Motivations

• Performance

• Analysis

• Artistic

Visualization for Performance

Common Notations

• Modern western notation• Guitar tablature• Klavar notation

•Gregorian chant notation

•Byzantine chant notation

Common Notations

• Modern western notation• Guitar tablature• Klavar notation

•Gregorian chant notation

•Byzantine chant notation

Common Notations

• Modern western notation• Guitar tablature• Klavar notation

•Gregorian chant notation

•Byzantine chant notation

Common Notations

• Modern western notation• Guitar tablature• Klavar notation

•Gregorian chant notation

•Byzantine chant notation

Common Notations

• Modern western notation• Guitar tablature• Klavar notation

•Gregorian chant notation

•Byzantine chant notation

Byzantine Chant Notation

• Liturgical chant of Greek Orthodox Church

• Used throughout Byzantine empire (330-1453)

• Current use is uncommon

• monophonic

Byzantine Chant Notation

• 72 notes in octave• Symbols indicate:

– Relative pitch change– Manner in which note is sung– Duration of note

• One of several modes and a start note picked initially• Microtonal variations important

Development of Western Notation

• Textual markup

• Gregorian chant notation

• Modern notation

• Contemporary experimentation

Neume Markup

• Used in 10th and 11th centuries

• Lines and curves written above text

• Indicates rough melodic shape

• Memory aid to singers

Gregorian Chant

• Developed by Guido d’ Arezzo (990-1150)

• Staff + clef indicates pitch

Monophonic•More verbose, but more precise

Modern Notation

• Evolved from Gregorian chant

• Essentially unchanged since 17th century

• Evolved `organically’

• Symbolic graphical language

Axes

Note Symbols

Rest Symbols

Beaming

Other Durations

Duration Symbols

Duration Symbols

Duration Symbols

Barlines

The Staff

Staff Color

Pitch

Multiple Voices

Notational Flexibility

Notational Flexibility

Evolving Notation

Contemporary

Color

Indeterminacy

Indeterminacy

General Observations

• Rich symbolic vocabulary

• Flexible notation

• Tailored for human perception

• Legacy baggage

• Not intended for novices

Klavar Notation

• Intended for easy piano performance• Invented 1931 – sill in use• Vertical axis for time (top to bottom)

Klavar Notation

• Staff lines correspond to piano keys

• Vertical distance gives absolute time

• Duration inferred from context or with special symbol

Guitar Tablature

• Staff lines correspond to strings• Numbers indicate fret• Time is only roughly represented

Visualization for Analysis

Music Animation Machine

•Shows actions of voices using animation

•Intended for beginners

Sonograms

Examples

Keysacpes

• Shows results of a key-finding algorithm• Displays different window sizes and positions

Examples

Dotplots

• Matrix of segment distances• Like an adjacency matrix of a graph

Audio vs. Score

Actual vs. Midi

Shape of Song

• Method of showing repetition within a sequence

Showing Repetition

Examples

Bach Chopin

Madonna Glass

Examples

• http://www.turbulence.org/Works/song/mono.html