Post on 08-Feb-2018
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MusicEarly 20th Century Music
DEMIDEC POWERPOINT LECTURE 2013
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I: Music Theory
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Music = Sound Organized in Time
Time frame
Sound waves
Mind to observe and understand sounds(listener)
Composer
Human and/or mechanical perfor
Recording equipment
REQUIRED ELEMENTS OF MUSIC OTHER ELEMENTS OF MUSIC (
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Instruments: Hornbostel-SachsEthnomusicologistsstudy the music of foreign cultures and/or compare music of mLeading ethnomusicologists Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel classified instrum
Hornbostel SachsClassification
Sound WaveSource
ExampleChordophones Strings vibrate Violin, cello, guitar, harp
Aerophones Air column vibrates French horn, flute, saxo
Membranophones Skin (membrane) vibrates Bass drum, tambourineIdiophones Instrument itself vibrates Xylophone, bell, woodb
Electrophones Electrical oscillator creates sound
waves
Theremin, synthesizer
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Instruments: Western FamiliesFamilies are also used to group Western instruments
Family Characteristics Examples
StringPerformers bow or pluck the
stringsChordophones: violin, guitar, har
BrassPerformers buzz their lips to
vibrate the air columnAerophones: trumpet, trombone
Woodwind Performers use their breath tochannel air
Aerophones: flute, clarinet, saxo
PercussionPerformers strike the
instrument to produce sound
Membranophones: timpani, tam
Idiophones: bells, cymbals
Chordophones: piano
Keyboard Performers strike keys Piano, organ, harpsichord
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Video: Music Families
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Electronic Instruments and Music
After WW II, a new genre emerged: Musiqueconcrte
Instruments or electronics producesounds and are recorded
Composers mechanically edit andmanipulate sounds
Loudspeakers perform the completedmusical collages
Originated in France
Watch Leon Theremin playi
electronic instrument.
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A Little Physics: Sound Waves
Frequency determines Pitch Pitch: a sounds highness or lowness
Measured in Hertz (Hz) oscillations/second
A-440 Hz popular tuning note
Amplitude determines Loudness Loudness = dynamics
Measured in Decibels
Most pitches consist of multiplefrequencies Fundamental: lowest and loudest frequency
Determines what note you hear
Overtones: higher and fainter frequencies
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All Pitches are Created Equal
Equal temperament tuning, todays most popular tuning system, becomes standard
1 octave = 12 parts = 12 distinct pitches
The 12 pitches in ascending order create a chromatic scale
A half step separates any two consecutive pitches
Twelve half steps divide an octave into twelve parts
An Octave A Descending Chromatic Scale
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It was an Accident(al)!
Markings called accidentals alter the pitch of anote A flat () lowers a pitch by one half step
A sharp (#) raises a pitch by one half step
Equal temperament makes enharmonic pitches
possible Enharmonic pitches sound identical despite differentnotation
Example: E-flat and D-sharp
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Do You Smell Something Fishy?
Scale: group of pitches in ascending order, in a
set pattern of whole and half steps
Most Western scales use 7 of the 12 possible pitches
of the octave
Scale Degrees
Tonic: first and most important pitch
Dominant: second most important; fifth pitch
Leading tone: lies a half step below the tonic;
sounds unstable
Moves upward by a half step to more stable tonic
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Name thatIntervalAn interval describesthe distance betweenany two pitches.
Intervals may beharmonic(simultaneous) or
melodic (consecutive).They are measured interms of half steps.
# of Half Steps Interval (Abbrevia
1 Half step (V or m
2 Whole step (M
3 Minor third (m4 Major third (M
5 Perfect fourth (
6 Augmented fourth (aug4), dim
tritone (TT)
7 Perfect fifth (P
8 Minor sixth (m9 Major sixth (M
10 Minor seventh (
11 Major seventh (M
12 Octave (P8)
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Major Developments
Two whole steps
One half step
Three whole steps
One half step
The major scale pattern is especcommon in Western music
The chart on the left demonstratpattern of whole and half steps Remember the numbers 2 , 3 t
memorize this pattern
A scale may start on any pitch, b
the same interval pattern12 different-sounding major scalone for each note of the chroma The Pattern of whole and half ste
remains the same
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Some Minor Adjustments
The chart on the left shows the pawhole and half steps in a natural m
Each of the three types of minor scthe third scale degree by a half stecompared to a major scale
One Whole Step
One Half Step
Two Whole Steps
One Half Step
One Whole Step
MINOR
SCALE
LOWERED SCALE
DEGREES (COMPARED
TO MAJOR)
Natural 3, 6, 7
Harmonic 3, 6
Melodic 3
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A Scale TutorialReview major and minor scaleswith this video demonstration.
