Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Morphophonology and tone in Nata

Andrei Anghelescuandrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Dept. of LinguisticsUniversity of British Columbia

June 13, 2013

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 1

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Geography

I Nata is a Lacustrine Bantu language spoken in westernTanzania by about 6,000 people.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 2

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Geography

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 3

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Roadmap

I The focus of this study is nominal tone in Nata.

I Specifically, I propose that Nata deploys three cophonologies,one for each tone type, which metrically assign tone to a noun.

I Cophonologies are morphologically controlled.

I In Nata nouns, the noun stem is indexed to one of the threecophonologies.

I These cophonologies control the tone placement for theinflected noun.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 4

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Roadmap

I The focus of this study is nominal tone in Nata.

I Specifically, I propose that Nata deploys three cophonologies,one for each tone type, which metrically assign tone to a noun.

I Cophonologies are morphologically controlled.

I In Nata nouns, the noun stem is indexed to one of the threecophonologies.

I These cophonologies control the tone placement for theinflected noun.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 4

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Roadmap

I The focus of this study is nominal tone in Nata.

I Specifically, I propose that Nata deploys three cophonologies,one for each tone type, which metrically assign tone to a noun.

I Cophonologies are morphologically controlled.

I In Nata nouns, the noun stem is indexed to one of the threecophonologies.

I These cophonologies control the tone placement for theinflected noun.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 4

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Roadmap

I The focus of this study is nominal tone in Nata.

I Specifically, I propose that Nata deploys three cophonologies,one for each tone type, which metrically assign tone to a noun.

I Cophonologies are morphologically controlled.

I In Nata nouns, the noun stem is indexed to one of the threecophonologies.

I These cophonologies control the tone placement for theinflected noun.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 4

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Roadmap

I The focus of this study is nominal tone in Nata.

I Specifically, I propose that Nata deploys three cophonologies,one for each tone type, which metrically assign tone to a noun.

I Cophonologies are morphologically controlled.

I In Nata nouns, the noun stem is indexed to one of the threecophonologies.

I These cophonologies control the tone placement for theinflected noun.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 4

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Roadmap

I First, I describe the structure of nouns.

I Second, I identify three types of words with respect to wherehigh tone is located and argue that tone type is a property ofnoun stems.

I Third, I lay out an Optimality Theory analysis of the threetone types.

I Fourth, I discuss implications of this analysis.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 5

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Roadmap

I First, I describe the structure of nouns.

I Second, I identify three types of words with respect to wherehigh tone is located and argue that tone type is a property ofnoun stems.

I Third, I lay out an Optimality Theory analysis of the threetone types.

I Fourth, I discuss implications of this analysis.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 5

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Roadmap

I First, I describe the structure of nouns.

I Second, I identify three types of words with respect to wherehigh tone is located and argue that tone type is a property ofnoun stems.

I Third, I lay out an Optimality Theory analysis of the threetone types.

I Fourth, I discuss implications of this analysis.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 5

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Roadmap

I First, I describe the structure of nouns.

I Second, I identify three types of words with respect to wherehigh tone is located and argue that tone type is a property ofnoun stems.

I Third, I lay out an Optimality Theory analysis of the threetone types.

I Fourth, I discuss implications of this analysis.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 5

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

(1) Schematic Nata noun

aug-{V, /0}-

pf-{CV, /0}-

stem{CV, CVCV, CVCVCV}

I Noun stems select for canonical prefixes;

I However, stems can be placed into specific noun classes forsemantic effect (e.g. C5 = diminutive).

I Noun class prefixes (pf) select for augments (aug).

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 6

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

(1) Schematic Nata noun

aug-{V, /0}-

pf-{CV, /0}-

stem{CV, CVCV, CVCVCV}

I Noun stems select for canonical prefixes;

I However, stems can be placed into specific noun classes forsemantic effect (e.g. C5 = diminutive).

I Noun class prefixes (pf) select for augments (aug).

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 6

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

(1) Schematic Nata noun

aug-{V, /0}-

pf-{CV, /0}-

stem{CV, CVCV, CVCVCV}

I Noun stems select for canonical prefixes;

I However, stems can be placed into specific noun classes forsemantic effect (e.g. C5 = diminutive).

I Noun class prefixes (pf) select for augments (aug).

