NATAKA AND CHAMPU - University of Calicut · NATAKA AND CHAMPU Study material BA SANSKRIT CORE...

NATAKA AND CHAMPUStudy material

BA SANSKRIT

CORE COURSE

THIRD SEMESTER

(2011 Admission)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O. MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

Nataka and Champu 2

School of Distance Education

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTACE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL:BA SANSKRITIII SEMESTERCORE COURSE

NATAKA AND CHAMPUPrepared By:

Dr. M Sathian,Assistant Professor,Department of Sanskrit,S.N.G.S. College,Pattambi, Palakkad

Edited & Scrutinised by :Sri.K.Jayanarayanan,Associate Professor,Department of Sanskrit,Sree Kerala Varma College,Thrissur.

(c)Reserved

Nataka and Champu 3

School of Distance EducationModule I

Sanskrit Dramatic Literature{Eh*

oEx +xx xi, {Eh S%vxi* {i |iIGi %l&iuSEii Ex {Eh* {Eh uvx xi* 1. nv{Eh 2. +]n={{Eh*

nv{Eh*

x]E |Eh h& |x b&*ME lREfiM

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School of Distance Educationx]E xExIh - |Ji&, V&, |i{x, Mhx, ESi xE&

n& l Efihn, ESi +n& l x& ESSS n%n& l &*

x]E +RE BE B S fiRM B * +{ n& & +|vx*xhxv +ni& Ei&* Si& {\S Vx& J& Eii{Vx& &*x]E M{SUOO (M{SU%Oi{M) xvx Eli*

|Eh*

|Eh {E ui n&* + Ih ii n{E -

+l |Eh fiki{t E*+i|hVE ESS xE**

v|xi { vElii{* x]Eixv|EnE**

+j& i |Eh Eli

Nataka and Champu 5

School of Distance Educationhi viSi xi {h *j{hnE x{h& {hbi ]&**

vxH|iHEnEi&*SufiRM Mi&**

i fikERE i E{i*Jxh RM RMx n{ S**

+j vi

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School of Distance EducationEfii |x - Ih l -

EEn S & hfE\SEi{&*Efii................................................**

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School of Distance EducationM&*

M { ii -

Jiifik M& Jirix&*x M n{i& bp&**

+jxkO VnMxV l*BESiERE M x&**

Mni{ki ii - Vxi%x & {

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School of Distance Educationl&*

{E nn l +{ BE n&* ln +l& M

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School of Distance EducationfiRM{ E\Si E\Si|ni**

{x r Vzi*v|{i Ei v x ix&**

Nataka and Champu 10

School of Distance Education|RJh - xxEjv\S* i v*

E - {\S{ji, , JixE JxE\S* l - xEi*

{E - SiRE, {JhbxE, {vOhx{ i* l - E{E*

Mni - fikxE |Ji, xE%{ |r, ni S {t ij* l -Gbi*

{E - SiRE, hxE, xhxi* l - ExEiv*

E - BERE fiRM S i* =nhOxl x |r&*

nE - SiRE, EEfikx* l - xni*

|EhE - x]E |EhlnxE, xV j xixE* =nhOxlx{i*

& - BE BRE&, {i n j&* l - EiE*

hE - h* l Enk*

B {Six {Eh ={{Eh S* |i Eix\Sx {EM xix{Eh x{S& |ni -

Oxlx Ekx Exn&

1. {Vi\V nx& jn iE*

2. =xkP E& SiniE*

3. V VYE& {\SniE*

Sivx&*

nx%lxE& Siv&* +RME SES& iEil*+l%xEh +x&* +x& Siv i*

1. +RMEx& - +RMx xfii& +x& +RMEx&*2. SEx& - S xfii& +x& SEx&*3. +x& - Sxnx{t& +x& +x&*

4. iEx& - innx{t& +x& iEx&*


School of Distance Education{*

rxi |iEx +Sixx "x oi ESn& |ii'


School of Distance EducationEi Blil SnE& {*G\SuxuMil& E& EiMi&**

G\SvJi Eh "E& EiMi&'


School of Distance Educationxi* t fiRM i in xJ VMn Vi* n EnSn iM& iin i { x {ti* =H\S ij -

+{ E E |V{i&*l% Si iln {ii**

fiRM Si E& E VMi* B iMSn x H ii**

x] j +Mx{h{ |i{ni i ux x i %{ SVi& x lii* x xi S ixi* +i x & Ii xv ii* +Mx{h i {]Hn i - MnMv|vx%{ BjVi* Sxx SiE{h i{ Ei i B* Sxxn&*

+xxn jv& - EExxn&, Exxn&, xxnSi* ij EE-xxniE x%{inx i +xi Ci* B Sxxn& IhE&* xxnii& Mx i{& {iiixxnxixi rxi& EhM {h inEEiSkfik{i* +-{ Ih& +xxn& En{i* S Exxn& xxnn%{ xMti* nnn nl E ii{S S |Vx +xxn|{i* Sxxn & En{i* +i BHS]xE|VxSh "E|Vxi xxi nxniMitxixxn'