Remember:
Semitone = half step
Tone = whole step
Compare major and minorscales by listening to the audiolinks below the video.
All of these scales begin on thenote A
Major Natural
Minor
Harmonic
Minor
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Its All Relative or Is It?
Relative Scales
Same Pitches
Different Tonics
Parallel Scales
Different Pitches
Same Tonic
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We Got hythmGeneralRhythmicTerms
Rhythm: An audible set of varying durations
Beat: A steady pulse underlying most music; may be audible or ina
Tempo: The speed of the beat
MeterandMeasures
Meter: Organizes beats into groups
Measures/Bars: Units that group together strong and weak beats
Downbeat: The first and strongest beat in a measure
Anacrusis (Pickup Note(s)): Note(s) before the first beat of a mea
Time Signature: A fraction-like number that indicates the meter an
Syncopation: Emphasis on weak beats or notes between beats
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Melody
Melody: a sequence of individual pitches
To transpose: Start the melody on a different note
Keep the sequence of intervals constant
The melody remains recognizable
Contour: shape of a melody Usually described as conjunct or disjunct
Conjun
Smootstepw
Mostlyand ha
Disjunct
More leaps
Manyintervalslarger thanmajor second
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Home, Home on the angeRange: refers to the highest and lowest playable notes on ainstrument
Register: refers to a part of an instruments range
For example, a piece can exploit an instruments high, middle,register
Tessitura: indicates which register is most frequently used in A piece with a high tessitura, for example, mostly uses notes f
instruments upper range
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More Rhythmic TermsPresto: Very fast
Allegro: Fast
Moderato: Moderate
Andante: Walking speed
Adagio: Slow
Lento (Grave): Very slowRitardando: Slow down
Accelerando: Speed up
Poco a poco: Gradually
Subito: Suddenly
Time Signature
TopBeM
BottoLeng
Mixed meter:juxtaposes different me
Irregular meter: features unusual grobeats, such as 5 or 7
Polymeter: occurs when multiple instsimultaneously suggest multiple mete
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Time SignaturesWatch a more detailedexplanation of time signatureshere.
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Keys to SuccessKey: determines the pitch relationships within a piece
Keys center on the tonic pitch of a scale
When a musician refers to the key of D Major, forexample, the tonic is D
Key signature: designates a key using accidentals(sharps and flats)
Diatonic:pitches from
within the key
Chromatic:pitches from
outside the key
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Living in armonyTwo or more pitches sounding at onceproduce harmony
Common-practice tonality governs theharmonies in most Western music
Chord: A grouping of three or moresimultaneous pitches
Triad: A chord consisting of exactly threepitches separated by two intervals of athird
Triad
Fifth
Third
Root
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Triads, Triads, Triads
Triad Type Root-Third Third-Fifth
Major Major Third Minor Third
Minor Minor Third Major Third
Diminished Minor Third Minor Third
Augmented Major Third Major Third
Bottom Note Chord Position
Root Root position
Third First inversion
Fifth Second inversion
Four different qualities of triads feature different
patterns of third intervals
A composer can invert a triad by p
than the root, or lowest note, at t
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The Circle of Fifths
The circle of fifths visually representsthe relationship between major keys
Clockwise, it ascends in perfectfifths, hence the name
The most closely related keys areneighbors on the circle of fifths
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Harmony: More Terms to KnowVoice leading: composers invert chords to make singing a selection e This technique enables singers to sing conjunct lines rather than frequen
Bass line: lowest voice in a chord progression
Seventh chords: add the seventh above the root to any triad Dominant seventh chord: includes scale degrees 5,7,2, and 4
Open position chords: the notes are spread out over a large span
Closed position chords: the notes are close together, usually in the sa
Modal mixture: a chromatic alteration of one or more pitches of a tri
Modulate: to change keys
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Making Progress(ions)Harmonic progressions: unstable
dissonance resolves to stableconsonanceTritone: three whole steps; very dissonant
interval must resolve to consonance
Diatonic triads use only the pitches inthe keyTonic triad (I) is most stable, most
important
Dominant triad (V) resolves to tonic
Supertonic (ii) and subdominant (IV) =predominant harmonies These harmonies lead to the dominant
Predominant(ii or IV)
Dominant(V)
A typical chord progression
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Texture
Texture describes the number of layers in a piece of music and how tinteract
Monophony
One melody, no accompaniment
Same pitches at the same time(unison)
Heterophony
One melody with simultaneousvariations
Common in early jazz
Homophony
Melody with subaccompaniment
Polyphony
Two or more melodic lines
Possible because of counterpoint(a complex system of combiningmelodic lines)
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DynamicsDynamics indicate the relative loudness and softness of sounds
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ArticulationArticulation describesthe mechanics ofstarting, sustainingand ending a sound.
