Midyear Review

11 Organ Systems1. Integumentary System2. Skeletal System3. Muscular System4. Nervous System5. Endocrine System6. Cardiovascular System7. Lymphatic System8. Respiratory System9. Digestive System10. Urinary System11. Reproductive System

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Integumentary

• Forms the external body covering

• Protects deeper tissue from injury

• Synthesizes vitamin D

• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Figure 1.2a

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Skeletal

• Protects and supports body organs

• Provides muscle attachment for movement

• Site of blood cell formation

• Stores mineralsFigure 1.2b

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Muscular

• Allows locomotion

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Figure 1.2c

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Nervous

• Fast-acting control system

• Responds to internal and external change

• Activates muscles and glands

Figure 1.2d

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Endocrine

• Secretes regulatory hormones

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Metabolism

Figure 1.2e

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Cardiovascular

• Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

• Oxygen

• Carbon dioxide

• Nutrients

• WastesFigure 1.2f

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Lymphatic

• Returns fluids to blood vessels

• Disposes of debris

• Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Respiratory

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

Figure 1.2h

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Digestive

• Breaks down food

• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

• Eliminates indigestible material

Figure 1.2i

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Urinary

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

• Maintains acid – base balance

• Regulation of materials

• Water

• ElectrolytesFigure 1.2j

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

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• Reproductive

• Production of offspring

Figure 1.2k

Survival NeedsSurvival Needs

1. Nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

2. Oxygen: 20 % in air, too much is flammable

3. Water: 60–80% of body weight

4. Body temperature: 37 °C (98 °F)

5. Atmospheric pressure: force exerted by the weight of air; certain pressure is necessary for gas exchange

HomeostasisHomeostasis

• Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

Examples:

-steady level of CO2 and O2

-blood sugar level

-Blood pressure

-body temperature

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms:

Variable/Stimuli Receptor

Effector

Depress

Increase

Control Center(Nervous – Brain)

(Endocrine- Glands)Determines the set point.

Afferent Pathway (input)

Efferent Pathway (output)

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms:

A. B.

D.

Depress

Increase

C.

E. (input)

F. (output)

Which is the right side of the heart? Side A or Side B?

Side A Side B

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms

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Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms

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Table 1.1 (cont)

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks

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• Anterior

Figure 1.5a

Body LandmarksBody Landmarks

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• Posterior

Figure 1.5b

Body PlanesBody Planes

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Figure 1.6

Can You Identify the Classes of Epithelium?

A B

C

D

EQuiz!!

Skin Structure

Figure 4.4

Layers/Strata of Epidermis 1. Stratum basale

(germinativum)Cells undergoing mitosis, Lies next to

dermis, contains melanocytes

2. Stratum spinosum

Most superficial layer that still receives adequate nourishment

3. Stratum granulosum

Contains granules with a precursor to keratin and a waterproofing glycolipid

4. Stratum lucidum

Occurs only in thick skin (palms, soles of feet)

5. Stratum corneum

Shingle-like dead cells, filled with keratin (protein), 20-30 cell layers thick

Functions of BonesFunctions of Bones

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1. Support

2. Protection: skull/brain, vertebrae/spinal cord, ribs/soft organs

3. Movement: due to attached skeletal muscles

4. Storage: fat, minerals (calcium, phosphorus)

5. Blood cell formation: within the bone marrow of certain bones (aka. Hematopoiesis)

Subdivisions of the Skeleton

–Axial skeleton: bones of the longitudinal axis (skull, spine, ribs)

–Appendicular skeleton: bones of the appendages (limbs and girdles)

Classification of Bones on the Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape

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Figure 5.1

Gross Anatomy of a Long BoneGross Anatomy of a Long Bone

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Diaphysis

Shaft

compact bone

Epiphysis

Ends of long bone

spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone

Figure 5.2a

Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone

Slide 5.10b

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Figure 5.3

Microscopic Anatomy of BoneMicroscopic Anatomy of Bone

Slide 5.11a

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Lacunae Cavities containing

bone cells (osteocytes)

Arranged in concentric rings

Lamellae Rings around the

central canal

Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3

• ..\U9 Endocrine System\Ch09_JPGs\0909_HormonalControls_1.JPG

Structural Classification of JointsStructural Classification of Joints

Slide 5.45

A. Immovable joints offer greater protection. B. Example: sutures in the skull

1. Fibrous joints: Generally immovable (synarthroses)

2. Cartilaginous joints: Immovable or slightly moveable (amphiarthroses)

3. Synovial joints: Freely moveable (diarthroses)

Q. Where might it be important to have immovable joints? Why?

Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints

Slide 5.46

Bones united by fibrous tissue

Sutures: -irregular edges interlock and are connected by fibrous connective tissue