School of Distance Educationx{i +i I{h nn txx inlx -xi

+nREMi xxii &* i Sxq{xnn uv&* inlx+xxi - +xExi i%x& Elxi* S h& RM{iinlx E Sxi i Sh& \Sh =Sxi* =H S -

nJx Shn Sh&*lxMxxMx& E


School of Distance Education{iEEii xii il*+xE innv x i**

B ix +xEi x]%{ {& xiE Bi xMn* ]]]xVE& El ni



- +viHx Ei{h n& Exin& vhGxi* Ei ii nx vhEh* +l VEi{h Vi + kMhpEikxxn |E i* k& |Exxn B M&* ix Efii&|Exxn B &*



ipEnJhb|ExxnSx&,txi{x nn&*EkSiE|h&, ESi |ifi&*Enzixti &**

n{ii Si*{xxnix tin{ ]**

x xE{E Yx i OEi*il%{M Miz &**

E{E t& IiEi x S*{Iii|E x{I& ni**

inEE& i t& n*E i Vxx jv o]&**

ExSuix , ExSi j ExSSS jjIh i]l* ijn Eix n& |ix in


School of Distance Education H& Ii S

]nS nH& in l B ix Efii&* "H& it& l & fii&'



+n i +xxn



Module II

Bhsa, His Life and Works

E &*

|& EfiiEx


School of Distance Education{i x i i Ex& + +i* {hxE& Jin{ {\SiE+i* +i B { Jin{ {\SiEi*

x]ESG*

|iYMxvh, {xnk, +E, Snk, |ix]E, +Ex]E,Si, >RM, niC, {\Sj, niP]iES, Eh, vM& RM-niCnx* Mii Si* E{iifik npSnkE\S*|iYMxvh-{xnk-+Eh fiiElEx xxi iiE{E{x*iu{iiii nfiiEli B El Mfii i* +li I{h{S%j{l{i*

|iYMxvh - |iYMxvh |l Efii {xnk {{ ES* +j iVnx nkhfikxi hii*


School of Distance EducationSnk - Snk x]E Si +RE ii* +j =VVxSnk

xixJ |x hi%i* Efii- Vi |l i Vi&ESu|%j xEix{l{i&* +{hn x]E S Efii&* +j Snkx xix +xkE-l{xi El%i* inxix x pExfiSUE]E|h El {ii*

|ix]E - {iRE x]E%x xMx{xi El I{-h{hi%i*

+Ex]E - bREiE x]En |ix]Ekr* +j hEExv-xn-rEhbMi El I{{hi%i*


School of Distance Educationxi* h x]Ex +x{Mx ixi* i x]E Ei EiE{xSj S h{xi* & B BEREx]Ex Vxni +i* >RM,ni-C, niP]iES, Eh, vM& Bix x]Ex BEREx xi* ++xE x]E | |l E phREh |Jx]E{jh xJ& oi*l {xnk-

=nxxnhnk i*{nih{h xiE V {i** (1, 1)

CSi {jh n%{ Exvx i* E BE& Sh& BEx |Vi*+{Sh& +{h {jh |Vi* & SjSjh%{ +i{]& ii* i {j ] ii* {jh n& I{i +i& |i{nE& xi* x]E+xE i CSn{ x oi*

v E |H S ii* i Efiji&C]i& vC +& {Ii* i v-V|nx jh{Mhx & oi* i hin-|i +i* i x]E {ifiH&{ii ifix& Ii iMnE S ={i*

i i i S i x]Ex E|i& Eh ii* i x]ExE +i* xE {ix S ={i* RM|M & +vhii* l EhnnMv{ |ni* vhx Uxn&|M S i x{h{i*B x]EE & Oh& ii*

{xnkx]E ElI{&*

|lREEl

=nxxnhnk...


School of Distance Educationin +l iMxYi iji {ni* +


School of Distance Education+xxi, "+ +ii* +{j%{ x {E& fik&'


School of Distance EducationMSUi* in S] ijMi nk +xvEfik pMfi ={i* {iV {x nk fii {i* { i V =nx



{xnk

|l%RE&

(xxtxi ii& |i jv&)

jv& -

=nxxnh

nk i*

{nih{h

xiE V {i**1**

Bx Y{* + Ez J Y{xO n


School of Distance Educationnk - +! E B =n? (+! E B =ii?)

Mxvh& - i! vnixii*

nk - +! h B kE, + h =


School of Distance Educationv| xfi{i x v{b-

SUi i{ Eiin&** 6**

Mxvh& - (Mi) B* B MvV{j {ni x, {{Epnn-En] x n ii* ii&*

|u x RE{n{Vi*

ifinin i i** 7**

nk - (Mi) +n+k h+


School of Distance EducationE\SE& - n|i i* +xi{x&! fihxi fihxi xi&*


School of Distance EducationE\SE& - i! il* (={M) &! +{Mij i Mx& {{xj i*

Mxvh& - +xMfii% iji* i! ={{j i*

nk - (Mi) EM


School of Distance EducationS - &! i* VMfii%* ihl i hE x Oijix*

nk - (Mi) h + h* h + Ekhh {h hEn + xn* ( hE x* hEREixx {xxEfii


School of Distance Education{ni - n] + v< Mn k h+ hh+ ++* (n] wi* Mi



S - ili* (xGxi&)

