MuckrakersJournalistsExposed the truthEarly 1900’s Upton SinclairIda TarbellThe Jungle Food, Inc.FDA

Upton SinclairThe JungleMuckrakerMeat packing industryBook led to legislationFDAFDRFood Inspection ActPure Food and Drug Act

Ida TarbellExposed unfair business practices in

the oil industryInvestigative journalistRockefellersStandard OilTeacherMuckrakerWrote “The History of Standard Oil”

Hull HouseSettlement houseChicagoEllen Gates Starr founded thisHelped refugeesFirst of its kindApartments for immigrants / women

InitiativeProposed law that comes from the

peopleDoes not come from lawmakersProgressive EraLegislative measureHas to go through legislative processCan be added to legislation as a

referendum

ReferendumWhere a proposed bill can be voted

on by the peopleGave people more say in

governmentUsed in some cases to recall

government officials

RecallTo remove a public official from officeVote of the people not the governmentUsually voted on in a referendum20 states had adopted referendum,

recall, and/or initiative procedures by 1920

Part of political reforms of the Progressive Era

Direct election of the Senators17th amendmentPeople voted for senatorsNo longer appointed by state

legislatures1912People have more say in federal

governmentPart of the Progressive Era

Jim CrowSegregation laws in the southNew way of enslaving African-

Americans without “slavery”Black codesGot rid of all blacks’ rightsMostly aimed at keeping blacks from

votingLed to the Freedmen’s Bureau

Plessy v. Ferguson1896 segregation in public places is

legalEstablished “separate but equal” clauseSecond major racial Landmark

Supreme Court caseLast 60 years until Brown v. Board of

EducationEnforced judicial review

NAACPNational Association for the

Advancement of Colored PeopleRacial equalityFounded in 1909Booker T. WashingtonNon-violent means to equality

Anti-immigration sentimentLead to immigration restrictionsNativismChinese-Exclusion ActLow wage jobsQuota systemNationalismContinues into today

Chinese Exclusion ActProhibited all Chinese except students,

teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the US

1882Limited the number of Chinese

immigrantsDiscrimination in the Railroad industry

Spanish-American WarAmerica wanted to free Cuba from

Spanish controlTriggered by the sinking of the USS

MaineTreaty of Paris ended it in 1898Rough RidersAmerica gained the PhilippinesTeddy Roosevelt“Big Stick” PolicyShowed America as a major world power

American ExpansionismExpand the size of the nation under

imperialismManifest Destiny (economically)Hawaii, Philippines, etc.AlaskaIncrease military strengthPuerto Rico

Philippine-American WarLed by AguinaldoRevolt against the USRevolting against annexation by the

USRevolt was stopped by US US did not annex the Philippines

Roosevelt CorollaryExtension of the Monroe DoctrineWe would protect the western

hemisphere against European interference

1904Spread democracyWorld policeOur right to protect economic interest

by military intervention if necessary

Panama Canalaided in trade between coastsConnected the Atlantic and the PacificOpened in 1914 Gave it back to Panama eventuallyBuilt by USHelped Panamanians gain freedom

from ColombiaTook 10 years51 miles long

U.S. NeutralityAttempt to stay out of international

warsLend-Lease ActIsolationismNot successful

Unrestricted Submarine WarfareUse of subs against non-military

vessels LusitaniaWWIGerman U-boatsTOTAL WARCaused US to enter the war (one

reason)

Great MigrationMovement of African-Americans

from South to NorthDuring WWIFollowing the jobsGrowth of cities in the northHarlem RenaissanceEarly 20th century

Espionage ActLaw against speaking out against the

war effortPassed along side the Alien and

Sedition Acts1917Jailed and fined for speaking outDetermined unconstitutional because

it went against 1st amendment

Eugene V. DebsAmerican Railroad UnionWanted skilled workersLeader of the democratic socialist

partyRan for president from jailArrested for protesting the war

18th AmendmentProhibition1919Led to speakeasiesLed to bootleggingGangs, organized crime (MOB)Later repealed by 21st amendmentAl Capone