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Form inMusicForm refers to the overallorganization of a musicalpiece.
Like architecture, formcombines smaller units tocreate a larger structure.
Piece as a whole exhibit
It consists of themesPiece
Create coherent
Phrases combinThemes
Present
Often ap
Usually c
cadence
Phrases
S
Sr
Motives
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Most Common FormsRepetition: Technique of repeating the exact same pitches, rhythms, and ha
Theme and variations: repeats a melody (theme) with significant alterationand contrast]
Twelve-Bar Blues: the musician performs often improvised variations over achord progression
Ternary form: a.k.a. three-part form or ABA form contains a contrasting mid
Fugue: Uses imitation and counterpoint to develop a theme polyphonically
Sonata form: first movement form in three parts exposition, developmentrecapitulation
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Sonata Form: Three main parts
Exposition
First idea intonic
Transition
Second ideain dominant
Development
Experimentswith musicalideas
Sounds
moreunstable
Recapitulat
Typicsameorgaas th
expo Does
mod
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Sonata Cycle Organizes Movement
THREE-MOVEMENT VERSION FOUR-MOVEMENT VERSION
1. Fastsonataform
2. Slowternary
3. Fastsonata orrondo
Pre-19th Centu
1. Fast sonata
2. Slow ternary
3. Minuet and tri
4. Fast sonata or ron
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20th-Century Techniques
Emancipation of thedissonance no resolutions toconsonance
Atonal music no scale
12-tone method no tonic pitch
Techniques influence many
composers
20
TH
-CENTURY: ARNOLD SCHOEN
Frequent modulation
Chromatic harmonies
Rich seventh chords
Delay of resolution to tonic
19
TH
CENTURY MUSICAL COMPLEXITY
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II. Classical Music andModernism
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Musical Style PeriodsMiddle Ages (c. 800-1400)
Renaissance (c. 1400-1600)
Baroque (c. 1600-1750)
Classical (c. 1750-1830)
Romantic (c. 1830-1910)
Modern (c. 1900-present)
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Modernism The Musical 20th Cent
Development of the canon the bodyof popular repertoire
Growth of post-Romanticism Aconservative style
Flourishing of American concert life Famous conductor: Leopold Stokowski
Rise of conservatories to educatemusicians
More composers break with
Unprecedented diversity of and classical styles
Technological innovations in
the production and distributmusic New instruments invented
CLINGING TO THE PAST EMBRACING THE FUTURE
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RadioRadio created larger audiences for mu
Listeners heard a wide range of styles
Telephones and Telegraphs improvedcommunication
Wireless technology further facilitatedcommunication Developed by Guglielmo Marconi (Left)
Full Musical PerforTransmission of Morse Code
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Recording Technology
CommercialProduction
Flat DiscsWax
CylindersTinfoil
Recordings provided private entertainment Pioneered by Thomas Edison (right)
Popularized opera singer Enrico Caruso
A portable Trench model for soldiersappeared
Also useful for ethnomusicologists makingfield recordings
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Film
c.1890 Live musicians perform film scores
1891
Synchronizing images with recorded soun
Kinetophone (left) played short films
1900s Debate over the problem of amplification
1927
Adoption of sound-on-film technology byindustry
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Modernism
Innovations in Art:
Drip paintings Jackson Pollack
Innovations in Music:
Tone Clusters dissonant blocks of
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ImpressionismOrigins in French art
Pioneered by Claude Mone Example: paintings of a Japane
Emphasis on color and lig
Vague forms
Impressionists They render not the la
sensation produced by the landscape.