Mxvh& - v, +{ ij ixYi MxiSU*

E\SE& - ij ixYi MxiSUi E*

{ni - +


School of Distance Education+


School of Distance Educationnk - (Mi) +=k{CJnh +nCExn n+* E nh E* n,

n] * (|E) ! B =VV


School of Distance Education+l ifii%RE&*

(ii& |i Sxixi nk)

nk - nRE +xi=S={kV+ {nn


School of Distance EducationS] - +! h V, h

(ii& |i nE&)

nE& - () ! n] + ikn SU+ +{{nMhVV En] *! E h Bn Vhn - in +hilk {CJk =h =VV


School of Distance Educationk*


School of Distance EducationEME& |I Ei x i*)

S] - ]]nB! ih Enh h, {xin +k+B +


School of Distance Educationnk - +n +v+* (+i%{vE*)

{ni - E i Vx? (El i Vx?)

nk - (Mi), + =k{CJnh +nCExn n +* B n h*(|E) V< +{{ h Vh h {kVn* (, +{j{I{ixiGxi&nS&* B in h* t{& x&, Vx x {iVi*)

{ni - n* (i*)

S] - ]]nB! ]] h - + { h CJk* (ifinE! v ih -+{ h I


School of Distance Education{xi V n MSUxi {CJn n * (Ej x J Mi ij i{ni, ihb{ Mi n, =i +xE\Si QSMh i {iiEx {]]E Mi n, +l +vEE]EMxv{iSUnx |] n,+lJifiM{IRE n{iE Mi n* iEx%xiI|innx {RH i i MSUxi |Ii in x*)

V - ! {x -

@Vi S S xizi S{iE] S xix*xSxVMn xi Vx** 2**

S] - {CJn {CJn ]]n+ Bn EEhn{hbh+ {xi V nMSUxi + ]]* (|Ii |Ii ifinE Bi EExn{hbh {RHn i MSUxi* +t i*)

{ni - +=k* +! i Ehn +=knh {* i



(= {Gi&){ni - += EkE + xi+* Enh E? (E EiE +

xiE& Enx E&*)S] - ]]nB! Bn +{hh + n +v ]]


School of Distance Educationnk - (Mi) + + xn+* (+ S xnM*)

nE& - hn * BCE =n, + +hhn* ( hi x*BE{i, +{ +zi*)

V - ! x J * i J&*

{ni - BkBh hn +=kh* (Bii hi{jh*)

nE& - n! SSh , E h +SCJ* B xn] V* (&! ixl{, E{ xJ* B xn] V*)

V - xi J! H*

{ni - +


School of Distance Education{ni - +=k { xi+ k&* (+{j%{ xiE& fik&*)

nE& - E {{nh* =+ ikn + n +* (E |{ix* =+{ ij i i*)

V - v! SUfii Enx x*

nE& - E { CEh? (E { iEh?)

V - +l E? iEh*

nE& - ih h CE n* (ix x C i*)

V - |ni |ni h& vi*

nE& -


School of Distance EducationnE& - +{nEhh J ikn * V n+ +h* (+{iCz J

iji J* xJnEx*)

(xGxi&)

{ni - +! {={bxin + =k * V hCE* (+!{E{]xii{j J* zG&*)

nk - B n* + S] i* =CEh`n k =VZ+ +Vk hMMh* +BM* (B i* +l i`i* =iEh`i iVZi +H xMx*+ M*)

S] - ] + hn* ={{n n ]]n+* ( hi* ={{i inifinE*)

{ni - EhJ {* (Ez J |*)

nk - ! {* (! |*)

(


School of Distance Education(Mi)


School of Distance EducationvEE - VVV



V - El?

nE& - ikn {nn nhB nCJn* (iji {ni nx n&Ji*)

V - E?

nE& - {nh+B En* ({nxE Eli*)

V - ! E]*

{ ni MhiS Hv | i xn


School of Distance EducationV - Ej Y* { -

xxi ilifiix E|SUn

xC] {vxPiv&*

M o]x Vxi x ESi Efii

|h |{ V {xx xQ \Si** 4**

nE& - ih


School of Distance EducationV - Bii*

nE& - ih k+ {bn , V +] M+ E* + nk, h+

E{* (


School of Distance EducationV - ({xi) nk!

nk - (il) + =k, h {nn* EhJ n] * xi J

+V+xv+h {bhh nhh h{ k* ( +{j&, x J

{ni* Ez J o]* x JMxvh |iY nxx

x& fik&*)

V - +xiV{j!

nk - n] + h+n J +=k* h Bil ESS Vh* V k+ S] +n] ++S i* (n] {xi J{j&* xjESVVx&* xiEli o] n S i*)

V - |! |! n |iSx*

nk - + ]]* +* (+{ i&! +{*)

V - E E{i?

nk - h h, nCJn* (x x, n&Ji*)

V - tE{i, El xREfii?

nk -



{i vi J! Mi*nMvi i { \Si% hi** 8**

nE& - + +h+ Bn h* + =n+hh REkhhikn Sxi +xih h n] * (+ +xin x* +, =nExxREixx ij iSxii {x o] i*)

V - n in {x vx|ivx*+l n i S** 9**

nE& - nh +kh ++ En* Exi


School of Distance EducationEhhOiMM

h v x** 13**(xGxi& )


