocesses,attheendofwhichthesentencesofbothtandhareexpressedinasymbolicformthatallowsclosecomparison.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?
PhilanthropicGoldingInc.cameintoexistenceinJanuary2004.
• Step1:tokenisa8on(notshown),part-of-speechtagging(notshown),chunkingnounphrasesandclashingmul8-wordexpressions.<NPid=”n1”>PhilanthropicGoldingInc.</NP><MWEid=”m1”>cameintoexistence</MWE>
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?
• Step2:recogni8onofen8tymen8ons,of8meexpressionsandresolu8onofanaphora.<COREF-LISTid=”ent1”TYPE=“ENTITY”REF-LIST=”n1”/>
PhilanthropicGoldingInc.isanameden8ty
<TIMEX38d=”t1”type=”DATE”value=”2004-01”>January2004</TIMEX3>
January2004isatemporalexpression
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?
• Step3:func8onaldependencyparsing;hereweshowaUniversalDependency(UD)coding
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?
• Step4:8meanalysis,inwhichEVENTandTLINKelements,formalizingtheeventsandtheirtemporalrela8ons,aregenerated.<EVENTeid=”ev1”VB=”m1”AG=”ent1”/>
ThecamingintoexistenceofPhilanthropicGoldingInc.isanevent
<TLINKeventID="ev1"relatedToTime="t1"relType="BEGINS"/>
ThemomentofthiseventistheonecodedbythetemporalexpressionJanuary2004
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?• Step5:equivalentstructures(transforma8ons)andcomputa8onoftransi8veclosuresoftemporalrela8ons:equivalenceoftheexpressions:XcomesintoexistenceandUNKNOWNfoundsXè<EVENTeid=”ev2”VB=”found”AG=”UNKNOWN”OB=”ent1”/>
ThecamingintoexistenceofPhilanthropicGoldingInc.canequallybeexpressedbyafoundingeventinwhichPGIhastheobjectrole.
<TLINKeventID="ev2"relatedToTime="t1"relType="BEGINS"/>ThemomentofthiseventistheonecodedbythetemporalexpressionJanuary
2004
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?
Oneyeara[eritsfounda4onthecompanydeclaredbankruptcy.
• Step1:NP-chunking<NPid=”n3”><NPid=”n2”>its</NP>founda4on</NP><NPid=”n4”>thecompany</NP><NPid=”n5”>bankruptcy</NP>
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?
• Step2:NER,TimexandAR<TIMEX38d=”t2”type=”DURATION”value=”P1Y”>oneyear</TIMEX3>
oneyearisatemporalexpression<COREF-LISTid=”ent1”TYPE=”ENTITY”REF-LIST=”n1n2n4”/>
itsandthecompanyarecoreferen8alwithPhilanthropicGoldingInc.
<COREF-LISTid=”eve1”TYPE=”EVENT”REF-LIST=”ev1ev2n3”/>itsfounda4onisrecognisedasaneventcoreferen8alwiththefoundingof
PhilanthropicGoldingInc.
<COREF-LISTid=”eve2”TYPE=”EVENT”REF-LIST=”n5”/>banckrupcyisrecognisedasanevent
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?
• Step3:UD
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?
• Step4:EVENTandTLINKelements<EVENTeid=”e3”POS=”VERB”CLASS=”REPORTING”AG=”ent1”OB=”eve2”>declared</EVENT><EVENTeid=”e4”POS=”NOUN”CLASS=”OCCURRENCE”AG=”ent1”>bankruptcy</EVENT>
BothactsofdeclaringbankruptcyandofbankruptcyitselfinvolvingPhilanthropicGoldingInc.arerecognisedasevents.
<TLINKeventID="e3"relatedToTime="t2"relType="AFTER"/><SLINKeventID="e3"subordinatedEvent="e4"relType="FACTIVE"/>Thedeclaringbankruptcyeventtakesplaceoneyearayerthefounda8on
event.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?
