History Of Survey• Surveying techniques have existed throughout much of

recorded history. In ancient Egypt, when the Nile River overflowed its banks were re-established by a rope stretcher, the application of simple geometry(3000BC). The nearly perfect squareness and north-south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built in 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying.

• In India recorded survey was found “Indus valley civilization” in 2500 BC.

Sculpture of Egyptian Survey

• In America’s formative years men such as George Washington were surveyors before they became better known for their political and intellectual skills.

• Only one of these 4 presidents was not a land surveyor.

INDIAN SURVEY HISTORY• The Great Trigonometry Survey was started by British surveyor Col.

William Lambton in 10th April 1802. It was started from Chennai to foothills of Himalayas. To measure 12 K.M. base line distance it took 57 days time. 36 inch huge ½ ton weight Theodolite was used to measure. This 5 decade project was completed under Survey General Lt George Everest in the year 1852. Surveyor Radhanath Sikdar measured Mount Everest height in 1852. (29002 feet). Now it 29037ft.

• The GTS was not the first survey of the country. Lord Robert Clive of the East India Company had raised a mapping agency, which later became the Survey of India, and commissioned the Bengal Surveys as early as 1767 under Major James Rennel. This is regarded as the beginning of systematic topographical mapping in India and the founding of one of the oldest survey and mapping agencies in the world.

36 INCH THEODOLITE USED BY WILLIAM LAMBTON IN 1802 DURING GTS SURVEY

A German Engineer surveying during the first world war, 1918

Digital Level Laser Level

o Leveling for long distance, Curvature and Refraction corrections are required

o Curvature correction- 0.0785 D (distance in KM) sqr .(Taken the diameter of the earth as 12742 k.M.)

o Refraction correction- 0.0112 D sqro Combined Correction:- 0.073 D sqr in mtr.o Combined correction for 500 mtr distance.o (500 X 0.0673)/1000 =0.017 m.

Electronic Distance Measurement Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM )instrument(EDM )instrument

Total Station

A combination of Theodolite and EDM machine is called Total Station.

Angle Measuring Device

Distance measuring Device

Microprocessor

Data Collector

Data Storage

Battery

Reflector

- Control Survey (Total station Traverse for Ground Control Points).

- Detail Survey – Picking of ground features with or with out prism.

- Remote Distance Measurements (RDM)

- Fixing of Missing Pillars / Setting out / Stake out

- Resection

- Area Calculation .

- Remote Elevation measurement (REM)

- Curve Layout

- Cut & Fill with Volume Calculation .

WINDOW OS TOTAL STATION

ROBOTIC TOTAL STATION

3D SCAN STATION

SMART STATION A Combination of Total Station & GPS is called Smart Station

Laser Rangefinder: A laser rangefinder is a device which uses a laser beam to

determine the distance to an object.

Ground Penetration Radar (GPR)

Representation of a pointRepresentation of a point

Horizontal : EllipsoidHorizontal : Ellipsoid

Vertical : GeoidVertical : Geoid

HORIZONTAL DATUM

- Physical surface of Earth is an Irregular Surface.

- It is not suitable for Mathematical Calculation

- Hence, a suitable Regular Mathematical Surface is conceived by Geodesists which closely fit the Earth Surface - WGS-84 is a Geocentric Ellipsoid, which is accepted universally.

- Everest Ellipsoid is a local datum which is taken as a Horizontal

datum for Horizontal Control in India & Adjacent countries except China.

Representation of a pointRepresentation of a point

Horizontal : EllipsoidHorizontal : Ellipsoid

Vertical : GeoidVertical : Geoid

Official Ellipsoids EquatorialName Date Radius a (metres) Radius b (metres) Polar Flattening

WGS 84 1984 6,378,137 6,356,752.3 1/298.257

GRS 80* 1980 ,, ,, ,,

WGS 72 1972 6,378,135 6,356,750.5 1/298.26

Australian 1965 6,378,160 6,356,774.7 1/298.25

Krasovsky 1940 6,378,245 6,356,863 1/298.3

Internat’l 1924 6,378,388 6,356,911.9 1/297

Clarke 1880 6,378.249.1 6,356,514.9 1/293.46

Clarke 1866 6,378,206.4 6,356,583.8 1/294.98

Bessel 1841 6,377,397.2 6,356,079.0 1/299.15

Airy 1830 6,377,563.4 6,356,256.9 1/299.32

Everest 1830 6,377,276.3 6,356,075.41/300.8

Relationships between the earth 's surface, the geoid and a reference el l ipsoid

A vertical datum is used for measuring the elevations of points on the Earth's surface. Vertical datums are either tidal, based on sea levels, gravimetric, based on a geoid, or geodetic, based on the same ellipsoid models of the earth used for computing horizontal datums.

In common usage, elevations are often cited in height above mean sea level; this is a widely used tidal datum. Mean Sea Level (MSL) is a tidal datum which is described as the arithmetic mean of the hourly water elevation taken over a specific years cycle.