School of Distance EducationEE&*

(ii& |i V nES)

V - iJxxn! El x n&ixM VPxl S {i*MMhVEhnhb|ivih** 1**

+{ S, +xMv Pi! i{x x -

hux{x{bixnixxiJx{Mix*

=q S {nixtxi Elix S ix** 2**

nE& - + nh +nk xi{{+* (+nx xij xi{*)

V - ! -

S|{i& E h |ivi&*i i n x { Pi|** 3**

xiE! {VxEzM Pi Efii Qx*

nE& - V +hn* (n xY{i*)

(h Mfii xGxi&)

(|)

|i - Vn]]* BJ h +nMk E\S


School of Distance Education{ni - +=k! {+ \nE Ekxi n* (+{j! | YiE

Efikxi i*)

V - +x{in ii* nk Vx Vx


School of Distance EducationV - (x) +!

{fil Vxni|&*+{ V E ERIixv&** 6**

E\SE& - +l E? Ex&*



V - +! ,

x ni n S |*El x C i nxi{** 11**

vj - + ]]h-=n nk* x Vn M+{+ inB i {f B +{{n Vn+k* Bnhhk =VV


School of Distance Educationo |ii*)

V - E nk&?

{ni - +*

V - ix Qxi*

{ni - +=k! Ehh Ehhh



V - ix ii ii MxE*

|i - V]] +hn* (n iY{i*)

(xGxi)

(ii& |i {ni +xiE |i S)

{ni - Bn Bn +* {+ n hn* (Bii* | i xn*)

+xiE - E E?

{ni - n n ++n* (i i +Mi&*)

+xiE - n] +


School of Distance EducationMxvh& - MxxMxi *

{ni - + +J


School of Distance Educationv& iui E x, = EfihOV, V = , i = |IEVx,{i = Ii*

]{{h - =nxnk{nixiEx |J{jh xxnx +j pRE&*iIh l "SlSx p |Efiil{& {n&'* +Uxn&, iIh l "& {n |lunjil ifii%{* +]n ui SilE {\Sn %%*

fiiMvV xMv& ExxM&*vfi]ii i{xMi Vx&** 2**

+x& - MvV xMv& ExxM& fii& i{xMi& & Vx& vfi] =ii*

J - MvV = nExEMvv, xMv& = xH&, ExxM&= VE{nixS&, fii& = E&, ]il&, i{xMi& = i{x|{i&, & =E&, Vx& = E&, vfi] = i, =ii = nGi* +x]{SUxn&*

vi ii] x& &-x Vx Ej& i{ti*=iH xn{i{ MSi&E% xfii i{xn OEiY** 3**

+x& - v +i i& x& & i] x Ei& Vxj& i{ti* & +iH& xi +{i{& S& M& i& + E& xfii


School of Distance Education+x& - { i +{ B Mi +i +i* {x& i& Vx P

Mi* EGh {ix VMi& M{RH& SG{RH&



+jlxix%RE&* {{iO Uxn&* iIh l "+V xMi E SxV VMS {{iO'*

ilnEx v& Ex nx xn{xxi i{vxx*v| xfi{i x v{b-SUi i{ Eiin&** 6**

+x& - ilnEx v& Ex nx i{vxx xi ={xxi* v| xfi{i i{ v{b x



{i +i in ni* +t E E ni*

J - E = E i{x, Ex = P]x, +l& = |Vx, +ii &,E& E


School of Distance EducationEii, ni, J = E, i = i, {, x = xI{, Ih ={{x, n&J = +inE +ii &* +j-lxix%RE&* +x E+x]{ Uxn&*

{ni x{i jo] {kl & |l |n]*ii|ii Efiin x rC-iiG MSUi v& {Iix** 11**

+x& - & |l |n] {k& o]* +l {ni x{i& j (


School of Distance Educationxnx ioSSGEx{xi jH&*vx j il k iifixi nMv%{nMv** 13**

+x& -


School of Distance Education+vx&*

J - = xSi, + = B& nkIh{&, & = ME, &= nkxI{h H&, +i



J - in = ix , =VVx = =VVxJ +xiVvx, Mi =|{i, +xiVix = |ti{i nk, = SU, o] = +C,E{ = +xSx, +l = n, Mi = |{i, = =nx, Ex = nxx, {\S= {\SRJE&,


School of Distance Education]{{h - +j{RE&* +x E + Uxn&*

{ni i t{ {v&*nkr x i ix x i** 4**

+x& - t{ {v& {ni i i nkr x& ii xi*

J - t{, {v& = { xn Sj v |i& i&, {ni= MvVE, = =nx, i = +i|, i = Exi, nkr =nk r Mx, = nx, x& = Sk, ii x i = x +Ei*+jSUxn&*

+xx {x I{i xi*ii h il {x xfii** 5**

+x& -+xx {x i x& I{i* ii& {x



+x& - x, SUREMh irx E{{x


School of Distance EducationJ - EGh = SGh, {xMin& = {x& & +Mi& ={li&

n& {ix& & +i &, hE = BizE O, ix = +Mxx*iRM] = i nMv +RM]& ixi i, o = +x{, +xixfi{i&= +xiV |ti, P = |x, i = {{hi, ixV = ix,i = x ih i xi, {nx = Ex, Sxi = SxixE, il&* +j ={ HRE&* +x E xiiE Uxn&*