• Step5:theTimeClosuretool<TIMEX38d=”t4”type=”DATE”value=”2005-01-xx”/><TLINKeventID="e4"relatedToTime="t4"relType="DURING"/>
ThedeclaringbankruptcyeventtakesinJanuary2005.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Howisentailmentchecked?PhilanthropicGoldingInc.bankruptedinJanuary2005.
• Asimilarprocessingchainproduces:<EVENTeid=”e5”POS=”VERB”AG=”ent1”>bankrupted</EVENT>
AneventofbankruptcyinwhichisinvolvedPhilanthropicGoldingInc.
<TIMEX38d=”t5”type=”DATE”value=”2005-01-xx”>January2005</TIMEX3><TLINKeventID="e5"relatedToTime="t5"relType="DURING"/>
ThemomentofthiseventisJanuary2005.
Otherformalisms
• NaturalLogic:TreestructuredRecursiveNeuralNetworkscanlearntoiden8fylogicalrela8onshipssuchasentailmentandcontradic8on…
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Andwhenlogicisofnouse?...
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Doublenega8on
• DoubleNega?onlanguages(amongwhichstandardvarie8esofGermanicandScandinavian):– twonega8veelementscanceleachotherout
resul8nginaposi8vereading:Pauldidn’tseenobody.=Paulsawsomebody.“Thereisanindividualx,suchthatPaulsawx.”
A.Falaus.RomanianN-wordsasNega4veQuan4fiers,WorkingPapersinLinguis8cs,31stAnnualPennLinguis8csColloquium,Univ.Pennsylvania,2008.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Doublenega8on
• Nega?veConcordlanguages(amongwhichRomanianandItalian):– mul8pleoccurrencesofnega8onareinterpretedasoneseman8cnega8on:Pauln-avăzutpenimeni.=Pauldidn’tseeanybody.“Itisnotthecasethatthereisanindividualx,suchthatPaulsawx.”
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Linearposi8onambivalence
• Associa8onsnoun+adjec8vevs.adjec8ve+nounhavedifferentmeanings
femeiasingură=>thewomanalonesingurafemeie=>theonlywoman
A.Cornilescu.Thelineariza4onoftheRomanianadjec4vesandthestructureoftheRomanianDP,inTorckD.andWetzlesL.(eds),RomanceLanguages
andLinguis8cTheory,2006",JohnBenjamins,2009.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Linearposi8onambivalence
today10yearsago
mașinalui(cea)vechevechealuimașină
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Linearposi8onambivalence…
• …doesnotapplytoanyadjec8ve:certainmodifiersmakesenseonlywhensituatedinthepre-posi8onwithrespecttothemodifiednounbiet(poor,pi4ful)isnotacceptedunlessitprecedesthenoun:bietom(poorman),butnot:ombiet M.-D.Vulchanova.Modifica4onintheBalkannominalexpression:Anaccountof
the(A)NA–AN(A)ordercontract.InMar8neCoeneandYvesD’hulst(eds):FromNPtoDP:Thesyntaxandseman8csofnounphrases,JohnBenjamin,2003.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Linearposi8on
• Theintersec8on-basedcomposi8oncontradicted:– ifX(adj)andY(noun),thenXY(orYX):• setofobjectsYthathavethepropertyX• intersec8onbetweenthesetofobjectshavingthepropertyXandthesetofobjectsY
è poormen:intersec8onbetweenthesetofthingswhicharepoorandthesetofmen
è s8ll,bieţiioameni:subsetofthesetofmenwhichareinapi8ful/miserablestate
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Contextsandthemistofpragma8cs
• Textualcontext:sensefixedbythecontext• Disambigua8oncomputedsta8s8cally…
GoogleTranslate
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Textualcontextandwordsenses
• LogiclackspowerHowwouldalogicalsolu8onwork?Andifoneexists,whatwouldbethecostofthesuppor8velexical-seman8cresourcestogeneraliseit?