Example: bones of the skull

Syndesmoses:- Allows more movement than suturesExample: distal end of tibia and fibula

Figure 5.27d, e

Cartilaginous JointsCartilaginous Joints

Slide 5.47

Bones connected by cartilage

Examples

Pubic symphysis

Intervertebral joints

Cartilage between the ribs and sternum

Figure 5.27b, c

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape

Slide 5.52a

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Figure 5.29a–c

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Types of Synovial Joints Based on ShapeShape

Slide 5.52b

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Figure 5.29d–f

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton

Slide 5.32b

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Figure 5.6c

The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System

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Three Types of Muscle:

1. Skeletal muscle

2. Cardiac muscle

3. Smooth muscle

Microscopic Anatomy of SkeletalMicroscopic Anatomy of SkeletalMuscleMuscle

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Cells are multinucleate

Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma

Figure 6.3a

Microscopic Anatomy of SkeletalMicroscopic Anatomy of SkeletalMuscleMuscle

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Sarcolemma: plasma membrane or cell membrane of a muscle cell

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)– stores calcium, smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell

Figure 6.3a

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal MuscleMuscle

Slide 6.10a

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Myofibril: Bundles of myofilaments (actin and myosin)

Figure 6.3b

Slide 6.10b

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Sarcomere: Contractile unit of a muscle fiber between two 2 z-lines

Myosin: Thick filaments that have heads (extensions, or cross bridges)

Actin: Thin filaments that have binding sites where myosin heads form crossbridges

Figure 6.3b

The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle The Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle ContractionContraction

Slide 6.17a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

1. Action potential arrives at the end of the motor neuron

2. ACh (neurotransmitter) diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors on the sacrolemma of the muscle cell

Figure 6.7

3. A muscle action potential (depolarization) is generated which moves along the muscle fiber surface

4. Depolarization spreads to the t-tubule

5. Ca2+ is released from the sacroplasmic reticulum

6. Ca2+ binds to troponin

7. Tropomyosin moves exposing the myosin binding sites on actin

8. Myosin heads bind to the binding sites on actin and the heads pull on the actin causing the filaments to slide past each other

9. ATP binds to Myosin and is converted to ADP + Pi which re-energizes the myosin heads

10. Cross bridge cycling continues while Ca2+ and ATP are present

11. Ca2+ is pumped back into the sacroplasmic reticulum causing myosin binding sites to be covered and muscle activity to cease

Body MovementsBody Movements

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Figure 6.13

Sensory Input: you see the red light

Integration: red means stop

Motor output: contract your muscles to step

on the brake

Slide 7.2

(CNS) Central nervous system: Brain & Spinal cord(PNS) Peripheral nervous system: Nerves outside the brain

and spinal cord

PNS: -Afferent/Sensory division: Nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system -Efferent/Motor division: Nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system

Efferent: +Somatic nervous system = voluntar +(ANS) Autonomic nervous system = involuntary

ANS: --Sympathetic --Parasympathetic

Astrocytes

Slide 7.5

• Most numerous glial cell in the CNS

• Brace/support neurons

• star-shaped cells with many extensions

• Fill spaces with scar tissue following an injury to the nervous system

• have many extensions that are associated with and form a barrier between neurons and capillaries

Microglia

Slide 7.6

Small spider-like phagocytes (the clean up crew)

Engulf and dispose of debris, dead brain cells and bacteria

Ependymal cells

• Line cavities of the brain and spinal cord

• Have cilia that circulate cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS

Oligodendrocytes

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Produce myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the CNS

don’t have the neurilemmal sheath that Schwann cells have

The same oligodendrocyte can form myelin around many neurons, wheareas Schwann cells in the PNS form myelin only around part of one neuron.

Figure 7.3d

Satellite cells

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Protect and cushion neuron cell bodies in the PNS

Figure 7.3e

Schwann CellsSchwann Cells

Slide 7.12

• Form myelin sheath in the PNS

• the Neurilemma is the outer part of the cell where the cytoplasm is located

Figure 7.5

Nodes of Ranvier

• gaps in myelin sheath along the axon where two Schwann cells meet

(Myelinated nerve fiber x 540)

Multipolar neurons

Slide 7.16a

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• many extensions from the cell body• majority of neurons

Figure 7.8a

Conjunctivitis:

• inflammation of the conjunctiva

• symptoms: eyes are red and inflamed

Pinkeye:

• infectious form of conjunctivitis

• very contagious caused by bacteria/viruses

Neurons of the RetinaNeurons of the Retina

Slide 8.11Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 8.4