19th amendmentWomen’s right to vote1920Result of women involvement in

WWISeneca Falls ConventionElizabeth Cady StantonSusan B. Anthony

Fourteen PointsWoodrow Wilson’s plan to make

peace after WWICongress did NOT agree to join the

League of NationsOpposed by nations that wanted to

punish Germany for WWI

League of Nations Established in 1920 to promote

international cooperation and peaceMostly EuropeanFirst attempt at Global Peace

keeping bodyHenry Cabot LawUS did not join

CommunismEconomic and political system based

on a one party government (totalitarianism)

ChinaRussian Revolution 1917 and the

creation of the USSREveryone is equalRed Scare

Socialism Government control of business and

property and equal distribution of wealth

Communism LiteEconomic system opposite of

capitalism

Red ScareFear of the spread of communism

after WWIAfter the Bolshevik RevolutionResulted in immigration legislationCommunist political party was

formed in USShare Our Wealth program - Huey

Long

Immigration RestrictionsImmigrants were required to pass

literacy testsQuota system 1921Fear of communismEllis and Angel IslandGentlemen’s AgreementSouthern and Eastern European

Immigrants

Radio1920’s brought families togetherEntertainmentNewsAdvertisingRoaring TwentiesPresidential ElectionsFireside talks“War of the Worlds”

Movies 1920’s = silent movies and

black/whiteEntertainmentCharlie ChaplinBuster KeatonWizard of OzNew era of movie starsInfluenced fashionClara Bow

JazzHarlem RenaissanceLouis ArmstrongFlappersLouisianaImprov1920sNew OrleansCharleston

Harlem RenaissanceRevival of African-American culture

and artLangston HughesDidn’t last longEnded by Great DepressionLouis Armstrong

Langston HughesAfrican American author during the

Harlem RenaissancePoetRussian friend (communist)Wrote about the troubles of being

African-American

Louis ArmstrongFamous musician during the Harlem

RenaissanceTrumpetNew OrleansChicago jazz musician

Tin Pan AlleyComposers and lyricists Sub-genre of Jazz movementIrving BerlinManhattan and other parts of New

York CityPlace of music

Irving BerlinPlaywright and composerWrote “White Christmas” and “God

Bless America”Part of “Tin Pan Alley” MovementPublisher150 songs

Mass Production Henry Ford1920sSped up productionMade cars affordableCheaper laborContributed to

urbanizationAssembly lineLed to

overproduction

Faster, more economic, efficient way of production

Model TInterchangeable partsEli WhitneyCotton gin

Stock Market crashBlack Tuesday10/29/1929Contributing factor of the Great

DepressionCaused by buying on marginCaused closing of banksRisky bank loans

Great Depression

Extended economic recession

HoovervillesNew DealFDR1929-194025% unemploymentHighest suicide rateGlobal effect

After WWIInflationOver-productionUnder consumptionUse of creditWages not increasing

Dust BowlFarming over-productionDroughtWest1930sAAA – Led to farmers moving to CaliforniaNot using crop rotationOver grazingTexas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New

Mexico

HoovervilleThought Hoover was the cause of

the Great DepressionShantytownsUnemployed, homeless peopleAll over the USNamed after president Hoover

Tennessee Valley AuthorityPart of the New DealDams and bridges along the

Tennessee River ValleyCreated jobsProvided electricity1933Provided economic development in

the Tennessee Valley

Second New DealRoosevelt1934-1935Great depressionCourt Packing BillSocial SecurityTVACCCAAAFDIC

Wagner ActCollective bargainingRe-established the NIRApromoted labor unionsLimited ways employers could react to labor

unionsEstablished in 1935Protected workers’ rightsBetter hours - higher wagesCan’t fire people for being in a union

Industrial RevolutionGrowth of citiesMachines were used moreMajor changes in agriculture, manufacturing,

mining, and transportHand tools were used lessChange in social and economic organizationPeople got factory jobsMass productionAssembly lineHenry Ford

Social Security ActNew DealRetired, elderly, disabledMost costly part of the New DealIncreased taxesGuaranteed retirement for someStill exists todayHelped families with disabled children1935FDR