HEIGHT OF HEIGHT OF BED PLATE BED PLATE

ABOVE ZERO ABOVE ZERO OF TIDE OF TIDE GAUGEGAUGE

WAVEWAVE

NEW GENERATION WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMNEW GENERATION WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

BENCH MARKBENCH MARK

HEIGHT OF BENCH MARK HEIGHT OF BENCH MARK ABOVE TIDE GAUGE ZEROABOVE TIDE GAUGE ZERO

LOW WATERLOW WATER

HIGH WATERHIGH WATER

MEAN SEA LEVELMEAN SEA LEVEL

HEIGHT OF BENCH HEIGHT OF BENCH MARK ABOVE MEAN MARK ABOVE MEAN

SEA LEVELSEA LEVEL

BEDPLATEBEDPLATE

ZERO OF PRESSURE SENSORZERO OF PRESSURE SENSOR

PRESSURE SENSOR TIDE PRESSURE SENSOR TIDE GAUGEGAUGE

FLOAT TYPE TIDE FLOAT TYPE TIDE GAUGEGAUGE

STILLING WELLSTILLING WELL

PROJECTION• Transformation of Three Dimensional Space

onto a two dimensional map

• A systematic arrangement of intersecting lines on a plane that represent and have a one to one correspondence to the meridians and parallels on the datum surface

UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM)

• UTM is a Geodetic Coordinate System, which was developed in 1940, based on ellipsoid model of Earth. World Geodetic System WGS-84 is established in 1984 (last revised in 2004)

• The earth between latitudes 84° N and 80° S, is divided into 60, 6° wide.

• Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)

• Defined above 84 degrees north latitude and 80 degree south

WHAT IS GPS ?The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The GPS project was developed in 1973 and It became fully operational in 1994. GPS was created and organized by the U.S. Department of Defense and was originally run with 24 satellites.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a combine of GPS & Russian GLONASS(14 Satellite).China’s satellite system Compass and The European Union's satellite system Galileo will join by 2020. The Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) system to be completed and implemented by 2014 with 7 navigational satellites, then accuracy will be 7.6 mtr trough out the India. Indian first satellite IRNSS 1A was launched on 1st July 2013.

Various use of GPSVarious use of GPS

TYPES OF HANDHELDS (ASCENDING) Sl. No. GPS Model Specification Price Image

1 Garmin E Tex10

way points, Routes & Base Map 7,500

2 Garmin E Tex20

Build in Memory, Color display 12,900

3Garmin E Tex30 / Dakota 20

Electronic Composet Compass,Barometric Altimetor, Autometic Routing

15,800-16,400

Sl. No. GPS Model Specification Price

Image

4

Garmin 62SC/Rino650,Oregon 550,78Sc

SD data card, Color Map Camera 28,400-35,600

5

Garmin Rino665t,Montana650t

GNSS support Geo-chaching Mode 42,000

6Garmin Monterra

Anroid mobile phone,Multimedia, Wi-Fi,Bluetooth 48,000

HANDHELDS (SUPPORTED TO DGPS)

Sl. No. GPS Model SpecificationPrice

1Trimble Juno Series

DGPS support 90,000

2

Trimble Geo Explorer, Mobile Mapper

GIS Application 4,00,000

3 YUMA 2

Tablet PC for processing, Rugged 6,00,000

DGPS

Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to Global Positioning System that provides improved location accuracy, from the 15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations.

GPS Antennas:

GPS Receivers

GPS ReceiversDGPS RECEIVERS

DGPS SURVEY MODES• Static

POST PROCESSED KINEMATICS (PPK)

REAL TIME KINEMATICS (RTK)

GPS PRICESThere are 4 Types of GPS availableConsumer (5 to 15 mtr) Rs 10,000 to Rs 50,000Mapping (1 to 5 mtr) Rs 50,000 to Rs 1, 25,000Sub Meter Mapping (<1 Mtr) Rs 1, 50,000 to Rs 2, 50,000Surveying (1 cmt) Rs 5, 00,000 to Rs15,000,00.

MOBILE MAPPING, AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING (ALS) OR (LIDAR) LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING

Mobile mapping is the process of collecting data from a mobile vehicle, typically fitted with a range of photographic, radar, laser, LiDAR or any number of remote sensing systems. The primary output from such systems include GIS data, digital maps, and georeferenced images and video.

Mobile Mapping

MOBILE MAPPING

AIRBORNE LASER SCANNING (ALS) OR (LIDAR) LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING

UNNAMED ARIEL VEHICLE (UAV)

DIGITAL TERRAIN MODELING

• A digital elevation model is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface .

• Using satellite imaginaries of NRSC (PAN & LISS-III merged product) with Survey of India digital topographical maps (scale 1:50,000)

SATELLITE IMAGE