Post on 25-Dec-2014
description
MINERALIZED MINERALIZED TISSUESTISSUES
MESENCHYMEMESENCHYME
FIBROBLASTFIBROBLAST SCLEROBLAST SCLEROBLAST MYOBLASTMYOBLAST
FIBROCYTEFIBROCYTE MYOCYTESMYOCYTES
ODONTOBLASTODONTOBLAST CHONDROBLAST CHONDROBLAST OSTEOBLASTOSTEOBLAST
DENTINDENTIN CHONDROCYTESCHONDROCYTESOSTEOCYTESOSTEOCYTES
TEETHTEETH CARTILAGESCARTILAGES BONE BONE
Function Of BonesFunction Of Bones SupportSupport ProtectionProtection MovementMovement Mineral storageMineral storage Hemopoeisis/hematopoiesisHemopoeisis/hematopoiesis Leverage for locomotionLeverage for locomotion
➲Osteology – study of structure, function and composition of bones
Chondrology - study of structure, function and composition of cartilges
Gross Anatomy of BonesGross Anatomy of BonesI. I. Compact BonesCompact Bones
Long BonesLong BonesDiaphysisDiaphysis
-tubular part-tubular part
EpiphysesEpiphyses
-bone ends-bone ends
Epiphyseal PlateEpiphyseal Plate
• Blood VesselBlood Vessel
-with nutrient arteries and veins-with nutrient arteries and veins
• Medullary cavityMedullary cavity
-marrow cavity of bones-marrow cavity of bones
MembraneMembrane
PeriosteumPeriosteum
-covers the entire outer surface of each -covers the entire outer surface of each bone except in epiphysesbone except in epiphyses
EndosteumEndosteum
- innermost covering of bones- innermost covering of bones
Chemical Composition of Chemical Composition of BonesBones
1. Organic components1. Organic components Collagen fibersCollagen fibers CHONCHON PolyssacharidesPolyssacharides2. Inorganic components2. Inorganic components calcium phosphatecalcium phosphate calcium carbonatecalcium carbonate Hydroxypatite ionsHydroxypatite ions
Microscopic anatomy of Microscopic anatomy of bonesbones
The haversian systemThe haversian system
Bone DevelopmentBone DevelopmentOSSIFICATION – process of bone OSSIFICATION – process of bone
developmentdevelopment
1. Intramembranous ossification1. Intramembranous ossification - direct bone development of - direct bone development of
membrane membrane
bonesbones
2.Endochondral ossification2.Endochondral ossification
- development of bones preceeded - development of bones preceeded by by
cartilagescartilages
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones1. Long Bones1. Long Bones Ex. femur, humerusEx. femur, humerus
2. Short Bones2. Short Bones
Ex. trapezoidEx. trapezoid
3. Flat Bones3. Flat Bones
Ex. Sternum, ribsEx. Sternum, ribs
4. Irregular Bones4. Irregular Bones Ex. Hip bones, vertebraeEx. Hip bones, vertebrae
TYPES OF BONES : TYPES OF BONES : (OSTEOGENESIS)(OSTEOGENESIS)
1.1. Compact Bone (Lamellar Bone)Compact Bone (Lamellar Bone)- hard bone matrix – CaCO3,CaPO4,OH)- hard bone matrix – CaCO3,CaPO4,OH)
- long bones- long bones
2. Spongy Bone (Cancelous Bone)2. Spongy Bone (Cancelous Bone)- consist of bony trabecullae and bone - consist of bony trabecullae and bone marrowmarrow- trabeculae – beams,bars,rods- trabeculae – beams,bars,rods
- irregularly arranged - irregularly arranged lamellae without lamellae without haversian haversian canalscanals
BONE MARROW BONE MARROW
Occupies cavities between trabellaeOccupies cavities between trabellae Yellow marrow – a reticulum of connective Yellow marrow – a reticulum of connective
tissue fibers that support blood vessels, tissue fibers that support blood vessels, nerve fibers, adipose tissuesnerve fibers, adipose tissues
Red Marrow – (Hemopoietic Bone)Red Marrow – (Hemopoietic Bone)
- site of RBC and Some type of WBC - site of RBC and Some type of WBC
productionproduction
- ex. Flat bones- ex. Flat bones
