Nationalism, Thinkers, & Change

Unit 7, SSWH 17 a & d

Indian Nationalism - 2 Parties

•Congress Party—mostly Hindus•Muslim League—Muslims •Both want South Asia to be independent of Britain

World War I Increases Nationalism • British promise steps to self-government

in return for war service • After war, no changes; resentment

grows across India • Some radicals carry out acts of violence• Amritsar Massacre - Troops fire on

unarmed crowd; 400 killed & 1,200 wounded

Gandhi’s Tactics: Nonviolence, Boycotts, and Strikes

• Mohandas K. Gandhi—leader of independence movement • Gandhi urges civil disobedience—

noncooperation with British rule • Gandhi urges boycott of British

goods, schools, taxes, elections • Civil disobedience takes an economic

toll on the British

Protest of Salt Acts• Laws force Indians to buy salt from the

government • Salt March—240-mile walk led by Gandhi to

collect seawater for salt• British police brutalize walkers; Indians gain

worldwide support • In 1935, Parliament passes the Government

of India Act, gives India local self-government and some election reforms

Turkey Becomes a Republic• Mustafa Kemal—Turkish general who

overthrows Ottoman sultan • In 1923, Kemal becomes president of the

Republic of Turkey • Splits government from religion, modernizes

Turkey, Kemal dies in 1938; given name Ataturk (“father of the Turks”)

Art, Music, and Social Change• Artists depict inner world of the mind• Composers move away from traditional

styles, (Jazz: musical style that captures age’s new freedom)• Society Challenged: women take on new

roles during World War I (this work helps many win the right to vote, & gain access to better jobs)

New Thinking after The Great War

• Albert Einstein—offered radically new ideas in field of physics (Theory of relativity: idea that space & time are not constant)• Sigmund Freud—Austrian doctor with

new ideas about the mind (Claims that human behavior is not based on reason)

Revolutions in Russia Totalitarianism

Unit 7, SSWH 17 b

Czars & Autocratic Rule • Government censors written

criticism; secret police monitor schools • Non-Russians living in Russia are

treated harshly • Jews become target of gov. -

backed pogroms (mob violence)  

Revolutionary Movement Grows • Industrialization breeds discontent

over working conditions, wages • Growing popularity of Marxist idea

that the proletariat (workers) will rule • Bolsheviks—Marxists who favor

revolution by a small committed group: Lenin—Bolshevik leader

Bloody Sunday: The Revolution of 1905 - workers demand reforms 

•Army fires into the crowd, killing many •Massacre leads to widespread unrest; Czar Nicholas forced to make reforms

WWI: The Final Blow •Heavy losses in WWI reveal

govt’s weakness •Nicholas goes to war front;

Czarina Alexandra runs govt •Army losing effectiveness;

people hungry & unhappy

Czar Steps Down •March (Bolshevik) Revolution— Nicholas abdicates throne • In November 1917, workers take control of the govt.

Bolsheviks in Power • Lenin gives land to peasants, puts

workers in control of factories • Bolsheviks sign treaty with

Germany; Russia out of WWI • Civil War between Bolsheviks’

Red Army & loosely allied White Army

New Economic Policy Political Reforms - country renamed Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

(U.S.S.R.) • NEP & peace restore economy

shattered by war & revolution • Lenin creates self-governing republics

under national government • Communist Party—new name taken

by Bolsheviks from writings of Marx

New Leader • Joseph Stalin—cold, hard

Communist Party general secretary in 1922 • Lenin dies in 1924, Stalin gains

complete control in 1928 • Totalitarianism—govt that

dominates every aspect of life

Police Terror, Indoctrination, Censorship, Religious Persecution• Govt uses police to spy on &

intimidate • Govt shapes people’s minds through

slanted education • Govt controls all mass media, crushes

opposing views• Govt attacks Russian Orthodox

Church, loss of rights

Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State Police State – Great Purge

•Terror campaign against Stalin’s perceived enemies •By the end of 1938, Stalin in complete control; 8–13 million dead

New Economic System, Industrial & Agricultural Revolution

• Command economy—government makes all economic decisions Five-Year Plans—Stalin’s plans for developing the economy • Result: large growth in industrial

power; shortage of consumer goods

• In 1928, government creates collective farms—large, owned by state •Peasants resist this change;

5–10 million die in crackdown •By 1938, agricultural

production rising

Total Control Achieved – Stalin transformed Soviet Union by mid-1930s• Totalitarian regime: industrial &

political power, controls all aspects of Soviet life:

-unopposed dictator-rules by terror instead of

constitutional government -demands conformity, obedience

  Fascism & Nazism

Unit 7, SSWH 17 c

Fascism’s Rise in Italy

•Fascism is new, militant political movement•Emphasizes nationalism and loyalty to authoritarian leader