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 6

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

(2) Canonical Nata nouns

a. o-Aug

mu-PFC1

naataN-stemNata.person

‘Nata person’

b. a-Aug

Ba-PFC2

naataN-stemNata.person

‘Nata people’

a. O-Aug

mO-PFC3

rOrON-stemfire

‘fire’

b. E-Aug

mE-PFC4

rOrON-stemfire

‘fires’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 7

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

(2) Canonical Nata nouns

a. o-Aug

mu-PFC1

naataN-stemNata.person

‘Nata person’

b. a-Aug

Ba-PFC2

naataN-stemNata.person

‘Nata people’

a. O-Aug

mO-PFC3

rOrON-stemfire

‘fire’

b. E-Aug

mE-PFC4

rOrON-stemfire

‘fires’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 7

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

(2) Canonical Nata nouns

a. o-Aug

mu-PFC1

naataN-stemNata.person

‘Nata person’

b. a-Aug

Ba-PFC2

naataN-stemNata.person

‘Nata people’

a. O-Aug

mO-PFC3

rOrON-stemfire

‘fire’

b. E-Aug

mE-PFC4

rOrON-stemfire

‘fires’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 7

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

(2) Canonical Nata nouns

a. o-Aug

mu-PFC1

naataN-stemNata.person

‘Nata person’

b. a-Aug

Ba-PFC2

naataN-stemNata.person

‘Nata people’

a. O-Aug

mO-PFC3

rOrON-stemfire

‘fire’

b. E-Aug

mE-PFC4

rOrON-stemfire

‘fires’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 7

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

(2) Canonical Nata nouns

a. o-Aug

mu-PFC1

naataN-stemNata.person

‘Nata person’

b. a-Aug

Ba-PFC2

naataN-stemNata.person

‘Nata people’

a. O-Aug

mO-PFC3

rOrON-stemfire

‘fire’

b. E-Aug

mE-PFC4

rOrON-stemfire

‘fires’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 7

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

I Monosyllabic and disyllabic noun stems are both common.I Trisyllabic noun stems are attested, but less common;

(3) Monosyllables

a. CVaa-ka‘house’

(4) Disyllables

a. CVCVO-mO-rOrO‘fire’

C¯

VVCVo-mu-naata‘Nata person’

(5) Trisyllables

a. CVCVCVa-sisıita‘toothbrush’

C¯

VVCVCVo-mo-sookani‘respected person’

CVCVVCVrii-BuruuNga‘egg’

C. VVCVVCVa-taaraari‘valley’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 8

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

I Monosyllabic and disyllabic noun stems are both common.I Trisyllabic noun stems are attested, but less common;

(3) Monosyllables

a. CVaa-ka‘house’

(4) Disyllables

a. CVCVO-mO-rOrO‘fire’

C¯

VVCVo-mu-naata‘Nata person’

(5) Trisyllables

a. CVCVCVa-sisıita‘toothbrush’

C¯

VVCVCVo-mo-sookani‘respected person’

CVCVVCVrii-BuruuNga‘egg’

C. VVCVVCVa-taaraari‘valley’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 8

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

I Monosyllabic and disyllabic noun stems are both common.I Trisyllabic noun stems are attested, but less common;

(3) Monosyllables

a. CVaa-ka‘house’

(4) Disyllables

a. CVCVO-mO-rOrO‘fire’

C¯

VVCVo-mu-naata‘Nata person’

(5) Trisyllables

a. CVCVCVa-sisıita‘toothbrush’

C¯

VVCVCVo-mo-sookani‘respected person’

CVCVVCVrii-BuruuNga‘egg’

C. VVCVVCVa-taaraari‘valley’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 8

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

C5

I Noun class 5 has a CVV prefix and no augment with disyllabic and larger stems.

(6) Class 5 disyllables

a. /0-Aug

rıı-PFC5

BuriN-stemfeather

‘feather’

a. /0-Aug

rii-PFC5

muumuN-stemdumbness

‘dumbness’

a. /0-Aug

rii-PFC5

BaBaN-stemwing

‘wing’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 9

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

C9

I Noun class 9 has a homorganic nasal prefix, /N/. This prefix is not a tone bearing unit (TBU).I /N/ assimilates to the place of the following stop.

(7) Class 9 disyllabic stems

a. a-Aug

n-PFC9

tSeraN-stempath

‘path’

a. a-Aug

/0-PFC9

sonaN-stemmosquito

‘mosquito’

I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.

(8) Class 9 monosyllabic stems

a. aa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemlion

‘lion’

a. aa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemhouse

‘house’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 10

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

C9

I Noun class 9 has a homorganic nasal prefix, /N/. This prefix is not a tone bearing unit (TBU).I /N/ assimilates to the place of the following stop.

(7) Class 9 disyllabic stems

a. a-Aug

n-PFC9

tSeraN-stempath

‘path’

a. a-Aug

/0-PFC9

sonaN-stemmosquito

‘mosquito’

I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.

(8) Class 9 monosyllabic stems

a. aa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemlion

‘lion’

a. aa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemhouse

‘house’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 10

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

C9

I Noun class 9 has a homorganic nasal prefix, /N/. This prefix is not a tone bearing unit (TBU).I /N/ assimilates to the place of the following stop.