{ ni MhiS Hv | i xn



xxi ilifii x E|SUnx C] {vx Piv&*M o]x Vxi x ESi Efii|h |{ V {xx x Px \Si** 4**

+x& - +xi x, il +ifii E|SUn x* + {vxPiv& C] x* M o]x Vxi ESi x Efii* |h V x|{ {x& Q x \Si*

J - = xSi, = x, +xi x = h x, il =l{, +ifii = +ifii +ihjh +REfii S +, E\Sn{ xvMi E|SUn = E& RESi& |SUn& xS& & ili, x xi*+ = SU, {vx = ={h, Piv& = Pi& nxizOI& +v&, C] x = ni x* M = nx, o]x =xxn, Vxi = =i{ni, ESi = E{, = EIVV, x Efii = xi, |h = Vx&, V = Mh, x = x, |{ = v, {x& = &, Q= ii, = i&, x \Si = x iVi* +jxxRE&* nGbi Uxn&*

xiv{i& i&|lxE Vx xi&*{ |fik xxxiMxxx {ixi&** 5**

+x& - |lxE Vx xi&, xi |fik xxxiMx { B ={ixi&, +xiv{i& i& *

J - =VVxi& iV |i, |lxE = |hE, Vx = +iVx,i{jnE, xvMil&* xi& = h Ei& xi = |hi, |fik ==nMi, xxxiMx = xxxi& xj|xi& Mx Mx, { = +V, B= =nx B, = = I&l, {ixi& = \Sxi&, +xiv{i& = +xiV,i& = VE& nk&, = h E* +j{Vi& Uxn&*

%{{n l Ih*ix iEhx EfiiEni** 6**

+x& - ={n +{ &



J - ={n +{ = nnxEifiEhnxIh +{ & = +xE, = IEnx,



{xxi rx xj|i\Vx*Sj{ Ixi o] nPE J** 10**

+x& - {x +xi rx () Sj +{ Ixi& (nk&) xj|i\VxnPE J o]*

J - {x = {, +xi = +x rx = VMix, =nxx


School of Distance EducationxE&, j{lM = MRM, xn +{ = i +{, ih S = Pi S, i& S =in& , i = =nx, i = E xii &* ERMRE&* nGbiUxn&*

={i xMxpiRMihih nhEnI*EhhOiRMRMh v x** 13**

+x& - xMxpiRMih EhhOiRMRM h v ={i nhEnIi +h x*

J - xMxpiRMih = xMxp& = MVxp& S iRM& = +& S i& ih =ihv, EhhOiRMRM = Ehh& = I{i& B =OiRM& = RE&i& RM& = E]& x = ix, h = h = M + = ix v = RO, ={i = |{, nhEnI = nh = h E =E nI = x{h i = {H, +h = BizE j, x = *{E{& fi]&, +i B RERE&*

%RE&*

iJxxn! El x n&ixM VPxl S {i*MMhVEhnhb|ivih** 1**

+x& - iJxxn, n& ixM VPxl S {i i MMh-VEhnhbEl x |i +h +vi +*

J - iJxxn = EhxxnnH h, n& = nk&, ixM =ESM, VPxl S = E]|n S, {i = i, i h, MMhVEhnhb =MMh = {I V& = &, Eh& = {i& nhb& = |& & , Eli = Ex |Eh, |i = RE, +h = +h = x = x,+vi + = li +* {{iO Uxn&*

hux{x{bixJnixxiJx{Mix*=q S {nixtxi Elix S ix** 2**


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iiE {ix{x xv ESxx-vx i v vInh nh*vx xx { nvi fii& Efiii-GbiEEPE]fiRM]E i]E** 41**

