Post on 26-Jun-2015
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
TYSABRI Safety Update & PML
Risk Stratification
Barts Health
January 2013
Gavin Giovannoni
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Benefit / Risk
Benefit
Risk
TYSABRI
81% reduction in
relapse rate1
64% reduction in
disability
progression1
>1 in 3 patients free
of disease activity2
PML risk ≈
2.84 in 1,000 3
Other Adverse
Events Per
Labelling
How can the risk of PML be minimised?
1. Hutchinson M, et al. J Neurol. 2009;256:405-415.
2. Havrdova E, et al. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(3):254-60.
3. Biogen Idec, data on file.
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
PML Risk Hypothesis PML is rare and likely caused by interplay between multiple factors
Patients at higher risk of developing PML are
likely those:
• Who have JC virus and have the
pathogenic form of the virus (i.e. has an
altered NCCR and has a pathogenic
mutation in VP1).
• Who have a compromised immune system
that permits viral replication in the brain
• Who may have other risk factors such as
host genetic factors that make them
susceptible to JC virus infection and/or
PML development VP1 mutations
NCCR rearrangements
Immune function
Host genetic factors
Immunomodulating therapy
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
A Hypothetical Risk Stratification Tool
Anti-JCV Antibody Status
Negative Positive
Prior Immunosuppressant
Use
Natalizumab Treatment
>2 Years
Natalizumab Treatment
>2 Years
No Yes
No Yes No Yes
Lowest Highest
Relative PML Risk
1 in 14,285 1 in 1,666 1 in 192 1 in 94 1 in 555
Highest Lowest
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Key Learnings: PML Risk
• Duration of natalizumab dosing prior to PML diagnosis ranged from 8 to
76 doses.1
– Mean duration of natalizumab dosing at time of PML diagnosis was
approximately 38.6 months1
• Overall incidence: 2.84 per 1000 patients (95% CI; range: 2.54 to 3.16
per 1000 patients)1
– Currently the average post-marketing natalizumab exposure worldwide is
approximately 2 or more years of natalizumab exposure.
• Factors that increase the risk of PML have been identified 2 – JCV exposure indicated by anti-JCV antibody positive status
– Receiving an immunosuppressant prior to receiving TYSABRI
– TYSABRI treatment duration, especially >2 years.
1. Biogen Idec, data on file.
2. TYSABRI SPC
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Natalizumab PML Incidence Estimates by
Treatment Duration
Biogen Idec, data on file.
Calculations based on exposure through 31 December 2012 and 323 confirmed cases as of 2 January 2013
Inc
ide
nc
e p
er
10
00
pa
tie
nts
3.16
4.46
5.06
5.64 5.42
5.22
4.90
4.15
3.80 3.89
2.54
3.57
4.04
4.46
4.16
3.87
3.45
2.67
2.20
1.89
2.84
4.00
4.53
5.02
4.76
4.51
4.13
3.35
2.92 2.75
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Natalizumab PML Incidence Estimates by
Treatment Epoch In
cid
en
ce p
er
10
00
pa
tie
nts
Calculations based on exposure through 31 December 2012 and 323 confirmed cases as of 2 January 2013
Biogen Idec, data on file.
3.16
0.10
0.82
2.28
2.88 2.88
3.34
2.54
0.01
0.46
1.53
1.88
1.64 1.44
2.84
0.04
0.62
1.88
2.34 2.20 2.24
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Use of Natalizumab in the Post-Marketing Setting*
Patients
Patients
Worldwide post-marketing data from 23 Nov 2004 to 30 September 2012
*Post-marketing data includes patients exposed since 23 November 2004. This excludes approximately 5,000 patients exposed
in clinical trials: 2,200 exposed for ≥ 12 months; 1,900 exposed for ≥ 18 months; 1,600 exposed for ≥ 24 months; 1,300
exposed for ≥ 30 months; 1,000 exposed for ≥ 36 months; and 700 exposed for ≥ 42 months. Exposure are estimates and may
not fully reflect treatment interruptions that are used in certain patients.
Biogen Idec, data on file.
108,300
75,800
63,700
53,100
44,100
36,100
28,600
22,000
OverallExposure
≥12 Months
≥18 Months
≥24 Months
≥30 Months
≥36 Months
≥42 Months
≥48 Months
243,846 Patient-Years
of natalizumab exposure
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Anti-JCV Antibody Testing
• Current data on the assay as a risk stratification tool:
- Irrespective of MS treatment, across studies in MS patients, approximately 50-60% of
the population tested anti-JCV antibody positive1
- Preliminary data suggest that ~2-3% of patients seroconvert annually2.
• Seroconversion is defined as a patient who changed from negative to positive and remained
positive
- Low false negative rate
• STRATA: 2.5% (95% CI 0.05-4.9%)2,3
• STRATIFY-1: 2.7% (95% CI 0.9-6.2%)4
- Preliminary data suggest that ~5-10% of patients will change serostatus from anti-JCV
antibody negative to positive on retest. These patients include true seroconverters, and
those with anti-JCV antibody levels that fluctuate around the cut-point of the anti-JCV
assay2.