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Thewoodlanguage• Wordsinducedifferentreac8onsinhumans:
herehumorous(contrarytotheinten8on)“SăluptămpentrupropăţireaneamuluişiaducereaRomânieipecelemaiînalteculmidecivilizaţiemul8lateraldezvoltată.”(approx.Let’sfighttothriveours4rpsandbringRomaniaonthehighestpeaksofmul4laterallydevelopedciviliza4on.)R.Zafiu.Limbadelemn(Thewoodlanguage).InDilemaveche,Nr.314/
18-24februarie,2010.
Thewoodlanguage
“Pusas�elînlumină,ancoratînsinergiafaptelor,recursullauniversalitatenueludeazămeandreleconcretului.”(approx.Thusputinlight,anchoredinthesynergyoffacts,theappealtouniversalitydoesnotcircumventthemeandersoftheconcrete.)
aUributedtoIonIliescu
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Styleinliterature
• Humansperceiveco-occurrenceofwordsasproducingverysugges8veimages“constelațiaochilormei”(theconstella4onofmyeyes)“a8ngicuauzul”(approx.yourhearingtouches)“nisipuridefiară”(beastsands)NichitaStănescu,Autoportretîn4mpdeveghe(Autoportraitduringwatch
8me)
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Styleinliterature
• Seizingemo8onsincurredbysentenceslikethefollowinginlogicalexpressions?"It’senoughformetobesurethatyouandIexistatthismoment.”
GabrielGarciaMarquez:OneHundredYearsofSolitude
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Styleinliterature
• Formaliseinlogicaltermsametonymicsenseofanexpression?“lipindu-sederăcoareatoculuiuşii”(approx.s4ckingtothechillofthedoorframe)
GabrielGarciaMarquez:OneHundredYearsofSolitude
Atouchedobjectisreplacedwithasensa8onthattheagentborrowsfromthatobject.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Styleinliterature
• Lookforlogicalequivalentofmetaphoricallanguage:“Temângâicudegetelemuiateînamin8ri.”(Icaressyouwithmyfingersdippedinmemories)
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Styleinliterature
• Confrontedwiththeextraordinarydiversityofsugges8onsthatwordscanconvey,logicseemstomefaint,forceless,impuissant.
• Howcouldsuchpoe8calexpressionsbeencodedinlogicalconstruc8ons?
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Andthesolu8onis?
• Logicprovessuccessfulinrepresen8ngmanylanguageaspects.
• Thereshouldbealimitwheretheambi8ontoexpressnaturallanguageinlogicalformhastostopbecauseitreachesaninsurmountablelimit.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Andthesolu8onis?• 4categoriesofthinkersontherela8onshipbetweenlanguageandlogic– thelogicpurists:everythingcanbeexpressedinlogical(symbolic)forms
– thesta8s8cal-neuralpurists:everythingcanbeexpressedbysta8s8cs/neuralformalisms
– theskep8cals:languagecanneverbeinterpretedtotally,neitherbysymbolicnorsta8s8calmeans
– themoderates,dirtyworkers:onlyacombina8onbetweenthetwoparadigmscanhelp,andthisonlytoacertainlimit
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Insteadofconclusions
• Theirlackofconfidenceinlogicasauniversalmachineryforprocessinglanguagecomesfromobserva8onsoftheinabilityoflogictosupportexhaus8velytheprocessinginfrastructuresoflanguage.
• Theydon’tbelievethateachsentence,oreachsequenceofsentences,shouldbetransformedintoatheoremthatnecessitatesaproof.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Insteadofconclusions
• Reasoning,thatpartoflanguageusethatnecessitatesvoli8onalconnec8onsinordertodecipherinforma8on,tofindexplicitlinks,withoutwhichunderstandingwouldbeimpossible–yes.
• Primaryprocessesthatenabletheuseoflanguagetoexpressemo8ons,thereforethatallowcogni8onbasedonlanguage–no.
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016
Thankyou!
MFOI–VadulluiVodă,29July2016