-Art critic Jules-
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Impressionism in Music
Poetic movement
Focuses on imagery, not narrative
Evokes vague, dreamlike atmospheres
Includes breaks in the flow of the text
Vague forms
Unconventional chords and
Weak rhythmic pulse
Emphasizes timbres, or tone
SYMBOLISM MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
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Debussy andImpressionismLearn more about the Impressionistmovement in art and music.
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Listening Selectio
The Basic Breakdown
Featured ExcerptVoiles from Prludes,
Book I, No. 2
Composer Claude Debussy
Date 1909
Genre Prelude; a genre ofcharacter pieces
Form ABA
Instrumentation Piano Solo
The prelude A short piano work, or
character piece
Influenced by Romanticcomposer Frdric Chopin
Origins in Prelude and Fugue
Ambiguous translation of theword Voiles:
The veil
The sail
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Official NationalismA
Whole-tone scale
B
PentatonicScale
A
Whole-tone
glissandos
Co
Conc
Listening Selection 1
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ExpressionismEmphasized extreme
emotions, not serenebeauty
Searched for a dark
inner reality within theunconscious mind
Edvard Munchs TSchoenbergs portrait of fellow
composer Gustav Mahler
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The Pioneers of Musical Expressionis
SecondViennese School
ArnoldSchoenberg
Alban Berg Anton Webe
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The Basic Breakdown
Featured ExcerptNacht from Pierrot
Lunaire
Composer Arnold Schoenberg
Date 1912
Poet Albert Giraud
Genre Song cycle
Instrumentation
Piano, cello, flute/piccolo,
clarinet/bass clarinet,
violin/viola, voice
Delivery Style Sprechstimme
Listening Selectio
The clown-like Pierrot
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ABACA Poetic Form
Use of Passacaglia form Features a repeated bass line called an
ostinato
Word-painting music reflectsimages of the text
Emphasizes dark, low instru An ominous fermata a long h
Playing on the bridge createscratchy sound in the strings
Vocalist uses Sprechstimmebetween singing and speaki
OLD CHARACTERISTICS EXPRESSIONIST CHARACTER
Listening Selection
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Nacht onStageHere you can watch an eerie stagedperformance of Nacht from PierrotLunaire. The soprano is dressed as theclown-like character Pierrot.
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Primitivism
Focused upon elemental human existence
Inspirations: Traditional art, especially of Africa and the Sout
Emphasis on bold color and simple lines
Painter Paul Gaugin Inspired by visits to the Pacific
Influenced composers such as Igor Stravin
Paul Gaugins Landscape on La Dominique
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The Basic Breakdown
Featured Excerpt The Rite of Spring
Composer Igor Stravinsky
Date 1913
Genre Ballet
Instrumentation Full orchestra
Style Primitivism
The Ballets Russes This co
brings Russian ballet to Par Led by impresario Sergei Diag
Premiered Igor Stravinskysgroundbreaking ballets: Firebird
Petrushka
The Rite of Spring
Listening Selectio
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Primitivist scenario, or story, in two mainparts:
The Adoration of the Earth
The Sacrifice
Featured medieval Russian costumes
The intentionally jagged, awkwardchoreography did not recall traditional ballet
A magazine published drawings of some of thedance moves (right)
Listening Selection
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Expressionist-like distortions of familiar sounds Opening high bassoon solo
Folk-music influences
Disorienting, unpredictable rhythms
Primitivist links between humanity and nature
Complication of textOpening high bassoon solo
My idea was that the
[Introduction] should repawakening of nature, the
gnawing, wiggling of bbeasts. Igor Strav
Listening Selection
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E-flatdominant
7th
F-flat majortriad
Multiple simultaneous ostinati
These brief melodic/rhythmic snippets repover and over again
Unstable rhythmic pattern - polym
Different instruments play in different metthe same time
Listening Selection 3 Omens of
Igor Stravinsky
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Riot occurs at 1913Premiere
Enters the repertoire asan orchestral piece
Scholars reconstruct theoriginal ballet (right)
Listening Selection 3 The Rite o
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NationalismA way of expressing national identity, and a more conservative musical style.