(7) Class 9 disyllabic stems

a. a-Aug

n-PFC9

tSeraN-stempath

‘path’

a. a-Aug

/0-PFC9

sonaN-stemmosquito

‘mosquito’

I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.

(8) Class 9 monosyllabic stems

a. aa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemlion

‘lion’

a. aa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemhouse

‘house’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 10

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

C9

I Noun class 9 has a homorganic nasal prefix, /N/. This prefix is not a tone bearing unit (TBU).I /N/ assimilates to the place of the following stop.

(7) Class 9 disyllabic stems

a. a-Aug

n-PFC9

tSeraN-stempath

‘path’

a. a-Aug

/0-PFC9

sonaN-stemmosquito

‘mosquito’

I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.

(8) Class 9 monosyllabic stems

a. aa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemlion

‘lion’

a. aa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemhouse

‘house’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 10

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

C10

I Noun class 10 has a CVV augment and a homorganic nasal prefix (not a TBU).

(9) Class 10 disyllabic stems

a. tSaa-Aug

n-PFC10

tSeraN-stempath

‘paths’

b. tSaa-Aug

/0-PFC10

sonaN-stempath

‘mosquitos’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 11

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Canonical nouns

I Canonical nouns display a three way contrast in tone position.

(10) a. Tone type I has a high tone associated to the secondsyllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word isheavy, in which case the high tone is associated to theheavy word initial syllable.

b. Tone type II has a high tone associated to the thirdsyllable of the word.

c. Tone type III has a high tone associated to the lastsyllable of the word.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 12

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type I

I Tone type I has a high tone associated to the second syllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word is heavy, in whichcase the high tone is associated to the heavy word initial syllable.

(11) ‘millet’

a. o-ru-bErec11 (sg)

b. o-Bu-bErec14 (pl)

c. /0-rii-bErec5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-bErec6 (dim pl)

(12) a. Class 9a-Aug

/0-PFC9

sukuBiN-stemhump

‘hump’

b. Class 10tSaa-Aug

/0-PFC10

sukuBiN-stemhump

‘humps’

(13) Class 9 Monosyllabic stemaa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemlion

‘lion’

I Type I noun stems in C9 have high tone associated with the noun stem initial syllable, since it is the second syllable of the word.I The same noun stems in C10 have high tone associated with the augment syllable, since it is the first heavy syllable of the word.I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 13

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type I

I Tone type I has a high tone associated to the second syllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word is heavy, in whichcase the high tone is associated to the heavy word initial syllable.

(11) ‘millet’

a. o-ru-bErec11 (sg)

b. o-Bu-bErec14 (pl)

c. /0-rii-bErec5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-bErec6 (dim pl)

(12) a. Class 9a-Aug

/0-PFC9

sukuBiN-stemhump

‘hump’

b. Class 10tSaa-Aug

/0-PFC10

sukuBiN-stemhump

‘humps’

(13) Class 9 Monosyllabic stemaa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemlion

‘lion’

I Type I noun stems in C9 have high tone associated with the noun stem initial syllable, since it is the second syllable of the word.I The same noun stems in C10 have high tone associated with the augment syllable, since it is the first heavy syllable of the word.I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 13

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type I

I Tone type I has a high tone associated to the second syllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word is heavy, in whichcase the high tone is associated to the heavy word initial syllable.

(11) ‘millet’

a. o-ru-bErec11 (sg)

b. o-Bu-bErec14 (pl)

c. /0-rii-bErec5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-bErec6 (dim pl)

(12) a. Class 9a-Aug

/0-PFC9

sukuBiN-stemhump

‘hump’

b. Class 10tSaa-Aug

/0-PFC10

sukuBiN-stemhump

‘humps’

(13) Class 9 Monosyllabic stemaa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemlion

‘lion’

I Type I noun stems in C9 have high tone associated with the noun stem initial syllable, since it is the second syllable of the word.I The same noun stems in C10 have high tone associated with the augment syllable, since it is the first heavy syllable of the word.I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 13

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type I

I Tone type I has a high tone associated to the second syllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word is heavy, in whichcase the high tone is associated to the heavy word initial syllable.

(11) ‘millet’

a. o-ru-bErec11 (sg)

b. o-Bu-bErec14 (pl)

c. /0-rii-bErec5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-bErec6 (dim pl)

(12) a. Class 9a-Aug

/0-PFC9

sukuBiN-stemhump

‘hump’

b. Class 10tSaa-Aug

/0-PFC10

sukuBiN-stemhump

‘humps’

(13) Class 9 Monosyllabic stemaa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemlion

‘lion’

I Type I noun stems in C9 have high tone associated with the noun stem initial syllable, since it is the second syllable of the word.I The same noun stems in C10 have high tone associated with the augment syllable, since it is the first heavy syllable of the word.I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 13

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type I

I Tone type I has a high tone associated to the second syllable of a word unless the first syllable of the word is heavy, in whichcase the high tone is associated to the heavy word initial syllable.