+l nl& Ehk]EMh&*il vxMhih |kVVP** 42**

ii x O rr i]E*|hx h {hE{i** 43**


School of Distance Educationxfi{Yx i]Elx nn*+jh VfiEnx Vxxi** 44**

ij E\Sx \SE|in |n |nzSi*

|inxnix &|iJn & n x*

xxix& Exx%xx{& x S SS** 45**

+{ivixVi-JxIxEx*

iiix {inM{ {i Eti** 46**


School of Distance Education{fi nxix

ix Ex*xpix xMnxMh

|hni& {ixx** 52**

+l xSluiixPxxfilEfii t {*+xi VI V iVxVxii HVI** 53**

+l l |i |li& EE& EEililEli*

{ J ExVx Evx V& E|JSi& E-n-vh-MVJx {h Eifi& {j *

Exi PfiiS ExiVxi*

Exi& zrx& Ex& {x& |iJxi|i{zx-xVixi*

+l nifikxix Exx ix I |iG xxx Sx n Ynk nki& |Efiil &*

{x{ Exi {jx{i& |nnMvkxMvYxki-{nxn{ni*


School of Distance Education+x{ixlix S nx*+EnEGv& {jn&** 59**

+l xxSUnH& & &*xx Vx x\Sn** 60**

{ {iS I{i iVi pfI*i|xiExi xi h V** 61**

ijiEfikE|i ffJV*iEvxiv t& hi &** 62**

jv i i ijnE*lH xi ni


School of Distance Educationiiixfikxi i viRM&*{ M& j {jEq Mi&** 74**

+lx V S {{x*n{ xii{i{ ** 75**

n{%{ n i i fik Ml&*+ii Ei x iiRMh** 76**

ii MEht i{i Ml*n n{M fxi nxv&** 77**

+lSSSUznMxiMMxxi*RERJziHEnxi** 78**

iRMEfi]ihbiRMih*xSUziRMMhO** 79**

+& JJzxxnxpEh*BEnExMnRfn** 80**

+iMixix{{*xViEfiiJ k]** 81**

+{Gxi EiRMh*{{i {iExiV]ExiM** 82**

+vxM & E{nn{M*nv nJMxiEhE{** 83**

+o] i xn ij i] {*Ml v& Gi{Ihxl&** 84**

MRM {iEfiiVi x{irvx*ix ii |zx I{i xn{** 85**

i |S Miii& |Si n*+x {ifiGtHMl{lxM** 86**

Ml Vx& jIj fihi*i {i ii& xi V jh ix** 87**

i i]x Vx |{jn {iflx*Ml& { |{ {{hxl&** 88**


School of Distance Education+l nlEhiMlEli i RP C { Ei

Mvxxnx{fiSUi* %{Si*

{ J h vxk lv |fik x {& |nnixvx iv{hx E*

i Vxx niix& ixx E{ {j vE {iS SxiE{S i{SS*

i Eix h& iv{h& {nEiESE{{zxp{jixhMiinV`& {iv M xt xVM*

ni{ niixfikxi ix{ JhbxJhbx {ii& Ei j]{|]*

ii& -

+IEVi& ESx{i&*i xxj vv {** 89**

inx iuix ixx xfi{ix Efiiil& V{j Mx jij xlxxi l |i |li& |i{k Mi |n iqxH ElilEli*

+jMnMivnxxV]x {l xp&* S Gv xfih fih o S xSE** 90**

xinMi {xH *



inx VxEx vnSi izE{v& ixxn Pxxnxi*

i`x Ijfik xMn x-il ij v xv& |nii*

ix |liknx x x{i SEGxi i i |SV ExnE ** 95**

iuSEi i{vMivvxM %{ xk vnj{{ nhbx xxvzxviVxil*

ii% ViE& IjkV& {



+ xnn ixni*l{xEn uVx S** 98**


School of Distance Education|l| {hPii& E x {h RMii** 104**

x&E`xEhj]iS{Vx Ih-q unvREfii& Efiii{iMi&*VMihEiESSiEiRMx-|h{]vx |li ivx&** 105**

ij nl& i{hEfiixSVxE|inii& {i{M-xl{Mi*

iEiiEi vMiM Jxt& {ifixxi x Vxi*


School of Distance Education+n iiMh v ij

xv hv i{vxi*iVVi nxx x

iPu &** 112**

i fiM S{nhbVnMx*|lE P{iMh i** 113**M{i|{iMhS{M&*@Vi Gi |{ Gi{ ilV** 114**

iiiiIhPx P& h M Mi v*

lx ii*

xx Vxx { i |H-M& { inx{ |i*

Efii MvuMi& IhxinM& {Mii |{n** 115**

+l RGxi VnMxH{n {z {zM{fifMV RMvx{Q nl& {J { {xi -ixrv nEx nxnExix {{xwh xxwi-MI& E]I& xn\Sii{\U&{\Ui{jhvi{j& |*

VVnnG-ivi{iJx*


School of Distance Education+x& - Si VMi =SSMi& vi& nvi,i | S EfiiEi& SxSi i

S |Ex Si & in i|h& ix +xih C x x{ii?

J - Si = n, VMi = , =SS& Mi& = Mtkx x{i&,vi& ni& Mn =k|{iEvxix xn]& Vi]n& M i,"Vi]x Vi ME&'


School of Distance Education+ E {r ={RE&* " Sv CC ={u&'


School of Distance Educationx i {h i +{*

J - |Mx S xi i |S = x{hEVxx nEx,Ex = EE{nEx, |l& = +t&, & = ph |hifiix |Ji&,Mx = "=i{k | S ixMi Mi* k tt\S S Mxi**


School of Distance Education+l VxY fikEnx |I o] |iS*ixi E n hJvhix Mn &** 6**

+x& - +l Vx& +Y vhix Mn & |iS o] Enx fik |I n hJ Eixi*

J - +l = h& ivxxxi, V = E, Mi hxni,x& = Eh, =i{klx, %, i Vx& = h& +Y = +nx,v& = +fiih&, & hi& = H&, i = REnREfiixEix, M = {ri, ni = ={n], % Mn = ={n], &= @| E&, |iS o] = i|Efi]nx{ ix IiE Eil Mo] , E = {hi, n n = n, ix x = o, = Mi Sxp, fik = fikxi, |I = +{I, = iflh Hflh\SEhE, n = Mx { S v, = , +x = lx,hEixixlY, h