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France
Rejection ofGerman
music
The GroupLes Six
England
Inspirationfrom past
music
RalphVaughanWilliams
Finland
Resistance topolitical
dominance
Jean Sibelius
Spain
Glorificationof national
culture
EnriqueGranados
Nationalist Composers
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Technology and Nationalism
Ethnomusicologists
Began to study national folk songs and dances
These often wanted to preserve this music
Two Famous Hungarians Studied FolkMusic Early
Zoltn Kodly Bla Bartk
Made transcriptions made from field recordings
These recordings became basis of many of theircompositions
Folk tunes take priority
Folk tunes and original music equ
Folk tunes act as a recurring mot
Themes imitate folk tunes
Imitation of the folk spirit
5 Ways Bartk integrated Folk M
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Field Recordings (L) vs. Composition
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The Basic Breakdown
Featured ExcerptRomanian Christmas Carols,
First Series
Composer Bla Bartk (right)
Date 1915
Number of Parts 10
Instrumentation Piano Solo
Style Nationalism
Listening Selecti
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FOLK INFLUENCES TWO COMMON MODES OF THIN
Ionian
Resembles the major scale
Aeolian
Resembles the minor scale
Modes non major/minor scales
Flexible Meter
Drones long held notes
Listening Selectio
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Atonality
Common-PracticeTonality
IncreasingChromaticismin the 19th
century
SchoenbergsEmancipation of
the Dissonance
PANTONAL
SCHOENBERGS TERM FPromoted by Second Vi
Arnold Schoenberg
Alban Berg
Anton Webern
Atonality refers not to a smovement but to a tecmusic lacks a tonic it instance, appear in an primitivist composition
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Pre-Atonal
WebernLangsamer Satz (1905) anexample of a highly chromatic,restless, melodic, late-Romanticwork for string quartet.
Schoenberg felt that music suchas this had grown so chromatic,that the next logical step was tobreak with tonality altogether.
l
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Listening SelectioThe Basic Breakdown
Featured ExcerptAuerst langsam fromSix Bagatelles for String
Quartet, Op. 9,No. 5
Composer Anton Webern
Date 1911-1913
Instrumentation String Quartet
Style Atonality
Pitch Aggregate this term refepitches of the chromatic scale,
tone row These 12 pitches appear gradua
Emphasis on Timbre, not tradit
Pizzicato plucked strings
Mute alters the timbre
Pointillism
Very sparse texture
Use of Klangfarbenmelodie
Tone-color melody
i i l i
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Listening Selection
A Baroque-Era Canon by J.S. Bach An Introduction to 12-tone Serialism
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FROM TIN PAN ALLEY TO A PL AYER PIA NO NEAR YOU
III. Early 20th CenturyPopular Music
F lk M i
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Folk Music
Transmission
Oral Tradition
TranscriptionsPreserve
Songs
RecordingsPreserve
Performances
Functions
Not JustEntertainment
Practical Uses
ReinforcesEthnic Identity
Changes
Immigrationand
urbanization
Blending of
Styles
Record IndustrySpreads
Traditions
St T diti
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Stage Traditions
NationalTraditionsof Opera
Italy
seria
buffa
Germany Singspiel
France
opra-ballet
opra-
comique
opra-
bouffe
Gilbert and Sullivans
operettas grew espepopular in the US
Mi t l Sh
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Minstrel ShowsA behind the times American operatic tradition
Development of black-face Invented Charles Matthews visiting English actor
Shows emphasize southern stereotypes, especially of AfricanAmericans
Conventions
Walk-around features entire cast at the end of an act
Cakewalk dance that mimicked high-society manners
Stephen Foster (1826-64) the most famous Minstrel songcomposer
Music halls hosted similar shows in Britain
V d ill
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Vaudeville
TWO TERMS
Bill Listof Acts
Turns
IndividualActs
A HYPOTHETICAL CUE SHEET FOR
Text Music
I love my alpaca farm. Peaceful f
The alpacas sing
beautifully.
Humming
But oh no! The alpaca
barn is on fire!