Mussolini Takes Control - Il Duce• Italians want a leader who will take

action• Fascist Party leader, Benito Mussolini,

promises to rescue Italy• • Italian king puts Mussolini in charge of

government• •Mussolini takes firm control of politics

and economy in Italy

Hitler Rises to Power in Germany

• Adolf Hitler—obscure political figure in 1920s Germany• Nazism—German brand of

fascism (racist)• Hitler becomes Nazi leader, plots �

to seize national power

•Mein Kampf “My Struggle”—Hitler‘s book detailing beliefs, goals•Hitler believes that Germany

needs lebensraum, or living space•Germans turn to Hitler when

economy collapses

Hitler Becomes Chancellor• Turns Germany into

totalitarian state•Uses brutal tactics to

eliminate enemies•Nazis take command of

economy

der Führer & Jews•Hitler takes control over every

aspect of German life•Hitler makes war on the Jews –

Anti-Semitism•Nazis deprive Jews of rights, �

promote violence against them

Aggressors Invade

Unit 7, SSWH 17 f

Militarists Take Control of Japan

•Want to solve economic problems through expansion •(invading)• •1931, Japanese army seizes Manchuria• • League of Nations protests action; Japan withdraws from League

Japan Invades China•1937, Japan launches war on China•“Asia for the Asians”, trying to kick out foreigners

Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia• 1935, Italy attacks Ethiopia• Ethiopia’s leader, Halie Selassie, asks League for help• League of Nations does not �stop aggression, gives Italy a fine.

Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty

• •1935, Hitler rebuilds German army• •1936, Germany occupies Rhineland• • Britain urges appeasement, a policy of giving into aggression• • Germany, Italy, and Japan = the Axis Powers (alliance)

Civil War Erupts in Spain• 1936, General Francisco

Franco leads rebellion• �Hitler & Mussolini help Franco (sent weapons)• 1939, � Franco wins Civil War• Franco becomes Spain’s �Fascist dictator

U.S.A. = Isolationist Policy

�Isolationism—avoidance of political ties with other countries

1935, Congress �passes Neutrality Acts

German Reich (Empire) Expands

• Hitler plans to expand Third Reich—German Empire• 1938, Hitler � annexes (adds) Austria• � Hitler demands the Sudeten-land from Czechoslovakia• Czechs refuse, ask France �for help

Brit. & France Choose Appeasement

• Leaders meet at Munich Conf. to settle Czech crisis• Britain & France agree to let Hitler take Sudetenland• 1939, Hitler takes rest of Czechoslovakia• •Mussolini takes Albania; Hitler demands part of Poland

Nazis & Soviets Sign Nonaggression Pact

•1939, Stalin (soviet leader) & Hitler pledge never to attack one another (divide up Poland)

Timeline of Events Leading Up to WWII

Unit 7, SSWH 17 f

JAPAN•1920s – Japan’s govt became democratic•1922 – Japan signed inter-national treaty: respecting China’s borders

• 1928 – Kellogg-Briand Pact: renounces war• 1929 – Civilians in Japan blamed govt. 

for Great Depression (Militarists – extreme nationalists – take control of govt., kept Emperor Hirohito as figure head)• 1931 – militarists want to solve 

economic problems by foreign expansion, army seized Manchuria

• 1933 – League of Nations protested Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, Japan withdraws from League of Nations• Nov. 1936 – Japan joined alliance 

with Germany & Italy: Axis Powers• 1937 – Japan invades China and 

starts a war

ITALY• 1935 - Benito Mussolini, Italy’s leader, 

wants to create colonial empire in Africa & invades Ethiopia (to seek revenge from previous defeat), Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia asks League for help, they fine Italy• 1936 – 1939: Mussolini supports 

other fascist leaders to take over gov.,

General Francisco Franco (fascist leader) fights in Spanish Civil War & Mussolini sends weapons to Franco (Franco becomes Spain’s dictator)• Oct. 1936 – Mussolini creates an alliance 

with Germany: Rome-Berlin Axis (Germany was becoming powerful), • Nov. 1936 - Axis Powers created with 

Japan joining the alliance• 1938 - Mussolini proposed a meeting 

(Munich Conf.) bet. Britain, France

(who were preparing for war), Germany, & Italy – Brit. & France choose appeasement (gave into an aggressor to prevent war) & allowed Germany to have Sudetenland• 1939 – Italy seized Albania

U.S.A.•1935 – U.S. supported isolationism (avoid political ties to other countries), Congress passed Neutrality Acts (laws banning loans & the sale of arms to nations at war)

GERMANY• 1935 – Hitler (German leader) 

announced Germany wouldn’t obey restrictions of Versailles Treaty & rebuilds army (League did nothing)• Mar. 1936 – Hitler moves army into 

Rhineland, Brit. & France allowed it to keep peace

• July 1936 – Hitler sends weapons to Fascist leader Franco in Spain• Oct. 1936 – Hitler & Mussolini create 

an alliance: Rome-Berlin Axis• Nov. 1936 – Japan joins alliance: Axis 

Powers• 1937 – Hitler announced his desire to 

expand German Empire: Third Reich• Mar. 1938 – Germany annexed (adds)

Austria, Brit & France did nothing• Sept. 1939 – Hitler demands Sudetenland 

from Czechoslovakia, attended Munich Conf. & gained Sudetenland• Mar. 1939 – Hitler invades Czech & 

demands German port of Danzig in Poland• Aug. 1939 – Non-Aggression Pact: Signed 

by USSR & Germany, agreed to not fight & divide up Poland