Eleanor RooseveltSocial reformerAccepted blacks into the White HouseAdvocate for civil rightsFDR’s wifeRoosevelt’s eyes and earsWomen’s rightsChildren’s advocate

Huey LongSocialist“Share Our Wealth”U.S. senatorSupported social programsThought the New Deal was not enoughTurned against RooseveltCommunistVery popularAssassinated

Neutrality ActsCame from nationalism / isolationismForeign policy of the late 1930s and early

1940sPrevented the US from being drawn into war1935No sale of weapons to countries that were at

warLoosened by the Lend-Lease Act

Court Packing BillRoosevelt’s attempt to pack the Supreme

Court so the New Deal could not be challenged

Addition of 6 new membersDid not pass!!!1937Wanted younger more liberal people on the

court

A. Philip RandolphKey Civil Rights leader before and during

WWIIWon Roosevelt’s support for equality in the

workforce (war industries)Founded brotherhood of Sleeping Car PortersNegotiated with Roosevelt about civil rights

and workers’ rightsStopped march on DC because of Roosevelt’s

executive order about hiring practices

Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941Triggered American involvement in WWIIBombing by JapanSneak attackHawaiiMain targets were saved because they were

out to seaNinja skills

InternmentCamps for Japanese AmericansFear of spiesGermans, ItaliansHolding people without causeMostly in the west Violates civil rightsDuring WWII here in the US

MobilizationAssemble troops for warPrivate sector switches to wartime

manufacturingGetting troops and supplies ready for warHappened very quickly after Pearl HarborDRAFTPulled a lot of people out of schoolWomen to workMore people volunteered than were drafted

Wartime Conservation RationingRecycling drives

RubberScrap metal

Save supplies for troopsCoupons War bondsIncreased Patriotism

Rationing GasFood items (coupon books)

SugarCoffeeMeat

PantyhoseRubber

Lend-Lease ActWay around the Neutrality ActsAllowed US to aid countries that were

essential to the safety of the USA!Loophole in Neutrality ActsLend arms to Great Britain in return for some

small islands and being able to set up military bases

1941

Battle of MidwayTurning point of WWII in the PacificJapanese plans were decoded and they lostAmericans intercepted Japanese fighter

planesSunk 4 Japanese Aircraft CarriersJapanese never recovered after thisJune 1942

D-Day6-6-44Normandy beachesLots of troopsLargest beach landing in historyBloodiest, longest battle of WWIIlargest use of paratroopers in combat 20,000Largest US involvement in the War in EuropeDwight D. Eisenhower Operation OverlordSneak Attack

Battle of BerlinRussia against GermanyGermans retreated to the west to surrender

to GB and France1945Hitler did not leave Berlin

Committed suicide and killed his dog and wife killed herself

Berlin was divided between France, Russia, GB, and USA

Atom BombHiroshima and NagasakiManhattan ProjectLos AlamosDecision made by TrumanFat ManLittle BoyEnded WWII in the PacificEinsteinEnola GayStarted the Cold War

Los AlamosTest site of the Atomic BombNew MexicoManhattan Project locationRadiation falloutVery secret

Manhattan ProjectCode name for atomic bomb testing and

developmentAlbert EinsteinLos Alamos, New MexicoIndirect cause of the Cold War and increased

tensions with USSRBuilding of the Atomic BombVery secret

Marshall Plan1947-1951Economic aid to European countries under

threat from the SovietsLed to the Berlin AirliftPlan to reconstruct European economies

after WWIIMade Russia angryFighting the spread of communism

ContainmentPrevent the spread of communismOffspring of the Truman DoctrineForeign policy after WWII and throughout

the Cold WarCause of US involvement in Korea and

VietnamPrevent the domino effect / theory

Truman DoctrineOffered military as well as economic aidAimed at protecting the world against the

Domino Theory of the spread of communismIssued by President Truman1947

Korean War38th parallel – divides North and South Korea1950-1953US and other UN countries fought with South

Korea against North Korea and ChinaNo real change because of outcomeUS and South winning until China came to

the aid of North KoreaFighting the spread of communism

Chinese Civil WarBetween the communists and nationalistsMao Ze DongHo Chi MinhCommunism is established in China1944-1947