3.ACELLAR BONES 3.ACELLAR BONES (ASPIDIN)(ASPIDIN)
formed by blastema (mesenchymal cells w/c formed by blastema (mesenchymal cells w/c differentiates into tissues)differentiates into tissues)
Develop through ossificationDevelop through ossification Bone deposited directly within the membranous Bone deposited directly within the membranous
blastema without being preceeded by cartilages blastema without being preceeded by cartilages (intramembranous)(intramembranous)
May be compact or spongy,lamellar or non-lamellar, no May be compact or spongy,lamellar or non-lamellar, no haversian canalshaversian canals
Ex. Lower jaw, skull, pectoral girdles,dentin, dermal Ex. Lower jaw, skull, pectoral girdles,dentin, dermal bones of teleost,apodansbones of teleost,apodans
4. MEMBRANE BONE
Bones formed in scales of modern Bones formed in scales of modern fishesfishes
No canaliculiNo canaliculi Ex. Scales of fishes,cementum of Ex. Scales of fishes,cementum of
teethteeth
5. Replacement Bones5. Replacement Bones
Arise from pre-existing cartilagesArise from pre-existing cartilages Soft bonesSoft bones Endochondral ossificationEndochondral ossification Ex. Fontannels, tetrapod bones with Ex. Fontannels, tetrapod bones with
cartilaginous diaphysis and 2 cartilaginous diaphysis and 2 epiphysis, epiphyseal plateepiphysis, epiphyseal plate
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II. Cartilage
- specialized connective tissue in which fibers are laid down along the lines of stress in long, parallel arrays firm and flexible chondrocytes - cartilage cells that live within spaces (lacunae) within cartilage matrix
-CHONDRIFICATION – chondroblast- chondrocytes
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Cartilage
TYPES OF CARTILAGESTYPES OF CARTILAGESBASISBASIS HYALINEHYALINE ELASTICELASTIC FIBRO-FIBRO-
CARTILAGECARTILAGE1.Matrix1.Matrix Fine Fine
collagenouscollagenous
fibersfibers
CollagenCollagenous,elastous,elastic fibersic fibers
Dense Dense collagenouscollagenous
2. 2. FunctionFunction
Cover and Cover and protect protect bones,suppobones,supportrt
Flexible Flexible strengthstrength
Withstand Withstand tension & tension & compressiocompressionn
3. 3. LocationLocation
Joints, Joints, trachea,costtrachea,costal ribsal ribs
Ears,nosEars,nose, e, larynx,aularynx,audi-tory di-tory canalcanal
Vertebral Vertebral discs,pubic discs,pubic sysmphysissysmphysis
4. THE CALCIFIED 4. THE CALCIFIED CARTILAGECARTILAGE
The cartilages replaced by bonesThe cartilages replaced by bones Ex. Jaw, fins of sharks, fontannels of Ex. Jaw, fins of sharks, fontannels of
the fetal human skullthe fetal human skull
III. DENTINIII. DENTIN
Developed from the odontoblastDeveloped from the odontoblast Odontoblast are not trapped in Odontoblast are not trapped in
lacunae during osteogenesis – lacunae during osteogenesis – retreat as dentin depositsretreat as dentin deposits
Canaliculi – dentibal tubulesCanaliculi – dentibal tubules Ex. Enameloid of placoid scales, Ex. Enameloid of placoid scales,
dentin of the teethdentin of the teeth
IV. ENAMELIV. ENAMEL
Developed from ameloblastsDeveloped from ameloblasts Teeth – important for digestionTeeth – important for digestion
V. BONE REMODELINGV. BONE REMODELING
PRESKELETAL MESENCHYMAL PRESKELETAL MESENCHYMAL BLASTEMABLASTEMA
CARTILAGESCARTILAGES
RESORPTION OF CaRESORPTION OF Ca Membrane BoneMembrane Bone
Replacement BonesReplacement Bones
CONTINUAL RESORPTION AND REMODELINGCONTINUAL RESORPTION AND REMODELING
PARATHORMONE AND PARATHORMONE AND CALCITONINCALCITONIN
