M I N E R A L S

• Substances that occur naturally in nonliving things such as rocks and metal ores

• Have names reflecting the place where they’re found or characteristics such as their color

• ELEMENTS, substances composed of only one kind of atom

• INORGANICS, do not contain the C, H and O atoms

• By the end of the 19th century, scientists knew the names and chemical properties of 82 elements → Today, 109 elements have been identified.

• 16 MINERALS are ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS for human beings

-Major Minerals : 100 mg/hr

-Trace Elements : < 100 mg/hr

How much human have in their body

How much human need to take in to maintain a steady supply

-½ : Calcium

-¼ : Phosphorus

-¼ : Other Major Minerals : Magnesium, Sulfur, Sodium,

Potassium, Chloride

Trace Element : Iron, Zinc, Iodide, Selenium, Copper,

Manganese, Fluoride, Chromium,

Molybdenum, Cobalt, Tin, Nickel ,

Vanadium and Silicon

Work together

MINERAL MADNESS

If you get too much of this mineral

Your body may not be able to absorb or use this one

Ca

Cu

Fe

Mg

Mo

P

S

Zn

Mg, Fe, Zn

Zn

P, Zn

Fe

Zn, Cu

Ca

Mo

Cu

An alkaline earth metal with valence 2

Packed into BONES AND TEETH

Present in EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (the liquid

around body cells) and WITHIN THE CELLS OF

SOFT TISSUES

Regulating fluid balance by controlling the flow

of water in and out of cells

Making it possible for cells to send massages

back and forth from one to another

Keeping muscles moving smoothly and

preventing cramping

Ca is needed for :

• Intracellular and hormone-like signaling

• Neurotransmitter

• Muscle contraction

• For the regulation of cell growth and differentiation

• Blood clotting

Absorption depend on :

• Vitamin D status

• Phosphate

• Sodium

• Animal protein intake

• Vitamin C

• Slows bone growth and mineralization in

childhood and adolescence

• Bone mineral loss in adults → increases the

risk of fractures

• Elevated blood pressure

• Essential for strong bones and teeth

• Need PHOSPHORUS to transmit the genetic code (genes and chromosomes that carry

information about human characteristic) from one cell to another when cells divide and reproduce

In addition :

• Helps maintain the pH balance

• Vital for metabolizing carbohydrates, synthesizing proteins, and carrying fats and fatty acids among tissue and organs

• Part of myelin, the fatty sheath that surrounds and protects each nerve cell

Participates in energy metabolism and storage (as ATP, GTP, creatine phosphate,

arginine phosphate, etc)

D e f i c i e n c y

• Phosphate inadequacy ~ low food consumption or starvation → OLD PEOPLE

• Accelerated bone mineral loss → osteoporosis and increase fracture risk

Excessive Intake

• Phosphate intake ~ exceed Ca intake induce :– parathyroid gland hyperplasia and parathyroid hormone

(PTH) secretion,

– impair vitamin D activation,

– accelerate bone mineral loss and fracture risk

• Extremely high intake → calcification of extraosseous (non-bone) tissues, including arteries, kidneys, muscles and tendons

• An alkaline earth metal with valence 2

• An essential cofactor for a large number reactions ~ ATP, GTP

• Part of > 300 different enzyme that trigger chemichal reactions throughout

human body

• Participates in muscle and nerve depolarization

• Stabilizes DNA and RNA

• A component of the mineral in bone

ADEQUATE SUPPLY → HEART HEALTHY, because enables to

convert food to energy using less oxygen

DEFICIENCY

• SIGN– Confusion, disorientation, personality changes, loss of

appetite, depression, muscle contractions and cramps, tingling, numbness, hypertension, abnormal heart rhythms, coronary spasm and seizure

• Induced by :

– diarrhea, malabsorption, vomiting, overuse of laxative or diuretics medications, alcohol abuse, diabetes or hyperparathyroidism

• > 350 mg from supplements and other nonfood sources → diarrhea, nausea, appetite loss, muscle weakness, mental impairment, difficulty breathing, extremely low blood pressure and irregular heartbeat

• Risk of toxicity is greater with impaired kidney function

Excessive Intake

F U N C T I O N

• The main cationic osmolyte in blood and extracellular fluid

• Mediates active transport of numerous nutrients and metabolites in intestines, kidney and many other tissues

• Enzyme cofactor

• Co-transport

• Signaling

• Intakes have to macth sodium losses

sweating and diuresis >>> → sodium needs ↑↑

• Low intake → dizziness and weakness due to hypotension

Deficiency

• Excessive intake :– Increase blood pressure, especially in

genetically susceptible individuals and when other hypertensive factors (obesity) are present

FUNCTION :

- Electrolyte balance

- Transport

- Acid production

hydrochloric acid in stomach contributes to protein digestion and inactivation of ingested microorganism

- Enzyme activation

- Immune defense

Immune cells use directed release hypochlorous acid to combat pathogens in blood and tissues

• Intakes have to macth sodium losses

sweating and diuresis >>> → sodium needs ↑↑

• Low intake → dizziness and weakness due to hypotension

Deficiency

• Excessive intake :– Increase blood pressure, especially in

genetically susceptible individuals and when other hypertensive factors (obesity) are present

A constituents of 3 amino acids : CYSTINE, CYSTEINE, THIONINE

Most prevalent in insulin and in the keratin of skin, hair and nails

The tertiary structure of proteins is due in part to covalent bonding between cysteine residues where the –SH groups are oxidized to form disulfide bridges → important in the activity of some enzyme

Occurs in carbohydrate ~ a component of heparin (an anticoagulant found in liver and some other tissues), and of chondroitin sulfate (found in bone and cartilage)

An essential component of 3 vitamins : thiamin, biotin and pantothenic acid

Food Sources :meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dried beans, broccoli and

cauliflower

- Kalium, an alkali metal with valence 1

- The main cationic osmolyte within cells

- The element plays a major role in body electricity

maintenance of cellular polarity, neuronal signaling, heart impulse transmission and muscle contraction

- Nutrient and metabolite transport

- Enzyme activation

R E Q U I R E M E N T :

Increased losses often due to use of certain diuretics and laxatives

Inadequate intake (hypokalemia) → increased risk of heart arrhytmia, muscle weakness, paralysis, alkalosis (increased blood pH) and eventually death

Higher than minimal intake → lowering the risk of hypertension

Excessive Intake

• Rising plasma concentration (hyperkalemia) → muscle weakness, arrhytmia and eventually death due to cardiac arrest

• The risk of hyperkalemia ~ high in patients with renal failure