Post on 18-Dec-2015
I am by no means an expert on this subject. If you have questions, I suggest
you ask Tom Theruvath or look it up.
DISCLAIMER
Transcription
-DNA strand is used as a template by RNA polymerase for synthesis of a mRNA strand
-Occurs in nucleus
-3 RNA polymerases-responsible for reading the gene, and
building the mRNA strand. It reads only the 3' to 5' strand
-Transcription Factors: bind DNA & help transcription of genes
-Initiation Factors: bind RNA polymerase & initiate transcription
http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a2.html
Translation
-mRNA used as a template by ribosomes for synthesis of proteins
-Occurs in cytoplasm
-Ribosomes have small & large subunits that read mRNA, then bind appropriate tRNAs that have amino acids & eventually make proteins
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http://www-class.unl.edu/biochem/gp2/m_biology/animation/gene/gene_a3.html
Terminology
-Genome: collective term for all genes present in one organism-DNA sequences of 3 billion base-pairs, carried by 23 pairs of chromosomes-25,000 to 30,000 genes, and overall it is 99.9% identical in all people
-Genomics: study of genetic material
-Proteomics: study of the structure and expression of proteins as well as the interactions among proteins encoded by a human genome
Cell Cycle
-G1: most variable, determines cell cycle length
-S: most radioresistant
-Growth factors affect cell during G1
-Mitosis-Prophase: centromere attachment
-Nucleus disappears-Metaphase: csome alignment
-Anaphase: csome pulled apart
-Telephase: separate nucleus reforms around each set of csomes
Southern Blotting-Technique of transferring DNA fragments from an electrophoresis gel to a membrane support, and the subsequent analysis of the fragments by hybridization with a radioactively labeled probe
-Enables reliable and efficient analysis of size-fractionated DNA fragments in an immobilized membrane support
-Obtain information about the physical organization of single and multicopy sequences in complex genomes
Northern Blotting
-Technique of size fractionation of RNA in a gel and the transferring of an RNA sample to a solid support (membrane) in such a manner that the relative positions of the RNA molecules are maintained
-Resulting membrane then is hybridized with a labeled probe complementary to the mRNA of interest
-Signals generated from detection of the membrane can be used to determine the size and abundance of the target RNA
-Differs from Southern blot: uses mRNA instead of DNA
-Only method that provides information regarding mRNA size and has remained a standard method for detection and quantitation of mRNA
DNA Microarray
There are two major application forms for the technology:
identification of sequence (gene/gene mutation) and determination of expression level (abundance) of genes.