School of Distance EducationExiEnui{nxi*+ixx VMx E{ IMxpp xJVMiIh VME** 8**

+x& - +i& n |& Iv& V ExiE-nui{nxiIM VMx xJVMiIh VME xpp E{ +ixx nn*

J - +i& = xii, n = E n, = Exix,|& = i&, Iv& = IM, V` = vM, E = E,=xi& = Ei&, E = xE, n = {j, ui = o,+{nxi = |{xi, IM = {inEv, VMx = , xJ&= Efiix& VMi&, Ih = {x, VME = ii vx, E{ = +xSx,xpp = Mxp, +ixx = +xi, Mxi nn


School of Distance EducationM{thxi +iHRE&* fik\Sj xnGxi*

xh xxiSx,xi*xxSSvEVxn-x{] { x& {** 10**

+x& - xxiSx xi xxSSvE-Vxnx{]{ { xh x&*

J - xx


School of Distance EducationxMi Bx {xhxM Sni*

J - & = VxfiI&, iun& = +iinMh{zii ik&, V& =iJE& V&, xVi& = {Vi&, IV& = E&, x% ili& =x +Y , +ix = iEfiix, VMxi i VxSh = I,V = SGi, xv& = hxE&, xM = {i,


School of Distance Educationv Ei {hE j** 15**

+x& - {i& {v |l E |hv +ni, |hv +rEExp {j |ni* Bi n ix& {i& +S v j{hE +Ei*

J - {i& = V nl&, E Y%{i j E, i E =O, |l = |l, { = +Mxx Mxi nk i { n, iv,ii& +r = +] {r M, EExp = EEnv{i&, {j = EE,|hx = xx, v = vMhH, |ni = nkx, V nl&* EE&+i|{nii i |hv |ni V nl&* inxxi Bi n = EEE, i = S\S, x& = Sk, + ili, { i +|nk, v {ix j Ex |Eh { |{xi


School of Distance EducationMn h{n{ni E { B** 17**

+x& - +iiI& ({) v ixii +x +E +i, Mn(E) h{n{ni E +{ B +i*

J - +i = Efihh, +i = ifii, +Ih & i& +iiI&= E&, { v = vM&, ixii = +ixiEfiii, +x =+Yx, +oxi i, +Ei = +E o]ii, iio =SIinil&* Exi Mn = Mi{k& \Vi i, E = +ExkI, { = {i{, h& = {E {ix&, M{h tx, {n =lx, i +{ni = Vi, B = +E B +i*

+j E {kM& +iHtxii i& RE&* +j lri fik"i{xM lri


School of Distance Education& E&, M& = S, x = xYi |{x, Ph = Px Y,+x = , +\SE = REfiix, ihi &* +jx]fik*

ixxVxi jjiMxiV&*+OVxExiiiEkMh&** 20**

+x& - ixx i& i& Ek& Mh& +OVxExi& jiMxiV& j& +Vxi*

J - i = iSUn +j |JilE&, Bx = Mxi Sxp, +x = {Si,i& i& = -inE&, hiC&, Ek& = +EE& ni i, Mh&= E{EE& inE&, +OV = V i& Sxp, +xExi&= +xEh Exi&, jiMxiV& = +x-M{i-nIhxxMxx ni xjiMxi, i iV


School of Distance EducationEn&, EREh = nix, RP& = &, RE] = RE, n = {,fiRM]E = Si{l, & i ilH, nvi = nvx, vx = k, xx =vEh, nh = RE, v = H, Inx = +fiC{REx, +h = Hh,H\Viil&, {i = , +xxi i {i&, i x = x, {x= SE, ESi = +i RE, i]E = S I Vxx, x& = j,+vx = {xlx, i = , v = xri* +j nGbi fik* +jREh{RE&*

& - iiE - i E iiE* EfiiiGbiERERP-RE]fiRM]E- i Efii i +ix Gbx EREh RP& i& RE] i fiRM]E& , i ilv EfiiiGbiERE-RPRE]fiRM]E* vInh- v Inx +h vInh* {ix{x - {i +xxi i{i&, i x {x {ix{x*

|inxnix &,|iJn& n x*xxix& Exx%xx{& x S SS** 23**

+x& - +ni& x & |iJn& & |inx n x +xExx xxi& x{& S x x& SS*

J - +ni& = |z&, MHii xxi&Eh&, x & - x = xi{n, i i&, |i = xi Mi&, = VMi&, Jn& =Vxh{h{v&, i i& ili&, & = &, |inx =xxi, n = r{E, x = +v`x, +x = { ox, Exx= +h, & = Sx&, xx = xO, i& = Ehi, xOii i,x =



ii


School of Distance Educationni& |h& +xMh xMi*

J - {fi = hx, u|ix, nxix =nnxEhOix xY{zx S, xnix = inx-p{vix,np{{hx, h = h,


School of Distance Education+EnEGv& {jn&** 28**+x& - +l {jn& +EGv& +ix +x{ix nx S

+Ei*

J - +l = inxxi, {j = +iV, +x = +|{i, n& ==i{k ili&, {j|{iVxi


School of Distance EducationJ - % = +vY, & = +&, Gn = I, { =

h, h =


School of Distance Education=z = +xi C, xxnx = nx xxnxtx, ph = fiIh,xnE{fiInEx, Eh = |h & ili BEnE = E V{i,i x& = +E&, M = {l, nRf& = n Yxx&, n& = &, ili& %J {{i*