(11) ‘millet’

a. o-ru-bErec11 (sg)

b. o-Bu-bErec14 (pl)

c. /0-rii-bErec5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-bErec6 (dim pl)

(12) a. Class 9a-Aug

/0-PFC9

sukuBiN-stemhump

‘hump’

b. Class 10tSaa-Aug

/0-PFC10

sukuBiN-stemhump

‘humps’

(13) Class 9 Monosyllabic stemaa-Aug

/0-PFC9

kaN-stemlion

‘lion’

I Type I noun stems in C9 have high tone associated with the noun stem initial syllable, since it is the second syllable of the word.I The same noun stems in C10 have high tone associated with the augment syllable, since it is the first heavy syllable of the word.I With monosyllabic stems, the class 9 augment appears as a long vowel.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 13

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type I

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 14

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type II

I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.

(14) ‘old man’

a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)

b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)

c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)

(15) a-Aug

N-PFC9

gOkOrON-stemelbow

‘elbow’

(16) e-Aug

Gi-PFC7

-kON-stemcalabash

‘calabash’

I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type II

I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.

(14) ‘old man’

a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)

b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)

c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)

(15) a-Aug

N-PFC9

gOkOrON-stemelbow

‘elbow’

(16) e-Aug

Gi-PFC7

-kON-stemcalabash

‘calabash’

I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type II

I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.

(14) ‘old man’

a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)

b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)

c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)

(15) a-Aug

N-PFC9

gOkOrON-stemelbow

‘elbow’

(16) e-Aug

Gi-PFC7

-kON-stemcalabash

‘calabash’

I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type II

I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.

(14) ‘old man’

a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)

b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)

c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)

(15) a-Aug

N-PFC9

gOkOrON-stemelbow

‘elbow’

(16) e-Aug

Gi-PFC7

-kON-stemcalabash

‘calabash’

I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type II

I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.

(14) ‘old man’

a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)

b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)

c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)

(15) a-Aug

N-PFC9

gOkOrON-stemelbow

‘elbow’

(16) e-Aug

Gi-PFC7

-kON-stemcalabash

‘calabash’

I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type II

I Tone type II has a high tone associated to the third syllable of the word.

(14) ‘old man’

a. o-mu-Garukac1 (sg)

b. a-Ba-Garukac2 (pl)

c. /0-rii-Garukac5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-Garukac6 (dim pl)

(15) a-Aug

N-PFC9

gOkOrON-stemelbow

‘elbow’

(16) e-Aug

Gi-PFC7

-kON-stemcalabash

‘calabash’

I For monosyllabic stems, the third syllable is the final syllable.I This means that in the context of monosyllabic stems, Type II and III are indistinguishable.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 15

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type II

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 16

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type III

I Tone type III has a high tone associated to the last syllable of the word.

(17) Type III‘deep pan’

a. e-ke-hurErOc7 (sg)

b. e-Be-hurErOc8 (pl)

c. /0-rii-hurErOc5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-hurErOc6 (dim pl)

(18) a-Aug

/0-PFC9

ñakwaahaN-stemarmpit

‘armpit’

(19) Type III‘twin’

a. e-Gi-sarec7 (sg)

b. /0-rii- sarec5 (dim sg)

(20) Type II‘plate’

a. e-Ge-soontSoc7 (sg)

b. /0-rii- soontSoc5 (dim sg)

I In class 5/9, disyllabic stems have the same surface tone realization in tone types II and IIIsince the final syllable is also the third syllable of the word.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 17

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type III

I Tone type III has a high tone associated to the last syllable of the word.

(17) Type III‘deep pan’

a. e-ke-hurErOc7 (sg)

b. e-Be-hurErOc8 (pl)

c. /0-rii-hurErOc5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-hurErOc6 (dim pl)

(18) a-Aug

/0-PFC9

ñakwaahaN-stemarmpit

‘armpit’

(19) Type III‘twin’

a. e-Gi-sarec7 (sg)

b. /0-rii- sarec5 (dim sg)

(20) Type II‘plate’

a. e-Ge-soontSoc7 (sg)

b. /0-rii- soontSoc5 (dim sg)

I In class 5/9, disyllabic stems have the same surface tone realization in tone types II and IIIsince the final syllable is also the third syllable of the word.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 17

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type III

I Tone type III has a high tone associated to the last syllable of the word.

