Module 5 Space Environment 1

Traveling in Space

Ted SpitzmillerAuthor Pilot Dreamer

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The UniverseEverything we are aware of is a part of the known universe

– Stars– Galaxies– Planets– Plants– Animals– Humans

All made from the same elements

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Galaxies

• Enormous collections of stars

• Our Galaxy is called the Milky Way

• Scientists estimate that our Milky Way has 100 Billion stars… many with planets

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The Solar System

Outer – Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

Inner – Mars Earth Venus Mercury

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Relative Size of Planets

Closest to the Sun

Furthest from SunLargest planet

Rotates counter-clockwise

Atmosphere is 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen

The “Red” Planet

Pluto Neptune Uranus Saturn Jupiter Mars Earth Venus Mercury

Sun

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Space – the Final Frontier?

• The region of the universe beyond earth• Great distances between significant bodies

– Moon 240,000 miles– Planets 20,000,000 (Venus)

– Sun 93,000,000 miles– Galaxies Light years

• A light year is 6 trillion miles

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Characteristics of Space

• Defined as starting 62 miles above the earth

• Very few molecules (low pressure - almost a vacuum)

• No oxygen• Very cold• Little gravity

(microgravity)

Thickness of the atmosphere

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Our Moon

• ¼ the size of the Earth• Orbits the earth in 28

days• Rotates on its axis once

each 28 days– Lunar day is 28 earth

days• Far side never viewable

from Earth

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Meteors• Meteoroids

– rocks 10 meters or less – drift through space

• Meteor – If it enters the Earth’s

atmosphere• Meteorite

– If it strikes the earth before burning up

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Asteroids• Often called minor

planets or planetoids• Larger than 10 meters • Primarily inner Solar

System • Smaller than planets

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Comets

• Composed of frozen gases, dust and ice

• Have no light source but reflect sunlight

• Tail – shaped by Solar wind– always points away

from the sun

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The Universe

A Wonder of God’s creation

But how can we explore it?

There is no air out there

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Rockets

Saturn V

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Chinese Invent Gunpowder First ‘solid fuel’ 1200 AD

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Gun Powder Mixture of:• 15% charcoal, fuel to burn—carbon (C) • 75% saltpeter (KNO3 potassium nitrate) oxygen • 10% Sulfur (S), also a fuel

– lowers ignition temperature to increase speed of burning

• Charcoal color is why it is often called “black Powder”

How does a rocket work?

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Newton’s Three Laws of MotionSir Isaac Newton 1642-1727

• First Law - A body at rest tends to stay at rest; a body in motion tends to stay in motion

• Second Law – Force equals mass times acceleration

• Third Law - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Reaction

Action

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Father of Modern Rocketry

Robert Goddard• Experimentalist• Launched first

successful liquid fuel rocket

• March 16, 1926

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Basic Liquid Fuel Rocket Engine

Fuel Oxygen

OxygenFuel

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Major Systems of a Rocket

46

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First Artificial Earth Satellite

• Sputnik - Soviet Union Launched in 1957 (Russia)

• Sergei Korolev• Began the

Space Race

What is a Satellite?

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Going into orbit

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Throwing a football

5,000 mph

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Going into orbit

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Throwing a football

10,000 mph

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Going into orbit

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Throwing a football

18,000 mph

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First Man in Space

• Yuri Gagarin• Russian (USSR) • April 12, 1961• One orbit of the earth

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Alan Shepard• First American in

Space• Flew in the Mercury

Spacecraft• NOT and orbital flight• 115 Miles up and

down• May 1961

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First American to Orbit John Glenn - February, 1962

Launched by the Atlas

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International Space Station

Spacesuit

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Comparative Sizes

Mercury / Atlas John Glenn

1962

Vostok / R-7 Yuri Gagarin

1961

Saturn V / Apollo Neil Armstrong

1969

Space Shuttle

1981- Present

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Moon’s Distance and Size

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Diameter

Moon’s Distance and Size

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Diameter

8000 miles2000

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Moon’s Relative size to Earth

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Diameter

8000 miles2000

2000/80000

2/80

1/40

Reduce to lowest common denominator0

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Moon’s Distance and Size

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DiameterDistance 240,000 miles

8000 miles

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Moon’s Distance and Size

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8,0000 milesDistance 240,000 miles

One foot

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Moon’s Distance

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8,0000 milesDistance 240,000 miles

One foot240,000/8,000

240/8

30/1

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First Men on the Moon

• Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin

• July 1969• Launched by the

Saturn V• Effectively ended

the Space Race

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Journey to Mars

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What is Mars Like?• Diameter 3,400 KM (4,200 miles)• Atmospheric pressure .9 kPa (.2” hg)• Atmospheric composition 95% CO2

Module 5 Space Environment 4705/03/23 Spacecraft 47

Spirit & Opportunity Roving Mars

• Landed on Mars in 2004

• Designed to roam Mars for 3 months

• Still going strong

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Quiz TimeMatch the Name on the Left with their accomplishment

1. Chinese2. Sir Isaac Newton3. Robert Goddard

A. Invented Gunpowder rocketB. Father of Modern RocketryC. Three laws of motion

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Quiz TimeMatch the Name on the Left with the accomplishment

1. Alan Sheppard2. Neil Armstrong3. Yuri Gagarin4. John Glenn5. Sputnik

A. First man to walk on moon

B. First American to OrbitC. First Man to OrbitD. First American in spaceE. First artificial Earth

Satellite

Think About Traveling to the Stars!

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Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ICBM

• 1960 ICBM able to fly anywhere in the world in 30 minutes

• Carry 3,000 lb. five megaton hydrogen bomb warhead 8,000 miles

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Time Line to SpaceTsiolkovsky

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

GoddardOberth

Sputnik

ICBM

Gagarin & Shepard

Von Braun V-2

GlennArmstrong

Skylab

Space ShuttleChallenger Columbia

Space Race

ISS

YWB