G minor ch
fortissimo
I must save my alpacas! Frenzied mThey are saved. Joyous mu
(Alpacas prance in
delight)
Waltz unti
A standard house set of cues helped
accompany many acts with little rehe
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BandsJames Reese Europe and the 369th U.S. Infantry Regiment Band, a popular African-American
Multi Thematic Form for Marches
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Multi-Thematic Form for Marches
BombasBreak
Strain
ContrastingTrio Section
Strain 2Strain 1Short
Introduction
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Sousas TheStars and Stripes
ForeverAn example of multi-thematicform, as performed by theUnited States Marine Band.
Gospel
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Gospel
ORIGINS: THE BAY PSALM BOOK CHARACTERISTICS AND IMPACT
Songs blended popular styles
Appeared in printed collections
Used to attract religious converts
Popular among the Military durin
Sung by mourning Americans afteof the Lusitania
Politicized Music
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Politicized MusicNATIONAL ANTHEMS: THE STAR SPANGLEDBANNER
Poem by Francis Scott Key
Set to the tune of To Anacreon in Heavn
Becomes official Military Anthem in 1916
Becomes official National Anthem in 1931
MUSIC FOR CAUSES: DAME ETHEL SWOMENS SUFFRAGE THE MARC
Ragtime
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Ragtime
SCOTT JOPLIN A FAMOUS COMPOSER AN EXPLANATION OF RAGTIME
Listening Selectio
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Listening Selectio
The Basic Breakdown
Featured Excerpt Maple Leaf Rag
Composer Scott Joplin
Date 1899
Instrumentation Piano Solo
Style Ragtime
Recording Method Piano Roll
Preservatof an earlyperforman
Lack ofdynamarticula
PROS AND CONS OF A PIANO ROLL R
Listening Selection 6 Multi Them
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Listening Selection 6 Multi-Them
A A B B A C C
The Influence of Ragtime
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The Influence of Ragtime
Ragtime
IndividualDances
Fox
Invention of
Swing Rhythms Stride
Blues
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Blues
AFRICAN MUSICAL INFLUENCES
Syncopation
Call-and-response singing
Melismatic singing multiplenotes/syllable
EARLIER EXPRESSIONS OF THE B
Spirituals groups expressreligious message
Shouts song and dance groupritual
Work songs/field holler sung inthe fields
12-Bar Blues Form Repeated Patte
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12 Bar Blues Form Repeated Patte
A I I I
A IV IV I
B V V I
This pattern features a standard 12-measure chord progression spread over a three-line stan
Country vs Classic Blues
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Country vs. Classic Blues
COUNTRY BLUES CLASSIC BLUES
Often small ensembles called com
More formal venues
Lyrics about love and romance
Less rhythmic freedom
Sometimes notated
Famous Performer: Gertrude Ma
Solo singer
Informal venues
Lyrics about love gone sour or politics
Loose treatment of conventions
Improvised
Famous Performer: Robert Johnson
Country vs Classic Blues Recording
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Country vs. Classic Blues Recording
COUNTRY BLUES ROBERT JOHNSON CLASSIC BLUES GERTRUDE MA
Sweet Home Chicago Deep Moaning Blues
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W.C. Handy and his Memphis Orchestra, c. 1918Father of the Blues published early classic blues sheet music
Listening Selectio
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Listening Selectio
The Basic Breakdown
Featured Excerpt St. Louis Blues
Composer W.C. Handy
Date of Composition 1914
Date of Performance 1925
Instrumentation
Singer, cornet, and
reed-pipe organ
Performers
Bessie Smith, Louis
Armstrong, and Fred
Longshaw
Style Classic Blues Singer Bessie Smith
Listening Selection 7
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Listening Selection 7
A
12-bar blues
A
12-bar blues
B
8 bars
B
8 bars 1
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The Birthplace of JazzStoryville, New Orleans Red Light District
The Earliest Early Jazz Styles
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y y
NEW ORLEANS JAZZ
Mostly black musicians
Usually little formal training
Layered, collective improvisation everybodyimprovises at once
DIXIELAND JAZZ
Mostly white musicians
More musically literate
More planned performances memployed notated scores
Chicago JaSolos Last anEntire Chorus
IncreasedSophistication
MusiciansMove Away
End ofStoryville
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Listening Selectio
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g
The Basic Breakdown
Featured Excerpt Dippermouth Blues
Composer Joe King Oliver
Date 1923
Instrumentation
Two cornets, trombone,
clarinet, woodblock,