MRM {iEfiiVi x{irvx*ix ii |zx I{i xn{** 36**

+x& - {iEfii& Vi MRM vvx x{ii, ii |zx ix xn{I{i*

J - %JMSUxi MRM = Ml, {iEfii& = {i v H,Vi = \Vi,


School of Distance EducationE]|{i, J S = {x& {{{ |i |{i{ J S, V& B i& = Eh, = +i, i = V{n i&, V Mhx = VxEx |Efiix MhxH ,Efii Mi = EEi Mi,



o, % xln, E +E x |Eh x i,Sxp& x |Ei, ix |Eh % V jRE{ xv xxiVSi,ilv jRE n = ME, , +{ = l{* +j RE&


School of Distance EducationnMvx, M|{i& BExv& = Ji, M|{E, xv& = i xnEx, & = HE{&, |lS {& |l{& = Mx h&, B Gb& ={v&, i n] = nxi B, & Gb& = S&, i& =B{z&, ii& = VxC& Vxx& n&, l = Bizx xM,VMi = E, iEM = iEMfi, +& = Elxiil&* B{ ilxM


School of Distance Education= Ij&, i B iSUnE = hi {E, i , Vi = P,xnxSi Vixni, il = , & = I&, |l| =|l|E, {hPh = {hSxnx,


School of Distance EducationMx h{ {ji Mi&, i = vj, x = Y nlx, Vxi = Vxi, = |Jii +vv{i&, = M nl, =xJ = +J,l i il, |RJxi& = SSxi&, &, xnxEixn = lvV{iEli&,xnxi = +Exi, = Bizx Ex,{ix{hOi


School of Distance EducationfiM{inS |i p*+VM VhS{kEi-ni{i nn EE%x** 49**

+x& - +l i |z nlh +fihx fiM{i& |i p


School of Distance EducationJ - fiMS S fiM = fiMxh, i B & = Eh, & i, +l

fiM = |{iVh, fiMx S & = =i{k&, i fiM,S{nhbVnMx = vx]VnMx, i = {H, u, E = +ixi,| = +{h|H xi, xxii, + = +i, Px = h,+{i& = +{i&, Mh& = vi S, i, +l P = p, +{i& ={i&, Mh& = {G&, kMhS, i i&*

+\UE iMiRE&* "|iix ilx E ivi&* +{ Mij i iMi**


School of Distance Educationn h fiMi& xi& x |iMSUi in vM {vixS& xxi, ixxi S* xxM {li h Sxp& n x{i in h& |z&E& ixj& Sxp {i*

J - B& = +, fiMRE%{ = Sxp%{, fiM = +J]&, ij & +& =Jn&, ix {xi& = Jnix&, {


School of Distance Educationxnx& = |x&, +& = +V&, EnES, Vi Efiix Vix= {REEfiix, ixx = Vvx, i fixnEifixn, {Sx{= {ixxJx{, Ex = {{h, {ix = +v&{ix, REx& ==i|Ih Eh&, E{i \Vi h xOii i Mi&, {x& = &,{{xni = Si{, Ei lSUi, |& = l&, x = x, xi = Vxi*

(3) B xnxxMiixx& inivxi Sixx-v,ri& |i |GxinMxinxinxiExihEhl-{]iI&l& lExxh



rrix, S x nix = nix xx, i +Exni = +Ghi, ExnE&= {i&, fixnMh = nx, +xE& = x&, {h& = xI {] h&,l ilH&, nx{ IE


School of Distance Education* `& i |iJix* {x& & E v* `{jhnnEx v VM* i S Grxi& i {i Shbi |{&* {x& &h{h j hEi*

J - +l& = +xxi, BEn, j& = ifini&, Ij& = IjE|i&,"IjnP'


School of Distance EducationE


School of Distance EducationRGxi = |ii, VnMx = {, H{n = l{k,{z = fir, +iniRGhxi hiV{zi i, {zM{fif= VMxp, M& = E&, iiE{ V, + = xY, = xVix, + = xxi, +RM = +, vx = , ={Q = +QhEfii, EfiSUzMi {j {i VQii jS|r&, {J = {]]h EhxJiVnMh


School of Distance Education| nlixni*

xn|RM - VVSi S{hv E EhbnMfii%x MtJhb Ehi - nlixi xY Ih x&j& Mi



E*

xn|RM - VV|hi S{hxE E EhbnMfii%x MtJhb Sxp jfikxi x VxE{v& ixxn H i -x&{ |ix i i Ii {jxi ni j& =ti * {xij |i j{j& x SG&* ix Gr& & {jx {i ShbxSE* u Ml Sxp{xp |t + x&{ S I*

J - +i {ix xn&, Mx = n{z& j&, xV =+ix&, ix = {j, xx = |i{hx, B = x&{, Ii = +i,=xJ& = =ti&, x, {RJ& = xxRMEh |iE&, i& = j{j&,xnn& = xn& +n i i& = iV& YRPxEifi&, {x ={|nxx u, `{jh = nnx, n = Shbi, nk = |n,Mlux = u Ml, |i = |z,

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