Week 4Sept. 30 All About Milk Walt Hurley

Comparative Milk Composition

Day of the Graph

Where do we find variation in the composition of milk?

Milk composition varies across:

A lactation cycle

A milking

Breeds or strains of animals

Species

Of the organic milk components:

Milk fat is the MOST variable

Lactose is the LEAST variable

Hours after calving Hours after calving

Perc

enta

ge in

milk

Perc

enta

ge in

milk

0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200

Total protein

Whey proteinCasein

Fat

AshLactose

Total solids

5

15

10

20

5

15

10

20

25

30

Transition of milk composition after calving

Variation in milk comp across a lactation - Cows

Portion of Milking

1 2 3 4

1

2

3

4

5

6

Perc

enta

ge fa

t

Changes in fat % during a milking

Milk

Yie

ld

Perc

enta

ge fa

t & p

rote

in

Weeks after calving2 42

milk yield

fat %

protein %

Milk CompositionBreed Variability• Milk fat concentration varies among the

breeds of dairy cattle• lowest % fat -

• highest % fat -

Holstein

Jersey and Guernsey

1

2

3

4

5

6

Guernsey Jersey Ayrshire B. Swiss Holstein

Com

pone

nt P

erce

ntag

e

Milk fat

Protein

Lactose

Average Milk Composition – US Dairy Breeds

HolsteinAyrshire

Guernsey

Jersey

Variability Among US Dairy Cattle Breeds

2

4

6

8

10

12

0.1 1 10 70

HolsteinJersey

Fat Globule Size Distribution

Volu

me

(%)

Particle Size (µm)0.01

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Fat %

Buffalo Breeds

0

1

2

3

4

5

6 Lactose %

75767778798081828384

Bulgarian

Caucas

ian

Chinese

Egyp

tian

Italia

nIndia

n

Russian

Water %

0123

4567

Bulgarian

Caucas

ian

Chinese

Egyp

tian

Italia

nIndia

n

Russian

Protein %

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Alpine

La Moncha

Nubian

Obenhasli

Saanen

Toggenburg

Nigerian Dwarf

Dairy Goat Breeds

Milk Fat %

2,266

2,100

1,820

2,146

2,577

2,115

690

Avg. lbs/lactation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Alpine

La Moncha

Nubian

Obenhasli

Saanen

Toggenburg

Nigerian Dwarf

Dairy Goat Breeds

Milk Protein %

0 20 40 60 80 100

Black RhinocerosHorse

HumanDairy cow

Goat

Bactrian CamelYakPig

SheepDog

Domestic CatReindeer

Domestic RabbitBlack Bear

House MouseBlue Whale

Hooded Seal

Percentage

% Total Solids

Comparison of milk composition among species

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Black RhinocerosHorse

HumanDairy cow

Goat

Bactrian CamelYakPig

SheepDog

Domestic CatReindeer

Domestic RabbitBlack Bear

House MouseBlue Whale

Hooded Seal

Percentage

% Milk Fat

44% fat, 6% protein, 45% water

Cream Cheese = Comparison of milk composition among species

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Black RhinocerosHorse

HumanDairy cow

Goat

Bactrian CamelYakPig

SheepDog

Domestic CatReindeer

Domestic RabbitBlack Bear

House MouseBlue Whale

Hooded Seal

Percentage

% Protein

Comparison of milk composition among species

0 2 4 6 8

Black RhinocerosHorse

HumanDairy cow

Goat

Bactrian CamelYakPig

SheepDog

Domestic CatReindeer

Domestic RabbitBlack Bear

House MouseBlue Whale

Hooded Seal

Percentage

% Lactose

Comparison of milk composition among species

Fatty AcidsC18:0

C18:1

C18:1

Fatty Acids

C12:0

C18:0

C18:1

C18:2

Melting point = +44 C

Melting point = +70 C

Melting point = +16 C

Melting point = -5 C

14:0 16:0

Fatt

y ac

id (%

)

18:2 20:1

10

20

30

40

50 Pygmy Sperm Whale

18:0 18:1 18:316:1myristic palmitic oleicstearic linoleic linolenicpalmitoleic paullinic

Dairy cow

Milk Fatty Acids

16:0palmitic

18:1

oleic

Mammalian Phylogenetic Orders

Rodentia

Lagomorpha

Artiodactyla

Perrisodactyla

Proboscidea

Cetacea

Pinnipedia

Carnivora

Primates (non-human)