banjo/vocals, piano
Notable Performers King Oliver, LouisArmstrong, Lillian Hardin
StyleNew Orleans/Chicago
Style Jazz
Jazz Trumpeter Louis Armstrong
Listening Selection 8 Stylistic
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g y
Blues
12-Bar Blues Pattern
Flattened Blue Notes
Uneven Swung Rhythms
New Orleans Style
Typical Small Combo
Collective Improvisation
Heterophonic Textures
New Fe
Planned
Stop-Time Sound
Whiny TrumWah M
American Theatrical Music
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Operetta
European classical origins
Glorified the trainedvoice
Romantic stories
Victor Herbert: Babes inToyland(1903)
Musical Comed Drew upon Ameri
popular song style
Believable chara
George M. CohanJohnny Jones (190
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Listening Selectio
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The Basic Breakdown
Featured Excerpt I Wants to Be (A ActorLady)
Show In Dahomey
ComposersHarry von Tilzer and
Vincent Bryan
Date 1902
Genre
Musical Comedy
Interpolation
Character Singing Aida Overton Walker
StyleNew Orleans/Chicago
Style Jazz
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Intro Vamp a B Vamp A
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Tin Pan Alley
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Lax Copyright Law Sparks Musicians Outrage
Founding of the American Society ofComposers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP)
Popularity
Home Entertainment Barbershop Quartets
Song-Pluggers Advertise Music by PlayingNewest Scores
Flourishing Publishing Business
Tin Pan Alley Initially Refe
New York Music Publishing D
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Listening Selection 10
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Intro (Vamp) a B (fill) A B
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Take Me Out to
the Ball GameAs recorded on a piano roll andperformed by a player piano.
Early listeners of the CDrecording of Maple Leaf Ragwould have heard Joplinsperformance on similar player
piano.
Film Scores
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Use of Live Piano orOrchestra
Vaudeville House Musiciansuse Cue Sheets
Specialized Venues Appear:Nickelodeons
Creation of Custom or
Original Film Scores
Development of Sound
Film Technology
An Early Movie Theater
TheBirthofaNationA Popular Film
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JOSEPH CARL BREILS CUSTOM SCORE
OriginalMusic
ClassicalMusic
PopularSongs
The Birth of a Nation (19
controversial racist them
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TheBirthofa
NationGet a sense of the use of musicand racist themes of the film bywatching this clip.
This excerpt features a classicalcomposition, Wagners Ride ofthe Valkyries.
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IV. Musical ResponsesThe Great War
Three Composers Eager to Go Fight
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Maurice
Ravel
Deemed toolight for the
air force
Became adriver
Anton
Webern
Dismissed forpoor eyesight
Helpedprepare new
recruits
Bla Bart
Consideredphysically
unfit
Collectedfolksongs
from soldie
Eager to Go II Three British Compo
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George
Butterworth
Quicklyenlisted
Died in battle
Ralph Vaughan
Williams
Becameambulance
driver
Oversawamateur
music
Gustav Holst
Failedphysical exa
Helped traisoldiers in
music
Longing to Stay: Alban Berg
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Wozzeck
Alban Bergs expressionist opera
Plot: A soldier murders andcommits suicide
Antagonists: A sadistic armydoctor and an inhumane captain
Influenced by composersmiserable training-campexperience
Alban Berg, an unhappy
training camper
Irving Berlin Popular Song Compos
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Drafted after gaining UScitizenship
Wrote Oh! How I Hate to Get Up
in the Morning mocking militarylife
Asked to write a show to raisemoney
In response, completed Yip, Yip,Yaphank
Irving Berlin
Hyphen-Americans
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Many immigrants in the US
Naturalized citizens maintain ethnic identity
Wartime fear of foreigners in the US
Fritz Kreisler
Austrian violinist living in
Stopped performing
Karl Muck
German conductor in Bos
Accused of spying after horchestra did not performnational anthem
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Transcending the BoundariesThe Christmas Truce of 1914 Enemy soldiers sing together instead of fighting
Creative Blocks and InspirationTh ht f th t it
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Thought of the war create writer
Arnold Schoenberg has difficul
King Alberts Book
This charity collection of essayworks appeared in England
Included Edward Elgars choru
Sing, Belgians, Sing!