1. Bozic et al. Presented at AAN: April 21-28, 2012; New Orleans, LA. S41.002
2. Biogen Idec, data on file.
3. Gorelik et al. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:295-303.
4. Bozic et al. Ann Neurol. 2011;70(5):742-50.
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Anti-JCV Antibody Testing
• As of 2nd January 2013, 120 natalizumab-treated MS PML patients with known pre-PML anti-
JCV antibody status who had samples tested for anti-JCV antibodies, all of which were
collected at least 6 months prior to PML diagnosis (range 6-187 months). Of these 120
patients:
– 118 (98%) patients tested anti-JCV antibody positive at all time points where samples were available.
– 1 patient (1%) tested anti-JCV antibody negative 9 months prior to PML diagnosis and anti-JCV
antibody positive 6.5 months prior to PML diagnosis. The patient had > 5 years of natalizumab
therapy + prior IS use.
– 1 patient (1%) tested anti-JCV antibody negative 9 months prior to PML diagnosis; no additional pre-
PML samples were available. The patient had received ~ 3-4 years of therapy + no prior IS use.
• A sample obtained from one CD clinical trial patient prior to PML diagnosis tested positive.
• In addition, one MS patient tested anti-JCV antibody negative 15 months prior to PML
diagnosis and tested positive two months before PML diagnosis. The patient had received >
3 years of natalizumab + no prior IS use. At the time of testing positive, the patient had
detectable IgM and IgG antibodies. The patient changed antibody status at some point, but
the time of serochange is unknown. The patient’s anti-JCV antibody status 6 months prior to
PML diagnosis is unknown.
Biogen Idec, data on file.
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Anti-JCV Antibody Testing
1. TYSABRI SPC
2. Biogen Idec, data on file.
• The anti-JCV antibody should not be used to diagnose PML.
• Data from a Biogen Idec study of plasma exchange (PLEX) in TYSABRI-treated MS
patients demonstrated that anti-JCV antibody levels are decreased by 2-5 fold after
PLEX and thus may lead to an anti-JCV antibody negative result in some patients with a
relatively low titer before PLEX. Anti-JCV antibody testing should not be performed
during or for at least two weeks following plasma exchange due to the removal of
antibodies from the serum.1
• One sample, collected from a patient at the time of PML diagnosis following a cycle of
PLEX tested negative for anti-JCV antibodies. Because this sample was collected
immediately following PLEX, and PLEX removes antibodies from the circulation, the
information obtained from this sample is unreliable.2
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Geographic Distribution of PML Cases
• Of the 323 cases reported through 2nd January 2013:
– 116 are from the United States
– 187 are from the European Economic Area
– 20 are from the rest of the world
Biogen Idec, data on file.
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Status of PML Cases
* TYSABRI SPC
Biogen Idec, data on file.
• As of 2nd January 2013:
– 70 patients have died (22%)
– 253 patients are alive (78%)
• It is too early to draw conclusions about the outcomes of patients who develop PML while on natalizumab treatment
• PML may be fatal or result in severe disability*
The median time to death was 2.2 months (range, 0.1 to 15.2 months) for 44 deaths as of 29th February, 2012.
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Estimated PML Risk Associated with Prior IS Use
• Prior IS use in the overall natalizumab-treated population was not
known and was therefore estimated from TYGRIS*
• Compared to patients who have never been treated with a prior IS
therapy, patients with prior IS use have ~3-4-fold greater risk of PML
*http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00477113 and http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00483847
Biogen Idec, data on file.
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
No Specific Pattern in Type of Prior IS Use Identified
in Patients with PML
• Type of prior IS use varied:
– Some patients had received more than one type of IS therapy
– Types of prior IS use included
• Mitoxantrone (n=38) • Azathioprine (n=11) • Methotrexate (n=9) • Cyclophosphamide (n=14) • Mycophenolate (n=6) • Other (n=8)
Data based on prior IS agents reported in 68 out of 197 patients with PML as of 29th February 2012
(Prior IS status was unknown for 15 patients and they were excluded from the analysis).
Biogen Idec, data on file.
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
No Specific Pattern in Duration of Prior IS Use or
Time from Last Dose of IS in Patients with PML
• Duration of prior IS use varied:
– Mean 19.9 months, median 12.5 months (minimum 0.03 month,
maximum 204 months)
• Time from last dose of IS until start of natalizumab varied:
– Mean 25.8 months, median 17.2 months (minimum 0.5 months
and maximum 95.4 months)
Data based on prior IS agents reported in 68 out of 197 patients with PML as of 29th February 2012
(Prior IS status was unknown for 15 patients and they were excluded from the analysis).