(17) Type III‘deep pan’

a. e-ke-hurErOc7 (sg)

b. e-Be-hurErOc8 (pl)

c. /0-rii-hurErOc5 (dim sg)

d. a-ma-hurErOc6 (dim pl)

(18) a-Aug

/0-PFC9

ñakwaahaN-stemarmpit

‘armpit’

(19) Type III‘twin’

a. e-Gi-sarec7 (sg)

b. /0-rii- sarec5 (dim sg)

(20) Type II‘plate’

a. e-Ge-soontSoc7 (sg)

b. /0-rii- soontSoc5 (dim sg)

I In class 5/9, disyllabic stems have the same surface tone realization in tone types II and IIIsince the final syllable is also the third syllable of the word.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 17

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Type III

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 18

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tone types across classes

(21) Three types in class 11

a. Type Io-Aug

ru-PFC11

bErEN-stemmillet

‘millet’

a. Type IIo-Aug

ro-PFC11

sıriN-stemrope

‘rope’

a. Type IIIo-Aug

ro-PFC11

teeteN-stemspine

‘spine’

(22) Three types in class 7

a. Type Ie-Aug

Ge-PFC7

sekuN-stemdoor

‘door’

a. Type IIe-Aug

Ge-PFC7

sımaN-stemwell

‘well’

a. Type IIIe-Aug

Gi-PFC7

sareN-stemtwin

‘twin’

I Tone type is not determined by noun class.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 19

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tone types across classes

(21) Three types in class 11

a. Type Io-Aug

ru-PFC11

bErEN-stemmillet

‘millet’

a. Type IIo-Aug

ro-PFC11

sıriN-stemrope

‘rope’

a. Type IIIo-Aug

ro-PFC11

teeteN-stemspine

‘spine’

(22) Three types in class 7

a. Type Ie-Aug

Ge-PFC7

sekuN-stemdoor

‘door’

a. Type IIe-Aug

Ge-PFC7

sımaN-stemwell

‘well’

a. Type IIIe-Aug

Gi-PFC7

sareN-stemtwin

‘twin’

I Tone type is not determined by noun class.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 19

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tone types across classes

(21) Three types in class 11

a. Type Io-Aug

ru-PFC11

bErEN-stemmillet

‘millet’

a. Type IIo-Aug

ro-PFC11

sıriN-stemrope

‘rope’

a. Type IIIo-Aug

ro-PFC11

teeteN-stemspine

‘spine’

(22) Three types in class 7

a. Type Ie-Aug

Ge-PFC7

sekuN-stemdoor

‘door’

a. Type IIe-Aug

Ge-PFC7

sımaN-stemwell

‘well’

a. Type IIIe-Aug

Gi-PFC7

sareN-stemtwin

‘twin’

I Tone type is not determined by noun class.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 19

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tone types across classes

(21) Three types in class 11

a. Type Io-Aug

ru-PFC11

bErEN-stemmillet

‘millet’

a. Type IIo-Aug

ro-PFC11

sıriN-stemrope

‘rope’

a. Type IIIo-Aug

ro-PFC11

teeteN-stemspine

‘spine’

(22) Three types in class 7

a. Type Ie-Aug

Ge-PFC7

sekuN-stemdoor

‘door’

a. Type IIe-Aug

Ge-PFC7

sımaN-stemwell

‘well’

a. Type IIIe-Aug

Gi-PFC7

sareN-stemtwin

‘twin’

I Tone type is not determined by noun class.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 19

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Nata as a stress system

I I analyze Nata as a stress system where high tone represents the mostprominent syllable in a word.

I A stress based analysis can account for the following properties of Nata:

(23) Definitional properties of stress systems (?)

a. Obligatoriness: every lexical word has at least one syllable markedfor the highest degree of metrical prominence

b. Culminativity: every lexical word has at most one syllable marked forthe highest degree of metrical prominence

I Nata nouns satisfy both obligatoriness and culminativity.I Across all three tone types, every noun has at least one syllable associated with

a high tone and no more than one syllable.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 20

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Nata as a stress system

I I analyze Nata as a stress system where high tone represents the mostprominent syllable in a word.

I A stress based analysis can account for the following properties of Nata:

(23) Definitional properties of stress systems (?)

a. Obligatoriness: every lexical word has at least one syllable markedfor the highest degree of metrical prominence

b. Culminativity: every lexical word has at most one syllable marked forthe highest degree of metrical prominence

I Nata nouns satisfy both obligatoriness and culminativity.I Across all three tone types, every noun has at least one syllable associated with

a high tone and no more than one syllable.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 20

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Nata as a stress system

I I analyze Nata as a stress system where high tone represents the mostprominent syllable in a word.