Also: Claude Debussy: Berceus
Quotes Belgian national anth
British Composer Edward Elgar
Works Commemorate the Fallen
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Claude
Debussy
En blanc et
noir
Includesdedications todead soldiers
Edward
Elgar
The Spirit of
England
Evokes thesound of
Aeroplanes
Maurice
Ravel
Le Tombea
de Couperin
Toccataimitates
airplanes
Works About, and for, Soldiers
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Non-specific references to war in some wor
StravinskysA Soldiers Tale commented
upon the general plight of the soldier
New music composed for disabled veterans
Pianist Paul Wittgenstein
Lost his right arm
Surge in new pieces for the left hand
That would have been hard
enough with two hands!
Popular Music and the War: Topics
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Consolation
When the Roll is Called
Up Yonder
Pre-war song
Family Experiences
Hello, Central, Give Me
No Mans Land
Refers to the Telephone
Distance from Home
Theres a Long, Long
Trail
Hit among soldiers
M
K
B
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Listening Selection
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MagicFormula?
PeppyMusic
Songs of Worship, Lamentation, andHumor
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Religious
Themes
Nearer myGod toThee
Sorrow
Cathdrale de
Rheims
Folksong
Collecting
John JacobNiles
Grief
TheBravestHeart of
All
Popular
Texts
In
FlandersFields
Songs to PersuadeThe nature of propaganda lies essentially in its
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The nature of propaganda lies essentially in itssimplicity and repetition. Only the man who is ableto reduce the problems to the simplest terms and
has the courage to repeat them indefinitely in thissimplified form, despite the objection of theintellectuals, will in the long run achievefundamental success in influencing publicopinion.
- Joseph Goebbels, Adolf Hitlers propaganda minister
The Devil tells his son to st
hell and not fight in this so
Listening SelectiThe Basic Breakdown Sheet m sic reportedl
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The Basic Breakdown
Featured Excerpt I Didnt Raise My Boy
to Be a SoldierComposer Al Piantadosi
Lyricist Alfred Bryan
Date 1915
Performer Peerless Quartet
Form Verse/Chorus Form
Style Popular Song
Sheet music reportedlysells 700,000 copies
Accused of being anti-military propaganda
The United States entersthe war
Quick decline in populaof pacifist songs
Pacifist vs. Recruitment Songs
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A Wartime SongA Pre-War Song
What Kind ofan American Are
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an American AreYou?By Albert von Tilzer
Notice how the upbeatperformance style sometimesseems to contradict theseriousness of the text, much asin I Didnt Raise My Boy to be aSoldier.
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Anthems and Patriotic SongsScottish Highlanders Playing Bagpipes at the Front
More Purposes of Wartime Music
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ConservingResources
Ill Do Without Meat and
Ill Do Without Wheat But
I Cant Do Without Love
MarketingCampaigns
The Makins *Makings+ ofthe U.S.A. (A Plea in Songfor Tobacco for the Boys
Over There
New Patriotic Songs
Hassgesang gegen
England (An Anti-BritishSong)
E
In
Listening Selecti
The Basic Breakdown
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The Basic Breakdown
Featured Excerpt Over There
Composer George M. Cohan
Date 1917
Performer Nora Bayes
Form Verse/Chorus Form
Style Popular Song
Over There attracted
many famous singers
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Over ThereSung by opera star EnricoCaruso, and featuring his heavyItalian accent.
Soldiers of ColorMinority soldiers face both ambivalence and
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Songs appear that honor the patriotism andcourage of minority soldiers
Relative acceptance of minorities in Europe
Distribution of discriminatory text SecretInformation Concerning Black American Troops
has little influence
discrimination
A Song about Minority S
James Reese Europe
Leads a professional orchestra
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Leads a professional orchestra
Enlists in the army
Leads an all-black regiment band
Band becomes famous forjazzy interpretations
Becomes first African-Ameofficer to lead troops into
Bandleader James Reese Europe
Listening Selecti
The Basic Breakdown
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The Basic Breakdown
Featured Excerpt
On Patrol in No Mans
Land
ComposersJames Reese Europe, Eubie
Blake, and Noble Sissle
Date 1918
PerformerNoble Sissle and Europes
Hellfighter Band
Form Verse/Chorus Form
Style Popular Song
This song recounts actua
wartime experiences