Biogen Idec, data on file.
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Risk Stratification Tool: The Presence of Anti-JCV Antibodies,
Prior Immunosuppressant Use, Treatment Duration*
Data beyond 4 years of treatment are limited. *Based on natalizumab exposure and 285 confirmed PML cases as of September 5, 2012. Prior IS data in overall natalizumab-treated
MSers based on proportion of MSers with IS use prior to natalizumab therapy in TYGRIS as of May 2011; and prior IS data in PML
MSers as of September 5, 2012. The analysis assumes that 55% of natalizumab-treated MS MSers were anti-JCV antibody positive and
that all PML MSers test positive for anti-JCV antibodies prior to the onset and diagnosis of PML. The estimate of PML incidence in anti-
JCV antibody negative MSers is based on the assumption that all MSers received at least 1 dose of natalizumab . Assuming that all
MSers received at least 18 doses of natalizumab , the estimate of PML incidence in anti-JCV antibody negative MSers was generally
consistent (0.1/1000; 95% CI 0.00–0.62).
0.07/1000 95% CI 0-0.38
No Yes
Anti-JCV
Antibody Status
Negative Positive
Prior IS Use
Biogen Idec, data on file.
Natalizumab
Exposure No Prior IS Use Prior IS Use
1–24 months 0.6/1000 95% CI 0.4-0.9
1.8/1000 95% CI 1.1-2.8
25–48
months
5.2/1000 95% CI 4.3-6.2
10.6/1000 95% CI 8.1-13.8
1 in 14,285
1 in 1,666
1 in 192 1 in 94
1 in 555
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
1. Clifford DB, et al. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:438–446
2. Biogen Idec, data on file.
• Heightened clinical vigilance led to prompt natalizumab discontinuation upon first signs or symptoms suggestive of PML
– Median duration from symptom onset to PML diagnosis is approximately 1 month 1
• The majority of patients who developed PML in the post-marketing setting received plasma exchange (PLEX) and/or immunoadsorption (IA) to accelerate removal of natalizumab
• In the majority of natalizumab-treated patients with PML, Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) has occurred after discontinuation or removal (by PLEX) of natalizumab
• In patients who have undergone PLEX, IRIS has occurred within days to several weeks2
Key Learnings: PML Management
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
At this time, there are insufficient data to predict survival outcomes in patients treated with natalizumab who develop PML.
Longer-term data are required in order to more accurately predict such outcomes.
Factors that may affect survival in patients with PML
Vermersch P, et al. Neurology. 2011;76:1697-1704.
Biogen Idec, data on file.
• Gender
• Prior immunosuppressant
therapy
• MS duration
• Natalizumab exposure at
PML diagnosis
• JCV DNA load in CSF at PML
diagnosis
• Gd enhancement on MRI at
diagnosis
Factors that appear to be
associated with decreased
survival Factors that do not appear to affect
survival
Factors that appear to be
associated with improved
survival
• Younger age at PML
diagnosis
• Lower pre-PML EDSS
• Shorter time from first
symptoms of PML to
diagnosis
• Localized PML extension
on MRI at diagnosis
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Clinical Status of PML Cases: Karnofsky scores
Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) scores for 80 PML survivors for whom data were available. Each point represents
the score of an individual patient at the indicated interval relative to PML diagnosis; only those patients for whom KPS
scores were available for a given interval are shown.
pre-PML PML diagnosis 6-9 months 10-13 months ≥14 months
Mean 81.1 49.4 53.1 49.6 52.6
Median 80 50 50 50 50
n 33 32 45 27 25
Dong-Si et al. ECTRIMS. 2012; P1098.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Ka
rno
fsk
y S
co
res pre-PML
PML diagnosis
6-9 Months
10-13 Months
14+ Months
Mean
Median
Pre PML PML diagnosis 6-9 months 10-13 months ≥14 months
On average, Karnofsky scores decrease at PML diagnosis but remain stable through ≥14
months of follow-up
TY-PAN-0587 Date of preparation: January 2013
Clinical Status of PML Cases: EDSS scores
EDSS scores for 118 PML survivors for whom data were available. Each point represents the score of an individual patient
at the indicated interval relative to PML diagnosis; only those patients for whom EDSS scores were available for a given
interval are shown.
Dong-Si et al. ECTRIMS. 2012; P1098.
On average, EDSS scores increase at PML diagnosis but stabilize at 6-9 months and
remain stable through ≥14 months of follow-up
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ED
SS
Sc
ore
s
pre-PML
PML diagnosis
6-9 Months
10-13 Months
14+ Months
Mean
Median
pre-PML PML diagnosis 6-9 months 10-13 months ≥14 months
Mean 3.7 5.2 6.3 6.4 6.6
Median 3.5 5.5 6.4 6.8 7
n 90 75 28 16 21
Pre PML PML diagnosis 6-9 months 10-13 months ≥14 months