The hormones that influence or The hormones that influence or regulates the withdrawal of calcium regulates the withdrawal of calcium to maintain calcificationto maintain calcification
OSTEOBLAST – developing bone cellsOSTEOBLAST – developing bone cells
OSTEOCLAST – bone destructing cellsOSTEOCLAST – bone destructing cells
OSTEOCYTES – bone-building cellsOSTEOCYTES – bone-building cells
VI. CONNECTIVE TISSUES VI. CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF BONESOF BONES
1.1. TENDONTENDON
2.2. LIGAMENTSLIGAMENTS
3.3. CARTILAGESCARTILAGES
Phases of Healing of Phases of Healing of FracturesFractures
Hematoma FormationHematoma Formation
Fibrocartilaginous Callus FormationFibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
Body Callus FormationBody Callus Formation
Bone RemodelingBone Remodeling
FRACTURE HEALINGFRACTURE HEALING
HEMATOMA FORMATION
CARTILAGINOUS CALLUS
REMODELINGBONY CALLUS
& CARTILAGI-NOUS
MEMBRANE
NORMAL
BONE
The Articular SystemThe Articular System
Joints/articulationJoints/articulation-places where the rigid elements of the -places where the rigid elements of the
skeleton meet.skeleton meet.
TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION:TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION:
1. Synarthroses1. Synarthroses-fixed or immovable joints-fixed or immovable joints
2. Amphiarthroses2. Amphiarthroses-slightly movable joints-slightly movable joints
3. Diarthroses3. Diarthroses-freely movable joints-freely movable joints
TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE:TO STRUCTURE:
1. FIBROUS JOINTS1. FIBROUS JOINTSa. structuresa. structures-minimal connected tissue-minimal connected tissueb. syndesmosesb. syndesmoses-connected by ligaments-connected by ligamentsc. gamphosesc. gamphoses-peg-in-socket joint-peg-in-socket joint
2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTSa. synchondrosisa. synchondrosis-hyaline cartilage-hyaline cartilageb.symphysesb.symphyses-fibrocartilage-fibrocartilage
3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS-most movable joints of -most movable joints of the bodythe body
-diarthoroses-diarthoroses
Features of Synovial Features of Synovial jointsjoints
1. Articular cartilage1. Articular cartilage2. Joint cavity/ synovial cavity2. Joint cavity/ synovial cavity3. Articular Capsule3. Articular Capsule
2 LAYERS:2 LAYERS:a. fibrous capsulea. fibrous capsule
-strengthens joint so that bones are not pulled apart-strengthens joint so that bones are not pulled apart
b. synovial membraneb. synovial membrane-cover enternal joint surfaces-cover enternal joint surfaces
4. Synovial fluid4. Synovial fluid--a filtrate of blood which contains glycoproteins a filtrate of blood which contains glycoproteins
5. Reinforgang ligaments5. Reinforgang ligaments-thickened parts of fibrous capsule itself-thickened parts of fibrous capsule itselfa. Extracapsular ligamenta. Extracapsular ligamentb. Intracapsular ligamentb. Intracapsular ligament
6. Nerves and Blood vessels6. Nerves and Blood vessels
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANESYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Types of Synovial jointsTypes of Synovial joints
1. Plane joints1. Plane joints-nonaxial joint-nonaxial joint
2. Hinge joints2. Hinge joints-uniaxial joint(flexible)-uniaxial joint(flexible)
3. Pivot joints3. Pivot joints- rotatory, uniaxial joint- rotatory, uniaxial joint
4. Condyloid joints4. Condyloid joints- biaxial joint- biaxial joint
5. Ball and Socket joints5. Ball and Socket joints-multiaxial joint-multiaxial joint
HETEROTROPIC BONESHETEROTROPIC BONES
OS CORDISOS CORDIS OS CLITORIDISOS CLITORIDIS OS BACULUMOS BACULUM ROSTRUMROSTRUM