I A stress based analysis can account for the following properties of Nata:

(23) Definitional properties of stress systems (?)

a. Obligatoriness: every lexical word has at least one syllable markedfor the highest degree of metrical prominence

b. Culminativity: every lexical word has at most one syllable marked forthe highest degree of metrical prominence

I Nata nouns satisfy both obligatoriness and culminativity.I Across all three tone types, every noun has at least one syllable associated with

a high tone and no more than one syllable.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 20

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Nata as a stress system

I I analyze Nata as a stress system where high tone represents the mostprominent syllable in a word.

I A stress based analysis can account for the following properties of Nata:

(23) Definitional properties of stress systems (?)

a. Obligatoriness: every lexical word has at least one syllable markedfor the highest degree of metrical prominence

b. Culminativity: every lexical word has at most one syllable marked forthe highest degree of metrical prominence

I Nata nouns satisfy both obligatoriness and culminativity.I Across all three tone types, every noun has at least one syllable associated with

a high tone and no more than one syllable.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 20

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tone is morphological

I Tone type is controlled by the noun stem.

I Tone type I noun stems do not have high tone on the nounstem.

I Tone type II assigns tone relative to word edge, not noun stemedge.

I Cophonologies allow us to capture the fact that certainmorphemes, such as noun stems, can determine the prosodicshape of an entire word.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 21

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tone is morphological

I Tone type is controlled by the noun stem.

I Tone type I noun stems do not have high tone on the nounstem.

I Tone type II assigns tone relative to word edge, not noun stemedge.

I Cophonologies allow us to capture the fact that certainmorphemes, such as noun stems, can determine the prosodicshape of an entire word.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 21

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tone is morphological

I Tone type is controlled by the noun stem.

I Tone type I noun stems do not have high tone on the nounstem.

I Tone type II assigns tone relative to word edge, not noun stemedge.

I Cophonologies allow us to capture the fact that certainmorphemes, such as noun stems, can determine the prosodicshape of an entire word.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 21

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tone is morphological

I Tone type is controlled by the noun stem.

I Tone type I noun stems do not have high tone on the nounstem.

I Tone type II assigns tone relative to word edge, not noun stemedge.

I Cophonologies allow us to capture the fact that certainmorphemes, such as noun stems, can determine the prosodicshape of an entire word.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 21

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

I Tone/Head: For every metrical head, the left edge of thehead must be associated with the left edge of a high tone.Assign a violation mark to any head that is not associated toa high tone.

I Foot-Type: Iamb: For every foot, the right edge of thefoot must be the right edge of a head.

I Ft-Type: Iamb & Tone/Head are undominated

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 22

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

I Tone/Head: For every metrical head, the left edge of thehead must be associated with the left edge of a high tone.Assign a violation mark to any head that is not associated toa high tone.

I Foot-Type: Iamb: For every foot, the right edge of thefoot must be the right edge of a head.

I Ft-Type: Iamb & Tone/Head are undominated

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 22

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

I Tone/Head: For every metrical head, the left edge of thehead must be associated with the left edge of a high tone.Assign a violation mark to any head that is not associated toa high tone.

I Foot-Type: Iamb: For every foot, the right edge of thefoot must be the right edge of a head.

I Ft-Type: Iamb & Tone/Head are undominated

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 22

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 23

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

I AllFt-L: For every foot, the left edge of the foot must bethe left edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the left edge of a foot andthe left edge of the prosodic word.

I AllFt-R: For every foot, the right edge of the foot must bethe right edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the right edge of a foot andthe right edge of a prosodic word.

I Parse-σ : Every syllable must be parsed into a foot. Assign aviolation mark for each syllable which is not parsed into a foot.

I AllFt-L, AllFt-R>>Parse-σ

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 24

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

I AllFt-L: For every foot, the left edge of the foot must bethe left edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the left edge of a foot andthe left edge of the prosodic word.

I AllFt-R: For every foot, the right edge of the foot must bethe right edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the right edge of a foot andthe right edge of a prosodic word.

I Parse-σ : Every syllable must be parsed into a foot. Assign aviolation mark for each syllable which is not parsed into a foot.

I AllFt-L, AllFt-R>>Parse-σ

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 24

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

I AllFt-L: For every foot, the left edge of the foot must bethe left edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the left edge of a foot andthe left edge of the prosodic word.

I AllFt-R: For every foot, the right edge of the foot must bethe right edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the right edge of a foot andthe right edge of a prosodic word.

I Parse-σ : Every syllable must be parsed into a foot. Assign aviolation mark for each syllable which is not parsed into a foot.