McCarthyismRed Scare“Witch hunt” for communistsThe CrucibleBegun by Senator Joseph McCarthyAccusations were mostly unfoundedEarly 1950’sBlack listed many celebrities Eventually faded out

Cuban RevolutionFidel CastroBrought communism VERY close to homeAllied with the Soviet UnionBay of PigsLed to the Cuban missile crisisMost of the revolutionaries weren’t Cuban

Bay of PigsOne of JFK’s biggest mistakesLacked full support of the U.S. governmentDid NOT work1961CIA did not have enough information about

resistanceEnded friendly relations between the US and

CubaLed by Cuban refugees

Cuban Missile CrisisMissiles in Cuba aimed at the United StatesCapable of reaching as far as Seattle1962 Closest we have ever come to nuclear war13 DaysPeak of the Cold WarSoviet Union presence in Cuba for offensive

purposes

Vietnam WarUS eventually pulled outTet OffensiveAgent orangeCharlieStudent ProtestsAcross the UniverseFirst US involvement in war that was not

considered a US victoryVietconghuge anti-war movement

Tet OffensiveJanuary 196810 month long offensive against the South

Vietnamese and the USEnded attritionSurprise attack by the VietcongWon the war for North Vietnam

Baby BoomPopulation increaseSEXBig impact on Social Security1945-1965Peak was in 1957 – 4 million babies were

bornLack of educationSoldiers getting back from the war

LevittownLong IslandFirst suburb, led to more suburbs around the

countryMass production of housingNew YorkLed to need for Highway ActWilliam Levitt

Interstate Highway ActResult of increase in suburbsTransport military equipmentConnect all major US citiesEisenhower1956

Kennedy/Nixon presidential Debate First televised presidential debateInfluenced popular opinionWomen voted for JFKKennedy was more appealing to the peopleJFK was coached on appearance and body

languageJFK had more charismaNixon had more foreign policy knowledge1960 election

TV News Coverage of the Civil Rights MovementCaused sympathy for the movementAngered Americans witnessing violenceCaused more awarenessLed to legislation about Civil Rights and

individual liberties

Technology of the 1970’sPersonal ComputerBeginnings of cell phonesAPPLEFree-standing public telephone boothEntertainment

Sputnik IRussian satellite Space raceIncreased Cold War Tensions1957First artificial satelliteAmericans became fearful of spiesEisenhower

Jackie RobinsonFirst African-American baseball player in the

major leaguePlayed for the Brooklyn DodgersFirst African American inducted into the

baseball hall of fameBroke the color barrier for all professional

sports

Harry Truman33rd presidentAcknowledged Israel as a sovereign nationIssued the Truman DoctrineFDR’s vice president1945-1953Chose to use the atom bomb

Brown v. Board of EducationSeparate but equal clause is not

constitutionalIntegrated schoolsLed to the Civil Rights Act1954Overturned Plessy v. FergusonThird major landmark Supreme Court Case

dealing with raceUnder the Warren Court

Martin Luther King, Jr.Civil rights leaderLetter from Birmingham JailAssassinated in Memphis 1968PreacherNon-violentI Have a DreamVery young African-American activist

Letter From Birmingham JailMLK, Jr.Garnered support for non-violent protestsNow is the time!Asking for support from white southern

Christian leadersCall to Action for people to be non-violent

I Have a Dream Speech Washington, D.C.250,000 people presentMLK, Jr.Blacks and whites unite1963Lincoln Memorial

Civil Rights Act of 1964Inspired by African AmericansPassed by Johnson after Kennedy was

assassinatedEnded discrimination in all public places and

the work force

Voting Rights Act of 1965Ended literacy tests and poll taxesFunded registration drives in high minority

population areas

Warren Court Most influential supreme court in historyBrown v. BOEMiranda v. ArizonaRoe v. Wade

Miranda v. ArizonaPolice had to notify suspects of their rightsSilence, attorney, etc.