Chiroptera

Insectivora

Marsupialia

Monotremata

Chiroptera

Perrisodactyla Pinnipedia

Chiroptera

Lagomorpha

Perrisodactyla

Chiroptera

Pinnipedia

Marsupialia

Animals that provide milk for mankind

Dairy Species

Animals that provide milk for mankind

Dairy Species

Dairy Species

Percentage0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

HorseDonkey

HolsteinGoat

Camel - DromedaryBrown Swiss

AyrshireZebu (Gyr)Guernsey

JerseyCamel - Bactrian

Water BuffaloSheep

YakRaindeer

Total Solids

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Horse

Donke y

Holstein

Goat

Camel - Dromedary

Brown Swiss

Ayrshire

Zebu (Gyr)

Guernsey

Jersey

Camel - Bactrian

Water Buffalo

Sheep

Yak

Raindeer

3-6%

2.5-4%

Dairy Species

Percentage

Milk Fat

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Horse

Donke y

Holstein

Goat

Camel - Dromedary

Brown Swiss

Ayrshire

Zebu (Gyr)

Guernsey

Jersey

Camel - Bactrian

Water Buffalo

Sheep

Yak

Raindeer

Dairy Species

Total Protein

Percentage

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Horse

Donke y

Holstein

Goat

Camel - Dromedary

Brown Swiss

Ayrshire

Zebu (Gyr)

Guernsey

Jersey

Camel - Bactrian

Water Buffalo

Sheep

Yak

Raindeer

Dairy Species

Lactose

Percentage

Milk Fat Globule Size Comparison

0 2 4 10 14 18

Fat Globule Diameter (µm)

6 8 12 16

Goat

Cow

90%

90%

~10 µm

Cow

1 cup milk = 230 grams

0.14% 0.12-0.13%

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Percentage component

Which is better – goat milk or cow milk?

goat breeds

cow breedsprotein

goat breeds

cow breedsfat

goat breeds

cow breedslactose

advertised value

1

Lactose

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Protein

Fat HumanCow

Percentage in Milk

Milk Composition Comparison - Human and Cow

CN

ß-LG

a-LA

Lf

SA

Lys

Ig

Cow Human

Milk Protein Comparison – Human and Cow

40% Casein

80% Casein

CN = casein; b-LG = beta-lactoglobulin; a-LA = alpha-lactalbumin; Lf = lactoferrin; SA = serum albumin; Lys = lysozyme; Ig = immunoglobulin

0.12 % Calcium 0.028 % Calcium

Cow

Human

a-Lactalbumin

b-Lactoglobulin

LactoferrinSerum albumin

ImmunoglobulinLysozyme

Milk Protein Comparison – Human and Cow

Plant-based “Milks”

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Cow milk

Soy milk

Quinoa milk

Rice milk

Oat milk

Sesame milk

Almond milk

Coconu t Milk

Hemp milk

Hazelnut milk

Multigrain milk

Percentage

Fat

Plant-based “Milks”

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

Cow milk

Soy milk

Quinoa milk

Rice milk

Oat milk

Sesame milk

Almond milk

Coconu t Milk

Hemp milk

Hazelnut milk

Multigrain milk

Protein

Percentage

Plant-based “Milks”

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Cow milk

Soy milk

Quinoa milk

Rice milk

Oat milk

Sesame milk

Almond milk

Coconu t Milk

Hemp milk

Hazelnut milk

Multigrain milk

Percentage

Carbohydrate

Plant-based “Milks”

Cereal-based

Legume-based

Vegetable-based

Seed-based

Nut-based

Oat milk Rice milk

Soy milk Pea milk

Potato milk

Flax milk Hemp milk

Almond milk Cashew milk Coconut milk Macadamia milk

Plant-based “Milks”

Cow-based Grass, corn, etc Real Milk

https://youtu.be/etHXC11L4SgMilking a camel

https://youtu.be/B6zHfBz4YuEMilking a yak

Milking a horse https://youtu.be/wwu0G4xqNwM

Milking a horse https://youtu.be/wo4wMYROtio

Milking an alpaca https://youtu.be/7_GwKVeQqXo

https://youtu.be/v7y_Un9xB1AMilking a moose