Microbial Diversity Chapt. 28 – The Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity.

Microbial Diversity

Chapt. 28 – The Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity

What are microbes?

Single-celled organisms and some non-cellular parasites

Kinds of microbes

Non-cellular, parasitic moleculesViruses ViroidsPrions

ProkaryotesDomain BacteriaDomain Archaea

EukaryotesSeveral Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya

Carl Woese’s 3 Domains of Life

Based primarily on genetic sequence data;

e.g., small subunit ribosomal RNA – present in all

organisms

EukaryotesEukaryotesKingdoms of Protists within the

Domain Eukarya

EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists

Complex cellular structure – cells with nucleus and other organelles

Eukaryotic cellMany membranous organelles…

including mitochondria,which arecommon to all eukaryotes…

and chloroplasts (found only in photosynthesizers)

Complex cellular structure – cells with nucleus and other organellesE.g., cilia & flagella aid motility; these cytoplasmic extensions are

not homologous with pili or flagella of prokaryotes

Complex cellular structure – cells with

nucleus and other organelles

Nutrition – Absorption, Photosynthesis, or Ingestion

Complex cellular structure – cells with

nucleus and other organelles

Reproduction – mostly asexual, but some exchange genetic material

Asexual cell

division(mitosis)

Conjugation:exchange of

some genetic material across a

cytoplasmic bridge

Sexual reproduction via

the formation and union of gametes or other haploid cells(requires meiosis)

Sexual, spore-forming cells of a

slime mold:

Complex cellular structure – cells with nucleus and other organelles

Reproduction – mostly asexual, but some reproduce sexually

Cysts – resting stages through harsh conditions

Arose from endosymbiosis

Compelling evidence for Lynn Margulis’ theory is found in the genetic material of mitochondria & plastids

EukaryotesEukaryotes

Macroevolutionary timeline

Figure 26.13

Ancestralprokaryote

Figure 26.13

Ancestralprokaryote

Infolding of plasmamembrane to form

endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope

Figure 26.13

Ancestralprokaryote

Engulfing of heterotrophic

prokaryote

Figure 26.13

Ancestralprokaryote

prokaryote

Mitochondrion

Figure 26.13

Ancestralprokaryote

prokaryote

Mitochondrion

Engulfing of photosynthetic

prokaryote

Plastid

Cyanobacterium

Heterotrophiceukaryote

Primaryendosymbiosis

Red algae

Green algae

Secondaryendosymbiosis

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Stramenopiles

Euglenids

Plastid

Figure 28.3

Cyanobacterium

Green algae

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Euglenids

Plastid

Figure 28.3

Stramenopiles

Red algae

Cyanobacterium

Green algae

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Euglenids

Plastid

Figure 28.3

Stramenopiles

Red algae

Cyanobacterium

Red algae

Green algae

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Euglenids

Plastid

Figure 28.3

Stramenopiles

Plastid

Cyanobacterium

Red algae

Green algae

Plastid

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Euglenids

Plastid

Figure 28.3

Stramenopiles

Cyanobacterium

Red algae

Green algae

Plastid

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Euglenids

Plastid

Figure 28.3

Stramenopiles

Cyanobacterium

Red algae

Green algae

Plastid

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Stramenopiles

Euglenids

Chlorarachniophytes

Plastid

Figure 28.3

Arose from endosymbiosis

Various lineages gave rise to all modern unicellular & colonial protists, as well as all

multicellular organisms (some protists, as well as all plants, fungi, and animals)

Paraphyletic distribution of protists within a tentative phylogeny of Eukarya

An ancestor and only some of its

descendents

Ancestral eukaryote

Alveolata Stramenopila Ce

Amoebozoa An

Figure 28.4

“Last Universal Common Ancestor”

Hypotheses for the earliest stages of biological diversification:

Highly diverse genetically and

phenotypically

“Fungus-like” protists

Heterotrophic

Absorption

phenotypically

Heterotrophic

Decomposers

E.g., slime molds

phenotypically

Heterotrophic

Parasitic

E.g., water molds

phenotypically

“Plant-like” protists

Autotrophic

Photosynthesis

phenotypically

Autotrophic

Unicelluar

E.g., EuglenaPhytoplankton (unicellular algae & cyanobacteria [prokaryotes] ~ 70% of all photosynthesis)

phenotypically

Autotrophic

Multicelluar

E.g., Many

seaweeds

phenotypically

“Animal-like” protists

Heterotrophic

Ingestion

phenotypically

Heterotrophic

Free-living

E.g., Some amoebae

phenotypically

Heterotrophic

Parasitic

symbionts

E.g., Giardia

phenotypically

Heterotrophic

Mutualistic symbionts

E.g., protistsof termite guts

phenotypically

Heterotrophic

Exhibit slightly more complex behavior than prokaryotes…

Predator-prey interaction between ciliates:Didinium preys upon Paramecium

Microbial Diversity Chapt. 28 – The Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity.

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