I AllFt-L, AllFt-R>>Parse-σ

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 24

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

I AllFt-L: For every foot, the left edge of the foot must bethe left edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the left edge of a foot andthe left edge of the prosodic word.

I AllFt-R: For every foot, the right edge of the foot must bethe right edge of a prosodic word. Assign a violation mark foreach syllable intervening between the right edge of a foot andthe right edge of a prosodic word.

I Parse-σ : Every syllable must be parsed into a foot. Assign aviolation mark for each syllable which is not parsed into a foot.

I AllFt-L, AllFt-R>>Parse-σ

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 24

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 25

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

I FootBinarity-µ:A foot consists of exactly two moras.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two moras.

I FootBinarity-σ :A foot consists of exactly two syllables.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two syllabes.

I Non-initiality: Word initial syllables must not be parsedinto feet. Assign a violation mark to any syllable which isleftmost in a word and is parsed into a foot.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 26

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

I FootBinarity-µ:A foot consists of exactly two moras.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two moras.

I FootBinarity-σ :A foot consists of exactly two syllables.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two syllabes.

I Non-initiality: Word initial syllables must not be parsedinto feet. Assign a violation mark to any syllable which isleftmost in a word and is parsed into a foot.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 26

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

I FootBinarity-µ:A foot consists of exactly two moras.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two moras.

I FootBinarity-σ :A foot consists of exactly two syllables.Assign a violation mark to any foot which does not containexactly two syllabes.

I Non-initiality: Word initial syllables must not be parsedinto feet. Assign a violation mark to any syllable which isleftmost in a word and is parsed into a foot.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 26

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Constraints

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 27

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tableaux

I In the type I cophonology, winning candidates never violate FootBin-µ orAllFt-L.

(24) .

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 28

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tableaux

I Any syllabic foot that satisfies left alignment is worse than the optimal candidatebecause it would be at least trimoraic and therefore violate FootBin-µ.

I Any moraic foot that violates left alignment is worse than the optimal candidate.

(25) .

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 29

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tableaux

I With monosyllabic stems in class 9 the augment becomes a long vowel.I This long vowel can be parsed into a bimoraic foot.

(26) .

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 30

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tableaux

I For larger stems in class 9 there is only one mora preceding the noun stem.I Therefore, the first two moras of a word includes the first vowel of the noun stem.I Morphology aside, the tableau in (27) is identical to the case shown in (24) except

for the stem initial long vowel in the later.

(27) .

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 31

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tableaux

I It is crucial that AllFt-R and AllFt-L are evaluated gradiently.I If AllFt-L did not assign a violation mark per syllable intervening between edges,

the candidates in (28a,c) would be equal with respect to violations; in that case,AllFt-R would incorrectly select the candidate in (28c) as the winner.

(28) .

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 32

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tableaux

I In class 9, where the class prefix is not a tone bearing unit, the augment is notparsed in the optimal candidate due to Non-Initiality.

I Since FootBin-σ is highly ranked in the type II cophonology, syllables with longvowels are parsed the same as syllables with short vowels.

I If the type II cophonology ranked FootBin-µ over FootBin-σ , we would expectthat the second syllable of the word, /ataaraari/, would be parsed into a bimoraicfoot in the optimal candidate *[a(taa)raari].

(29) .

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 33

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tableaux

I The tableau in (30) demonstrates that the type II cophonology selects the type II/III ambiguous form in the correct context;I This follows from the crucial ranking of Non-Initiality over AllFt-L.I Since the first syllable of the word is not parsed in the optimal candidate, the last two syllables are parsed into a foot which

satisfies AllFt-R, which is highly tanked in the tone type III cophonology. Note that AllFt-R is violated by the winningtrisyllabic candidate in (29a).

(30) .

I Compare the tableau in (30) to the tableau in (??);I note that both (30a) and (??a) satisfy Non-Initiality and AllFt-R (as well as FtBin-σ).I Were the form in (30) put into the cophonology for tone type III, the same optimal candidate would be selected;I likewise, were the form in (??) put into the cophonology for tone type II, the same optimal candidate would be selected.

(31) .

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 34

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Tableaux

I For type III, winning candidates always satisfy FootBin-σ and AllFt-R.

(32) .

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 35

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Review

I Each tone type is instantiated by one cophonology.

I Noun stems are indexed to a particular cophonology.

I Noun stem cophonologies influence the optimal form of theentire inflected noun.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 36

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Review

I Each tone type is instantiated by one cophonology.

I Noun stems are indexed to a particular cophonology.

I Noun stem cophonologies influence the optimal form of theentire inflected noun.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 36

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Review

I Each tone type is instantiated by one cophonology.

I Noun stems are indexed to a particular cophonology.

I Noun stem cophonologies influence the optimal form of theentire inflected noun.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 36

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Implications

I In compound stem contexts, we predict competitionbetween the stem tone types.