Assassination of President Kennedy Dallas, TXNovember, 1963Showed Americans that the government

would continue

Great SocietyWanted to give all Americans greater

education, shelter, medical care regardless of background

Started Medicaid and Medicare

Medicare Medical care to the elderlyImportant legacy of the Great Society

Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.Civil Rights ActivistPeaceful protestsApril, 1968Caused riots in over 100 cities in AmericaCivil Rights Act passed after

Assassination of Robert F. KennedyJune 1968Disheartened the American peopleAfter he won the California primary

1968 Democratic National Convention In ChicagoRiotsPolice beat down hippies

Anti-war protesters

SCLCSouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceNon-violent protestsLead by Martin Luther King Jr. and other

ministers

SNCCStudent Non-violent Coordinating CommitteeFounded by AA college students with funding

by SCLC

Sit-ins Non-violent protests

Freedom RidesAA went on rides throughout the south to

protest segregation on buses

Anti-Vietnam War MovementMany groups began on college campusesWanted to end the DRAFT

Women’s Movement NOWEquality in the workplace

National Organization of WomenNOWFounded in 1966Equality in the workforce

United Farm Workers MovementFounded by Caesar ChavezUnionized farmsProtested non-unionized grape farmers in

California1960s and 70s

Cesar ChavezUnited Farm Workers MovementAmerican of Mexican decentBoycotted grapes

Environmental Movement Silent SpringRachel CarsonEarth DayEnvironmental Protection Agency

Silent SpringBook by Rachel Carson1962Exposed effects of pesticides on the

environmentWater Quality Act of 1965

Rachel CarsonExposed dangers of pesticidesWrote Silent Spring

Earth DayCelebrated in 197010,000 schools organized events

Environmental Protection AgencyEstablished in the 70sSet limits on pollutionSigned by Johnson

Conservative Movement Barry Goldwater was the presidential

nominee 1964Speaker of the HouseRepublicanNew movement of limited government

Barry Goldwater Lead the conservative movementBelieved the government should not

intervene in economic affairs

Richard M. NixonWanted to replace Johnson’s Great SocietyWatergate scandalHe resigns before he can be impeached and

removed from office

Roe v. WadeLegalized abortion1973Women’s rights issueRight to privacy

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 1978Race could be used in considering AA for

college acceptance

Nixon’s visit to China1971Trade agreements were important for both

countriesFirst presidential visit to China

Watergate Scandal Centered around Nixon’s administrationCover up of the republican break in to the

democratic national head quarters

Gerald Ford2 year presidency Pardoned Nixon and never recovered

Jimmy Carter Peanut farmer from GeorgiaTried to bring peace to the Middle EastNobel Peace Prize

Camp David AccordsNegotiated peace agreement between

Egyptian president and Israeli prime minister1978

Iranian Revolution 1978Replaced Shah/king who was friendly to

America with a Muslim religious leader who was not friendly towards America

Iranian Hostage CrisisLasted 444 daysCaptives released after Reagan’s election52-66 Americans were held captive at the

embassy in Iran

Ronald ReaganPresident from 1980-88Reaganomics – trickle down economicsEnded the Iranian hostage crisisEncouraged USSR to tear down the Berlin

WallDecrease the size of the federal government

Reagnomics Trickle down economicsBudget cutsTax cutsIncreased defense spending

Power through strength

Iran-Contra ScandalUS funding of weapon supplies to Iranian

rebelsReagan’s biggest foreign policy failure

Collapse of the Soviet UnionReagan’s biggest foreign policy successEnd of the Cold War

Bill ClintonPresident from 1992-2000NAFTA was created under his directionFavorable trade policy between the America’sPersonal scandal

North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTABrought Mexico and Canada into a free trade

agreement with USADecreased trade barriersIncreased economic opportunities

Impeachment of Bill ClintonCharged with perjury and obstruction of

justiceFound not guilty by the senateSEX

Electoral College Important in the Bush/Gore election1st election decided by Supreme CourtBush did not win popular vote

George W. BushPresident during 9/11 attacks2000-2008

Operation Enduring FreedomOur efforts in AfghanistanReaction to the 9/11 terrorist attacks

War on Terrorism Build an international coalition to fight the

Al-Quaeda network

Operation Iraqi FreedomMarch 2003, British troops invaded Iraq with

American supportShock and Awe tactics usedTelevised invasion