I Specifically, one member of a stem-stem compound isdominant and consistently determines the tone type.

I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]I(Stem A = Head)

I Alternatively, stem-stem compounding introduces its own tonetype as it is a morphological construction (and morphologicalconstructions may be indexed to cophonologies).

I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]III

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 37

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Implications

I In compound stem contexts, we predict competitionbetween the stem tone types.

I Specifically, one member of a stem-stem compound isdominant and consistently determines the tone type.

I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]I(Stem A = Head)

I Alternatively, stem-stem compounding introduces its own tonetype as it is a morphological construction (and morphologicalconstructions may be indexed to cophonologies).

I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]III

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 37

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Implications

I In compound stem contexts, we predict competitionbetween the stem tone types.

I Specifically, one member of a stem-stem compound isdominant and consistently determines the tone type.

I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]I(Stem A = Head)

I Alternatively, stem-stem compounding introduces its own tonetype as it is a morphological construction (and morphologicalconstructions may be indexed to cophonologies).

I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]III

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 37

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Implications

I In compound stem contexts, we predict competitionbetween the stem tone types.

I Specifically, one member of a stem-stem compound isdominant and consistently determines the tone type.

I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]I(Stem A = Head)

I Alternatively, stem-stem compounding introduces its own tonetype as it is a morphological construction (and morphologicalconstructions may be indexed to cophonologies).

I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]III

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 37

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Implications

I In compound stem contexts, we predict competitionbetween the stem tone types.

I Specifically, one member of a stem-stem compound isdominant and consistently determines the tone type.

I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]I(Stem A = Head)

I Alternatively, stem-stem compounding introduces its own tonetype as it is a morphological construction (and morphologicalconstructions may be indexed to cophonologies).

I [Stem A]I + [Stem B]II = [Compound]III

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 37

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Implications

I Since noun stems are not the only morphemes which can beindexed to roots, Nata could have affixes which shift thetone type of a word.

I This appears to be the case in the verbal system where certaintense and aspect morphology can change the tone type of averb.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 38

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Implications

I Since noun stems are not the only morphemes which can beindexed to roots, Nata could have affixes which shift thetone type of a word.

I This appears to be the case in the verbal system where certaintense and aspect morphology can change the tone type of averb.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 38

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Implications

I Since nouns get their tone type from noun stems, we expectthat deverbal nouns will inherit the tone type of verb stemsthey contain.

I Specifically, TAM and nominalizing morphology could beindexed to a cophonology.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 39

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Implications

I Since nouns get their tone type from noun stems, we expectthat deverbal nouns will inherit the tone type of verb stemsthey contain.

I Specifically, TAM and nominalizing morphology could beindexed to a cophonology.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 39

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Residue

I Noun stem reduplication appears to violate culminativity.I This process results in a meaning like ‘an authentic X’, where X is the

meaning of the noun stem.I Nouns derived via this process have a high tone on the final syllable of the

noun as well as high tone on the same syllable that bears high tone in theunreduplicated form.

(33) Noun stem reduplication

a. o-Aug

mu-PFC1

GarukaN-stemold.man

‘old man’

a. o-Aug

mu-PFC1

GarukaN-stemold.man

-Garuka-redold.man

‘authentic old man’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 40

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Residue

I Noun stem reduplication appears to violate culminativity.I This process results in a meaning like ‘an authentic X’, where X is the

meaning of the noun stem.I Nouns derived via this process have a high tone on the final syllable of the

noun as well as high tone on the same syllable that bears high tone in theunreduplicated form.

(33) Noun stem reduplication

a. o-Aug

mu-PFC1

GarukaN-stemold.man

‘old man’

a. o-Aug

mu-PFC1

GarukaN-stemold.man

-Garuka-redold.man

‘authentic old man’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 40

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Residue

I Noun stem reduplication appears to violate culminativity.I This process results in a meaning like ‘an authentic X’, where X is the

meaning of the noun stem.I Nouns derived via this process have a high tone on the final syllable of the

noun as well as high tone on the same syllable that bears high tone in theunreduplicated form.

(33) Noun stem reduplication

a. o-Aug

mu-PFC1

GarukaN-stemold.man

‘old man’

a. o-Aug

mu-PFC1

GarukaN-stemold.man

-Garuka-redold.man

‘authentic old man’

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 40

Overview Morphology Tonology Analysis Discussion

Thank you to Joash Gambarage, Doug Pulleyblank, KathleenCurrie Hall, Carla Hudson Kam, to the members of the 2012-2013field methods course and to the members of this audience.

andrei.anghelescu@alumni.ubc.ca

Morphophonology and tone in Nata 41